Savitribai Phule Pune University,Pune

F. Y. B. Sc. (Computer Science)

CS-102-P: Practical course on Problem Solving using ‘C’

Programming Lab Course based on CS-101-T

WorkBook

(From Academic year 2024)

Name :
College Name :
Roll No. : Division :
Academic Year :

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 1
Preface to the Second Edition
The new syllabus for F.Y.B.Sc. Computer Science is implemented from the academic year 2024. For
the subject CS-102-P: Lab Course based on CS-101-T

It is absolutely necessary and essential that all the Computer Science practicals be conducted on Open
Source Operating System like Linux. All the practicals related to C needs to be conducted using GCC
compiler.

The practical examination will be conducted by the respective colleges at the end of the academic
year, 35 marks will be assigned to performance in practical examination and 15 marks for journals
through continuous assessment.

It is mandatory to carry the completed and duly signed lab book for the practical examination.

Editors:

Prof. Ms. Poonam Ponde Nowrosjee Wadia College

Prof. Ms. Ashwini Kamble Nowrosjee Wadia College

Prof. Ms. Vandana Babrekar Nowrosjee Wadia College

Prof. Ms. Rashmi Baghel Nowrosjee Wadia College

Updated By

Ms.Sunita N.Deore K.T.H.M.College, Nashik

Ms.Ratna S.Chaudhari K.T.H.M.College, Nashik
Ms.Asmita L.Taskar K.T.H.M.College, Nashik
Ms.Archana R.Mogal K.T.H.M.College, Nashik

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 2

Introduction
1. About the work book

This workbook is intended to be used by F.Y.B.Sc. (Computer Science) students for the Computer
Science laboratory courses in their curriculum. In Computer Science, hands-on laboratory experience
is critical to the understanding of theoretical concepts studied in the theory courses. This workbook
provides the requisite background material as well as numerous computing problems covering all
difficulty levels.

The objectives of this book are

1) Defining clearly the scope of the course

2) Bringing uniformity in the way the course is conducted across different colleges

3) Continuous assessment of the course

4) Bring in variation and variety in the experiments carried out by different students in a batch

5) Providing ready reference for students while working in the lab

6) Catering to the need of slow paced as well as fast paced learners

2. How to use this workbook

This workbook is mandatory for the completion of the laboratory course. It is a measure of the
performance of the student in the laboratory for the entire duration of the course.

2.1 Instructions to the students

Please read the following instructions carefully and follow them

1) Carry this book every time you come to the lab for computer science practicals
2) A notebook should be maintained separately by each student which should contain the
algorithms, flowcharts, written answers, source code as well as the program output.
3) You should prepare yourself beforehand for the Exercise by reading the material mentioned under.
4) If the self-activity exercise or assessment work contains any blanks such as , get them filled
by your instructor.
5) Instructor will specify which problems you are to solve by ticking box
6) You will be assessed for each exercise on a scale of 5
i) Not done 0 ii) Incomplete 1
iii) Late Complete 2 iv) Needs improvement 3
v) Complete 4 vi) Well Done 5

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 3
Instruction to the Instructors

1) Explain the assignment and related concepts in around ten minutes using white board if required or by
demonstrating the software
2) Fill in the blanks with different values for each student

3) Choose appropriate problems to be solved by student by ticking box

4) Make sure that students follow the instruction as given above

5) After a student completes a specific set, the instructor has to verify the outputs and sign in the provided

space after the activity.

6) You should evaluate each assignment carried out by a student on a scale of 5 as specified above by
ticking appropriate box.
7) The value should also be entered on assignment completion page of the respective Lab course

Instructions to the Lab administrator

You have to ensure appropriate hardware and software is made available to each student.
The operating system and software requirements on server side and also client side are as given below
1) Server Side (Operating System)
a. * Fedora Core Linux *

b. Servers Side (software’s to be installed)

In Linux – C, C++, awk, shell, perl, postgresql/Mysql
2) Client Side ( Operating System )
* Red Hat Linux and Fedora Core *
Client Side ( software’s to be installed )
In Linux – C, C++, awk, shell, perl, postgresql/mysql
Information about installation and configuring of the server and client are provided in appendix A
First Edition Editors:
Dr. Mrs. S. C. Shirwaikar
Prof. Poonam Ponde
Prof. Reena Bharathi
Prof. Manisha Suryavanshi
Prof. Jeevan Limaye
Prof. Kalyani Ghanwat
Prof. Anagha Joshi
Prof. Vandana Babrekar
Prof. Manasi Keskar
Prof. Seema Purandare Prof.
Padmavathy M.
Prof. Anjali Sardesai
Prof. Parag Tamhankar
Prof. Rasika Rahalkar
K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 4
 Assignment Completion Sheet

A) Problem Solving and C programming

Sr.No Assignment Name Marks
1 Problem Solving using Pseudo code and Flowchart, Simple programs, Understanding errors
and error handling.
2 Decision Making Control Structures.
3 Loop Control Structures
4 Functions (User Defined functions, Library functions and Recursion).
5 Arrays (1-D and 2-D)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, Mr./Miss. Roll No. of

F.Y.B.Sc. (Computer Science) has successfully completed out of practicals satisfactorily

during the academic year 20 - 20 .

Practical In-charge Head,

Dept. of Computer Science

Internal Examiner External Examiner

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 5
 Savitribai Phule Pune University,Pune

CS-102-P: Practical course on Problem Solving using ‘C’

Programming Lab Course based on CS-101-T

Section A

Problem Solving using ‘C’

Programming

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 6

You should read following topics before starting this exercise
1. UNIX and LINUX operating system
About UNIX and LINUX
The success story of UNIX starts with the failure of the MULTICS project. The project failed and the
powerful GE-645 machine was withdrawn by GE. Two scientists at Bell Labs, Ken Thompson and
Dennis Ritchie, who were part of the MULTICS team, continued to work and succeeded and named
their Operating system UNIX, a pun on MULTICS.
The machine available at Bell Labs was a DEC PDP-7 with only 64 k memory while the Operating
system they were developing was meant for a larger machine. The problematic situation was handled
with an innovative solution. They developed most part of the software in a higher-level language, C,
which helped them in porting their Operating system from one hardware to another.
With the growing popularity of UNIX, it was available on a variety of machines, from personal computers
to mainframes. The most popular amongst them was UNIX System V from AT&T.
Each big player in the market came up with their own versions of UNIX. IBM had its own version of
UNIX called AIX, which was used on high-end servers. Sun’s version of UNIX called Solaris was
used on Sun workstations. Novell marketed UnixWare along with Netware, its Network operating
system. LINUX is a version of UNIX, which though it resembles UNIX in looks and feels but differs
from other versions in the way it was developed and distributed. In contrast to large proprietary UNIX
versions, Linux was developed by Linus Torvalds, a Finnish student. He made the source code
available and invited partners via the internet in his development effort. He got professional help from
all quarters and Linux evolved rapidly. It was made freely available for everyone to use. Linux that
was initially meant for Personal computers is now available for a variety of hardware platforms, from
mainframes to handheld computers
Linux supports multiple users. Every user needs to have an account in order to use the system. One of
the users called system administrator (root) is given the charge of creating user accounts and managing
the system normally works on the “#” prompt.
You will be given a username and password, using which you can login into Linux operating system.
For computer users, the operating system provides a user-command interface that is easy to use, usually
called the Shell. The user can type commands at the shell prompt and get the services of the operating
system. Linux operating system shell has the “$” prompt.
You can open a system terminal that gives you a $ prompt where you can type in various shell commands.

LINUX system will usually offer a variety of shell types:

• sh or Bourne Shell: the original shell still used on UNIX systems and in UNIX-related environments.
It is available on every Linux system for compatibility with UNIX programs.
• bash or Bourne Again shell: the standard GNU shell, is the standard shell for common users on Linux
and is a superset of the Bourne shell.
• csh or C shell: the syntax of this shell resembles that of the C programming language.
• tcsh or Turbo C shell: a superset of the common C shell, enhancing user-friendliness and speed.
• ksh or the Korn shell: A superset of the Bourne shell

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 7
Assignment 1 Date:
Problem Solving using Pseudo code and Flowchart, Simple programs, understanding errors and error
handling.
Objective-To demonstrate the use of data types, simple operators and expressions

Reading-
You should read following topics before starting this exercise
1. Problem solving steps- writing algorithms and flowcharts

2. Different basic data types in C and rules of declaring variables in C

3. Different operators and operator symbols in C

4. How to construct expressions in C, operator precedence

Program solving using Computers

The steps in solving a problem using computers are shown below

Pseudo Language conventions

1. Appropriate names should be given to variables – the algorithm itself is given a name

Algorithm FindingMaximum
2. Organized sequence of data values is given a name and each data value is indicated by
giving the index in brackets

Values[position]
3. Expressions containing Arithmetic operators +, -, * , / relational operators <, ≤ , >, ≥,
≠, = and logical and, or , not can be used

Example: length * breadth, previous < next

4. Assignment statement variable = expression is used to assign data values to variables

5. Conditional constructs for making decisions

if condition then statements

Statements are to be carried out only if condition is true
if condition then statements1 else statements2
Statements1 are to be carried out only if condition is true and statements2 are to be
carried out if condition is false
K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 8
 6. Loops

i. while condition do statements

Statements are to be repeated while condition is true

ii. for variable = value1 to value2 do statements

Statements are to be repeated moving from value1 to value2, with

an increment one step.

iii. for variable = value1 downto value2 do { statements }

Statements are to be repeated moving from value1 down to value2,
with a decrement one step.

iv. repeat { statements } until condition

Statements are to be repeated until condition is true

7. Input /output statements

i. read value For taking value as input for the algorithm

ii. write value For printing value as output of the algorithm

8. Algorithm name( value1 , valu2) – taking input for the algorithm

9. return value1 , value2 – for giving output of the algorithm

Examples:

Problem Statement: Accept radius and calculate area and circumference of a circle
Algorithm AreaCircumference
Begin
Input radius pi=3.142
area = piXradiusXradius
circum= 2XpiXradius Output
area
Output circum
End

Problem Statement: Check if a number is even

Algorithm Even
Begin Input m if m mod 2 = 0 then
output “m is even”
End

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 9
Problem Statement: Find maximum of two numbers
Algorithm Maximum
Begin
Input m Input n if
m > n then output
m
else output n
End

Problem Statement: Give a discount of 15 % when purchase amount exceeds 5000, otherwise give
a discount of 10%

Algorithm Discount Input

amount
if amount exceeds 5000 then compute discount as 25 times
amount divided by 100
else compute discount as 15 times amount divided by 100
Subtract discount from amount
Output amount
End

Problem Statement: Given a set of 100 values representing marks of students, count the total
students that have passed. (A score of 40 is required for passing.)

Algorithm PassCount1
Begin
count = 0
n=1
While n <= 100 do
Input marks
If marks >= 40 then
increment count by 1
n = n+1
Output count
End

The same can be done using another loop construct as shown below:
Algorithm PassCount1
Begin
count = 0
for n = 1 to 100 do
Input marks
If marks >= 40 then increment
count by 1 Output count
End

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 10

Problem Statement: Accept characters till a * is entered from the keyboard and count the number
of characters entered.

Algorithm CharacterCount
Begin
count = 0
Input char
while char ≠ * do
count = count + 1
Input char
Output count
End

Problem Statement: Accept a number and calculate the sum of its digits.

Algorithm SumDigits
Begin
Input num
sum=0
repeat
digit = num mod 10
sum=sum+digit
num = num/10
until num>0 Output
sum
End

FLOWCHART SYMBOLS

Start Statement
start

Input Statement

Statement or
procedure

Decision, choice or

Selection

Connectors

Control flow

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 11
Basic control structures in an algorithm: Sequence, Selection and Iteration are shown below

false true

.Sequence Selection

true true

false false

Top tested Iteration Bottom tested Iteration

1. Data type Table

Data Data C Data C Variable Input Statement Output statement
Format Type declaration
quantity Numeric int int quantity; scanf(“%d”,&quantity); printf(“The quantity is %d”, quantity);
month Short short scanf(“%d”,&month); printf(“Credit card number is %ld, ccno);
creditcard int month; scanf(“%ld”, &ccno);
number long long ccno;
int
price π real float float price; scanf(“%f”,&price); printf(“The price is %5.2f”, price);
double const double
pi=3.141593
;
grade character char grade; scanf(“%c”,&grade) printf(“The grade is %c”,grade);

2. Expression Examples
Expression C expression
Increment by a 3 a=a+3
Decrement b by 1 b = b-1 or b--
2 a2 + 5 b/2 2*a*a + 5*b/2
7/13(x-5) (float)7/13*(x-5)
5% of 56 (float)5/100*56
n is between 12 to 70 n>=12 && n<=70
πr2h Pi*r*r*h
n is not divisible by 7 n % 7 != 0
n is even n%2== 0
ch is an alphabet ch>=’A’ && ch<=’Z’ || ch>=’a’ && ch<=’z’

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 12

 Step 1: Writing the Step 2: Draw the
Pseudocode flowchart Step 3: Write the Program

Algorithm SimpleInterest start

#include <stdio.h>
void main( )
Begin {
Input amount, rate, years /* variable declarations */
Read ,principal float amount, rateOfInterest, simpleInterest;
si =amountXyearsXrate / 100
sum, rate and int noOfYears;
Output si no of years /* prompting and accepting input */
End printf(“Give the Principal Sum”);
scanf(“%f”,&amount);
Compute
printf(“Give the Rate of Interest”);
Simple interest
scanf(“%f”,&rateOfInterest);
printf(“Give the Number of years”);
scanf(“%d”,&noOfYears);
/* Compute the simple Interest*/
Print Simple simpleInterest=amount*noOfYears*rateOfInterest / 100
Interest ;
/* Print the result*/
printf(“The simple Interest on amount %7.2f for %d
years at the rate %4.2f is %6.2f”, amount,
stop noOfYears, rateOfInterest, simpleInterest);
}

Self Activity

1. Type the sample program given above. Execute it for the different values as given below and fill the last
column from the output given by the program. Follow the following guidelines
a. At $ prompt type gedit followed by filename. The filename should have .c as extension for
example $gedit pnr.c
b. Type the sample program and save it. Compile the program using cc compiler available in Linux
$cc pnr.c
It will give errors if any or it will give back the $ prompt if there are no errors
A executable file a.out is created by the compiler. The program can be executed by typing name of the file
as follow $ ./a.out
Alternatively, the executable file can be given name by using –o option while compiling as follows $cc
pnr.c –o pnrexec
$./pnrexec

Sr. No Principal sum No of years Rate of interest Simple Interest

1 2000 3
2 4500 4.5
3 6 8.3

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 13
Set A. Apply all the three program development steps for the following examples.

1. Accept dimensions of a cylinder and print the surface area and volume
(Hint: surface area = 2πr2 + 2πrh, volume = πr2h)
2. Accept temperatures in Fahrenheit (F) and print it in Celsius(C) and Kelvin (K)
(Hint: C=5/9(F-32), K = C + 273.15)
3. Accept initial velocity (u), acceleration (a) and time (t). Print the final velocity (v) and
distance (s) travelled. (Hint: v = u + at, s = u + at2)
4. Accept inner and outer radius of a ring and print the perimeter and area of the ring
(Hint: perimeter = 2 π (a+b) , area = π (a2-b2) )
5. Accept two numbers and print arithmetic and harmonic mean of the two numbers
(Hint: AM= (a+b)/2 , HM = ab/(a+b) )
6. Accept three dimensions length (l), breadth(b) and height(h) of a cuboid and print
surface area and volume (Hint : surface area=2(lb+lh+bh ), volume = lbh )
7. Accept a character from the keyboard and display its previous and next character in
order. Ex. If the character entered is ‘d’, display “The previous character is c”, “The
next character is e”.
8. Accept a character from the user and display its ASCII value.

Set B . Apply all the three program development steps for the following examples.
1. Accept the x and y coordinates of two points and compute the distance between the
two points.
2. Accept two integers from the user and interchange them. Display the interchanged

numbers.

3. A cashier has currency notes of denomination 1, 5 and 10. Accept the amount to be
withdrawn from the user and print the total number of currency notes of each
denomination the cashier will have to give.

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete 5: Well Done [ ]

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 14

Assignment 2 Date:
Decision Making Control Structures
Exercise 1:
Objective:
To demonstrate use of decision-making statements such as if and if-else.
Reading:

You should read following topics before starting this exercise

1. Different types of decision-making statements available in C.
2. Syntax for these statements.

During problem solving, we come across situations when we have to choose one of the alternative
paths depending upon the result of some condition. Condition is an expression evaluating to true or
false. This is known as the Branching or decision-making statement. Several forms of If and else
constructs are used in C to support decision-making.
1) if statements
2) if – else

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 15
3. Nested if
If ( a >= b)
if (condition) {
{ if ( a >= c)
printf(“ %d is maximum”,a);
if else
(condition) { printf(“ %d is maximum”,c);
statement;} }
else else
{ statement;} {
if ( b >= c) printf(“ %d is maximum”,b);
else
} False True printf(“ %d is maximum”,c);
a>=b
else }
{
b>= c
if (condition) a>=c
False True
{ statement; False True
} else c is b is c is a is
{ statement; } max max max max

4. Sample program- to check whether a number is within range.

Step 1: Writing the Step 2: Draw the flowchart Step 3: Writing Program
Algorithm

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 16

 start #include <stdio.h>
Algorithm Range
main( )
Begin
Input llimit, ulimit Read {
Input num number
/* variable declarations */
If n≥llimit and
n≤ulimit then int n;
False
Output “in If(n in range) int llimit=50, ulimit = 100;
range”
Else True /* prompting and accepting input */
Output “not in
printf(“Enter the number”);
range”
End Number is scanf(“%d”,&n);
within range
if(n>=llimit && n <= ulimit)
Number is printf(“Number is within range”);
of range
else
printf(“Number is out of range”);
stop
}

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 17
 Self Activity

1. Execute the following program for five different values and fill in the adjoining table

main() n output
{
int n;
printf(“Enter no.”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
if(n% ==0)
printf(“divisible);
else
printf(“not divisible ”);
}

2. Type the above sample program 4 and execute it for the following values.

n Output message
50
100
65

3. Using the sample code 3 above write the complete program to find the maximum of three
numbers and execute it for different set of values.

Set A: Apply all the three program development steps for the following examples.
1. Write a program to accept an integer and check if it is even or odd.
2. Write a program to accept three numbers and check whether the first is between the other

two numbers. Ex: Input 20 10 30. Output: 20 is between 10 and 30

3. Accept a character as input and check whether the character is a digit.

(Check if it is in the range ‘0’ to ‘9’ both inclusive)
4. Write a program to accept a number and check if it is divisible by 5 and 7.
5. Write a program, which accepts annual basic salary of an employee and calculates and displays
the Income tax as per the following rules. ***
Basic: < 1,50,000 Tax = 0
1,50,000 to 3,00,000 Tax = 20%
> 3,00,000 Tax = 30%

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 18

 6. Accept a character from the user and check whether the character is a vowel or consonant.
(Hint: a,e,i,o,u, A, E, I, O, U are vowels)
7. Accept any year as input through the keyboard. Write a program to check whether the year
is a leap year or not. (Hint leap year is divisible by 4 and not by 100 or divisible by 400)

Set B: Apply all the three program development steps for the following examples.

1. Write a program to check whether given character is a digit or a character in

lowercase or uppercase alphabet. (Hint ASCII value of digit is between 48 to 58

and Lowercase characters have ASCII values in the range of 97 to122, uppercase is

between 65 and 90)

2. Accept the x and y coordinate of a point and find the quadrant in which the point lies.

3. Write a program to calculate the roots of a quadratic equation. Consider all possible

cases. Accept the cost price and selling price from the keyboard. Find out if the seller

has made a profit or loss and display how much profit or loss has been made.

4. Write a program to accept marks for three subjects. Calculate the average and also

display the class obtained. (Distinction – above Class I – above %, class II –

% to %, pass class – % to % and fail otherwise)

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete 5: Well Done [ ]

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 19
 Date:
Exercise 2:
Objective:

To demonstrate decision making statements (switch case)

Reading:

You should read following topics before starting this exercise

1. Different types of decision-making statements available in C.
2. Syntax for switch case statements.

The control statement that allows us to make a decision from the number of choices is called a switchcase
statement. It is a multi-way decision making statement.

1. Usage of switch statement

Statement Syntax Flowchart Example

switch(expression) switch (color)
start
{ {
case value1: block1; case ’r’ : case ’R’ :
break; case 1
True Block 1 printf (“RED”);
case value2: block2; break;
False
break; case ’g’ : case ’G’ :
True
. case 2 Block 2 printf (“GREEN”);
. break;
. False case ’b’ : case ’B’ :
default: default block; True printf (“BLUE”);
case 3 Block 3
break; break;
} default :
False
printf (“INVALID COLOR”);
True
case 4 Block 4 }

False

Default Block

stop

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 20

2. The switch statement is used in writing menu driven programs where a menu displays several
options and the user gives the choice by typing a character or number. A Sample program to display
the selected option from a menu is given below.

Step 1: Writing the Step 2: Draw the flowchart Step 3: Writing Program
Algorithm

Algorithm Menu start

#include <stdio.h>
Begin main( )
Output menu Display {
Options
Read choice /* variable declarations */
Execute statements int choice;
Read choice
depending on choice /* Displaying the Menu */
End printf(“\n 1. Option 1\n”);
True
case 1 Statement 1 printf(“ 2. Option 2\n”);
False printf(“ 3. Option 3\n”);
True printf(“Enter your choice”);
case 2 Statement 2
scanf(“%d”,&choice);
False
True
switch(choice)
case 3 Statement 3 {
case 1: printf(“Option 1 is selected”);
False True
break;
Default statement
case 2: printf(“Option 2 is selected”);

stop break;
case 3: printf(“Option 3 is selected”);
break;
default: printf(“Invalid choice”);
}
}

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 21
Self Activity

1. Write the program that accepts a char–type variable called color and displays appropriate message
using the sample code 1 above. Execute the program for various character values and fill in the
following table. Modify the program to include all rainbow colours

Input character Output Message

V
I
B
g
R
y

Set A: Apply all the three program development steps for the following examples.

1. Accept a single digit from the user and display it in words.

For example, if digit entered is 9, display Nine.

2. Write a program, which accepts two integers and an operator as a character (+ - * /),
performs the corresponding operation and displays the result.

3. Accept two numbers in variables x and y from the user and perform the following operations

Options Actions
1. Equality Check if x is equal to y
2. Less Than Check if x is less than y
3. Quotient and Remainder Divide x by y and display the quotient and remainder
4. Range Accept a number and check if it lies between x and y (both inclusive)
5. Swap Interchange x and y

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 22

Set B: Apply all the three program development steps for the following examples.

1. Accept radius from the user and write a program having menu with the following options and
corresponding actions

Options Actions
1. Area of Circle Compute area of circle and print
2. Circumference of Circle Compute Circumference of circle and print
3. Volume of Sphere Compute Volume of Sphere and print

2. Write a program having a menu with the following options and corresponding actions

Options Actions
1. Area of square Accept length, Compute area of square and print
2. Area of Rectangle Accept length and breadth, Compute area of rectangle and print
3. Area of triangle Accept base and height, Compute area of triangle and print

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete 5: Well Done [ ]

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 23
Assignment 3 Date:
Loop Control Structures
Exercise 1:
Objective:
To demonstrate use of simple loops.

Reading:
You should read following topics before starting this exercise
1. Different types of loop structures in C.
2. Syntax and usage of these statements.

We need to perform certain actions repeatedly for a fixed number of times or till some condition holds
true. These repetitive operations are done using loop control statements. The types of loop structures
supported in C are
1. while statement
2. do-while statement

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 24

 3. for statement /* display first 10 multiples of 2 */
for (expr1; expr2; expr3) expr1 {
{ for(i=1; i <= 10; i++)
statement 1 printf (“2 X %d = %d\n”, i, 2*i);
.
. Test False }
} expr2
expr1 = initialization
expression True
expr2 = loop condition Loop Body
expr3 = alteration
expression which alters
the loop variable Expr3

3. Sample program- to print sum of 1+2+3+….n.

Step 1: Writing the Step 2: Draw the flowchart Step 3: Writing Program
Algorithm
Algorithm SumofN #include <stdio.h>
Begin main( )
Input n {
Sum=0 /* variable declarations */
While n>0 do int sum = 0, n;
sum-sum+n printf(“enter the value of n : “);
n=n-1 scanf(“%d”,&n);
Output sum while (n>0)
End {
sum = sum + n;
n--;
}
printf(“\n The sum of numbers is %d”, sum);
}

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 25
4. Sample program- To read characters till EOF (Ctrl+Z) and count the total number of characters
entered.

Step 1 : Writing the Step 2 : Draw the flowchart Step 3 : Writing Program
Algorithm
Algorithm CharCount #include <stdio.h> main( )
Begin start
{
Count=0
Input ch count = 0 char ch; int count=0;
While ch ≠EOF do
while((ch=getchar())!=EOF)
Count=count+1 Read ch
Input ch count++;
Output count
printf(“Total characters =%d”, count);
End
Ch=EOF
? }
False

Count = count+1

Print count

stop

Self Activity

1. Execute example 1 given above. Execute the program for different values.
2. Write a program that accepts numbers continuously as long as the number is positive and

prints the sum of the numbers read. Refer example code 2 given above.

Execute the program for different values.

3. Write a program to accept n and display its multiplication table. Refer to sample code 3 given
above.
4. Type the sample program to print sum of first n numbers and execute the program for
different values of n.
5. Write a program to accept characters till the user enters EOF and count number of times ‘a’
Is entered. Refer to sample program 5 given above.

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 26

Set A . Apply all the three program development steps for the following examples.

1. Write a program to accept an integer n and display all even numbers upto n.
2. Accept two integers x and y and calculate the sum of all integers between x and y
(both inclusive)
3. Write a program to accept two integers x and n and compute xn
4. Write a program to accept a character, an integer n and display the next n characters.
5. Write a program to accept an integer and check if it is prime or not.
6. Write a program to accept an integer, count number of digits and calculate sum of digits in the

number. Example: Number = 1234 Output: Digits = 4, Sum = 10

7. Write a program to accept an integer and reverse the number.

Example: Input: 546, Reverse = 645.

Set B. Apply all the three program development steps for the following examples.

1. Write a program to display the first n Fibonacci numbers. (1 1 2 3 5 ……)

2. Write a program to accept real number x and integer n and calculate the sum of first n terms
of the series x+ 3x+5x+7x+…
3. Write a program to accept real number x and integer n to calculate sum of first n terms of the
Series 1 2 3
x + x 2 + x3 + ……

4. Write a program to accept characters till the user enters EOF and count number of alphabets

and digits entered. Refer to sample program 5 given above.

5. Write a program, which accepts a number n and displays each digit in words.
Example: 6702 Output = Six-Seven-Zero-Two.
(Hint: Reverse the number and use a switch statement)

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 27
Exercise 2 Date:
Objective:
To demonstrate use of nested loops
Reading
In the previous exercise, you used while, do-while and for loops. You should read following topics
before starting this exercise
1. Different types of loop structures in C.
2. Syntax for these statements.
3. Usage of each loop structure
Nested loop means a loop that is contained within another loop. Nesting can be done upto any levels.
The inner loop has to be completely enclosed in the outer loop. No overlapping of loops is allowed.
Sr. No Format Sample Program
1. Nested for loop #include <stdio.h>
void main()
for(exp1; exp2 ; exp3) {
{ …………………… int n , line_number , number;
for(exp11; exp12 ; exp13) printf(“How many lines: ”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
{ …………………… for(line_number =1 ;line_number <=n; line_number++ )
} {
……………………. for(number = 1; number <= line_number; number++)
printf (“%d\t”, number);
}
printf (“\n”);
}
}
2. Nested while loop / do while loop #include <stdio.h>
void main( )
while(condition1) {
{ …………………… int n , sum;
while(condition2) printf(“Give any number ”);
{ …………………… scanf(“%d”,&n);
} do
……………………. {
} sum =0;
printf(“%d --->”,n);
do while ( n>0)
{ …………………… {
while(condition1) sum +=n%10;
{ ……………….. n= n/10;
} }
………………. n=sum;
} while (condition2); } while( n >9);
printf ( “ %d” , n);
}

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 28

 Self Activity
1. The Sample program 1 displays n lines of the following triangle. Type the program and
execute it for different values of n.
1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4

2. Modify the sample program 1 to display n lines of the Floyd’s triangle as follows (here n=4).
1
2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9 10

3. The sample program 2 computes the sum of digits of a number and the process is repeated till
the number reduces to a single digit number. Type the program and execute it for different
values of n and give the output

Input number Output

6534

67

Set A . Write C programs for the following problems.

1. Write a program to display all prime numbers between and .

2. Write a program to display multiplication tables from to having n multiples each.
The output should be displayed in a tabular format. For example, the multiplication tables
of 2 to 9 having 10 multiples each is shown below.
2×1=2 3 × 1 = 3 ………….9 × 1 = 9
2×2=4 3 × 2 = 6…………..9 × 2 = 18
…………. ………….
2 × 10 = 20 3 × 10 = 30………..9 × 10 = 90

3. Modify the sample program 1 to display n lines as follows (here n=4).

A
B C
D E F
G H I J
K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 29
Set B. Write C programs for the following problems.

1. Write a program to display all Armstrong numbers between 1 and 500. (An Armstrong number is a
number such that the sum of cube of digits = number itself. Ex. 153 = 1*1*1 + 5*5*5 + 3*3*3

2. Accept n numbers and display the number having the maximum sum of digits.

3. Display all perfect numbers below 500. [A perfect number is a number, such that the sum of its
factors is equal to the number itself]. Example: 6 (1 + 2 + 3), 28 (1+2+4+7+14)

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 30

Assignment 3 Date:
Functions (User Defined functions, Library functions and Recursion).
Exercise 1:
To demonstrate menu driven programs and use of standard library functions
Reading
You should read following topics before starting this exercise
1. Use of switch statement to create menus as in exercise3
2. Use of while and do while loops as in
ctype.h : contains function prototypes for performing various operations on characters.
Function Purpose Example
isalpha() Check whether a character is a alphabet if (isalpha(ch))
isalnum() Check whether a character is alphanumeric if (isalnum(ch))
isdigit() Check whether a character is a digit if (isdigit(ch))
isspace() Check whether a character is a space if (isspace(ch))
ispunct() Check whether a character is a punctuation if (ispunct(ch))
symbol
isupper() Check whether a character is uppercase if (isupper(ch))
alphabet
islower() Check whether a character is lowercase if (isupper(ch))
alphabet
toupper() Converts a character to uppercase ch = toupper(ch)
tolower() Converts a character to lowercase ch = tolower(ch)

math.h : contains function prototypes for performing various mathematical operations on numeric data.
Name Description
ceil smallest integer not less than parameter
cos cosine
cosh hyperbolic cosine
exp(double x) exponential function, computes ex
fabs absolute value
floor largest integer not greater than parameter
fmod floating point remainder
log natural logarithm
log10 base-10 logarithm
pow(x,y) compute a value taken to an exponent, xy
sin sine
sinh hyperbolic sine
sqrt square root
tan tangent
tanh hyperbolic tangent

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 31
A program that does multiple tasks, provides a menu from which user can choose the appropriate task
to be performed. The menu should appear again when the task is completed so that the user can choose
another task. This process continues till the user decides to quit. A menu driven program can be written
using a combination of do-while loop containing a switch statement. One of the options provided in a
menu driven program is to exit the program.

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 32

Self Activity
1. Write a menu driven program to perform the following operations on a character type variable.
i. Check if it is an alphabet
ii. Check if it is a digit.
iii. Check if it is lowercase.
iv. Check if it is uppercase.
v. Convert it to uppercase.
vi. Convert it to lowercase.

Refer to the sample code given above and use standard functions from ctype.h
Set A . Write C programs for the following problems

1. Write a program, which accepts a character from the user and checks if it is an alphabet, digit or
punctuation symbol. If it is an alphabet, check if it is uppercase or lowercase and then change
the case.

2. Write a menu driven program to perform the following operations till the user selects Exit.
Accept appropriate data for each option. Use standard library functions from math.h

i. Power ii. Square Root iii. Floor iv. Ceiling v. Exit

Set B. Write C programs for the following problems

1. Accept two fractions (numerator, denominator) and perform the following operations till the user
selects Exit.
i. Addition
ii.Subtraction
iii.Multiplication
iv.EXIT
2. Accept x and y coordinates of two points and write a menu driven program to perform the
Following operations till the user selects Exit.
iv. Distance between points
v. Slope of line between the points.
vi. Check whether they lie in the same quadrant.
vii. EXIT

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 33
Exercise 2: Date:
Objective:
To demonstrate writing C programs in modular way (use of user defined functions)

You should read following topics before starting this exercise

1. Declaring and Defining a function

2. Function call

3. Passing parameters to a function

4. Function returning a value

A function is a named sub-module of a program, which performs a specific, well-defined task. It can
accept information from the calling function and return only 1 value. In C, every program has a function
named main. main in turn calls other functions.
Sr. Actions involving Syntax Example
No functions
1. Function returntype function(type arg1, type arg2 … ); void display();
declaration int sum(int x, int y);
2. Function definition returntype function(type arg1, type arg2 … ) float calcarea (float r)
{ {
/* statements*/ float area = Pi *r*r ;
} return area;
}
3. Function call function(arguments); display();
variable = function(arguments); ans = calcarea(radius);

1. Sample code
The program given below calculates the area of a circle using a function and uses this function to
calculate the area of a cylinder using another function.

main()
{
float areacircle (float r);
float areacylinder(float r, int h);
float area, r;
printf(“\n Enter Radius: “);
scanf(“%f”,&r);
area=areacircle(r);
printf(“\n Area of circle =%6.2f”, area);
printf(“\n Enter Height: “);
scanf(“%d”,&h);
area=areacylinder(r,h);
printf(“\n Area of cylinder =%6.2f”, area);
}

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 34

 float areacircle (float r)
{
const float pi=3.142;
return(pi * r*r );
}
float areacylinder (float r, int h)
{
return 2*areacircle(r)*h;
}

2. Sample code

The function iswhitespace returns 1 if its character parameter is a space, tab or newline character.
The program accepts characters till the user enters EOF and counts the number of white spaces.

main()
{
int iswhitespace (char ch);
char ch;
int count=0;
printf(“\n Enter the characters. Type CTRL +Z to terminate: “);
while((ch=getchar())!=EOF)
if(iswhitespace(ch))
count++;
printf(“\n The total number of white spaces =%d”, count);
}
int iswhitespace (char ch)
{
switch(ch)
{
case ‘ ‘:
case ‘\t’ :
case ‘\n’ : return 1;
default : return 0;
}
}

Self Activity

1. Type the program given in sample code 1 above and execute the program. Add another function
to calculate the volume of sphere and display it.
2. Type the program given in sample code 2 above and execute the program. Modify the function
such that it returns 1 if the character is a vowel. Also count the total number of vowels entered.

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 35
Set A. Write C programs for the following problems
1. Write a function isEven, which accepts an integer as parameter and returns 1 if the number is

even, and 0 otherwise. Use this function in main to accept n numbers and check if they are

even or odd.

2. Write a function, which accepts a character and integer n as parameter and displays the next n
characters.

Set B . Write C programs for the following problems

1. Write a function isPrime, which accepts an integer as parameter and returns 1 if the number is
prime and 0 otherwise. Use this function in main to display the first 10 prime numbers.

2. Write a function that accepts a character as parameter and returns 1 if it is an alphabet, 2 if it is a

digit and 3 is it is a special symbol. In main, accept characters till the user enters EOF and use
the function to count the total number of alphabets, digits and special symbols entered.

3. Write a function power, which calculates x y. Write another function, which calculates n! Using
For loop. Use these functions to calculate the sum of first n terms of the Taylor series:
x3 x5
sin(x) = x - + + ……
3! 5!

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 36

Exercise 3: Date:

Objective:
To demonstrate Recursion.

You should read the following topics before starting this exercise
1. Recursive definition

2. Declaring and defining a function

3. How to call a function

4. How to pass parameters to a function

Recursion is a process by which a function calls itself either directly or indirectly. The points to be
remembered when recursive functions
i. Each time the function is called recursively it must be closer to the solution.
ii. There must be some terminating condition, which will stop recursion.
iii. Usually the function contains an if –else branching statement where one branch makes recursive
call while other branch has non-recursive terminating condition
Expressions having recursive definitions can be easily converted into recursive functions
Sr. No Recursive definition Recursive Function Sample program

1. The recursive definition long int factorial (int n) #include <stdio.h>

main()
for factorial is given {
If (n==0)||(n==1)) {
below: int num;
/* terminating condition */
/* function declaration */
return(1); long int factorial(int n);
n!= 1 if n = 0 or 1 else printf(“\n enter the number:”);
return(n* factorial(n-1)); scanf(“%d”,&num);
= n * (n-1)! if n > 1 printf(“\n The factorial of %d is
/* recursive call */
} %ld”,num,factorial(num));
}
/* function code*/
2. The recursive definition long int nCr( int n, int r) #include <stdio.h>
/* function code*/
for nCr (no of {
main()
combinations of r if(n==r || r==0) {
int n,r; ;
objects out of n objects) /* terminating condition */ printf(“\n enter the total number of objects:”);
is as return(1); scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“\n enter the number of objects to be
follows else selected”);
nCn = 1 return( nCr(n-1,r)+nCr(n, r-1)); scanf(“%d”,&r);
printf(“\n The value %dC%d is
nC0 = 1 /* recursive call */ %ld”,n, r, nCr(n,r));
nCr = n-1Cr + nCr-1 } }

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 37
 Self Activity
1. Write the sample program 1 given above and execute the program. Modify the program to
Define a global integer variable count and increment it in factorial function. Add a printf
statement in main function for variable count. Execute the program for different values and
fill in the following table.

Sr. No. num factorial count

1. 0
2 1
3 5
4
5

2. Write the sample program 2 given above and execute the program for different values of n and
r. Modify the program to define a global integer variable count and increment it in nCr
function.
Add a print statement in main function for variable count. Execute the program for different
values and fill in the following table

Sr. No. n r nCr count

1. 5 0
2 5 5
3 5 2
4 5
5

Set A . Write C programs for the following problems

1. Write a recursive C function to calculate the sum of digits of a number. Use this function in main
to accept a number and print sum of its digits.
2. Write a recursive C function to calculate the GCD of two numbers. Use this function in main.
The GCD is calculated as : gcd(a,b) = a if b = 0
= gcd (b, a mod b) otherwise
3. Write a recursive C function to calculate xy. (Do not use standard library function)

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 38

Set B . Write C programs for the following problems

1. Write a recursive function to calculate the nth Fibonacci number. Use this function in main to
Display the first n Fibonacci numbers. The recursive definition of nth Fibonacci number is as
follows:
fib(n) = 1 if n = 1 or 2
= fib(n-2) + fib(n-1) if n>2

2. Write a recursive function to calculate the sum of digits of a number till you get a single digit
number.
Example: 961 -> 16 -> 5. (Note: Do not use a loop)

3. Write a recursive C function to print the digits of a number in reverse order. Use this function in
main to accept a number and print the digits in reverse order separated by tab.
Example: 3456 6 4 5 3

(Hint: Recursiveprint(n) = print n if n is single digit number

= print n % 10 + tab + Recursiveprint( n/10)

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 39
Assignment 5 Date:
Arrays (1-D and 2-D)
Exercise 1
Objective
To demonstrate use of 1-D arrays and functions.
Reading
You should read the following topics before starting this exercise
1. What are arrays and how to declare an array?
2. How to enter data in to array and access the elements of an array.
3. How to initialize an array and how to check the bounds of an array?
4. How to pass an array to a function
An array is a collection of data items of the same data type referred to by a common name. Each
element of the array is accessed by an index or subscript. Hence, it is also called a subscripted variable.
Actions involving syntax Example
arrays
Declaration of array data-type array_name[size]; int temperature[10];
float pressure[20];
Initialization of array data-type int marks[]={45,57,87,20,90};
array_name[]={element1,
marks[3] refers to the fourth element which equals 20
element2, ……, element n};
int count[3]={4,2,9};
data-type
array_name[size]={element-1, count[2] is the last element 9 while 4 is count[0]
element-2, ……, element-size};
Accessing elements of The array index begins from 0 Value = marks[3];
an array (zero) To access an array element,
This refers to the 4th element in the array
we need to refer to it as
array_name[index].
Entering data into an for(i=0; i<=9; i++)
array.
scanf(“%d”, &marks[i]);
Printing the data from for(i=0; i<=9; i++)
an array
printf(“%d”, marks[i]);
Arrays and We can pass an array to a function /* Passing the whole array*/ void modify(int
function using two methods. a[5])
Pass the array element by element {
Pass the entire array to the int i;
function for(i=0; i<5 ; i++)
a[i] = i;
}

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 40

Sample program to find the largest element of an array

#include<stdio.h> int
main()
{
int arr[20]; int n;
void accept(int a[20], int n);
void display(int a[20], int n);
int maximum(int a[20], int n);

printf(”How many numbers :”);

scanf(“%d”, &n);
accept(arr,n);
display(arr,n);
printf(“The maximum is :%d” , maximum(arr,n));
}
void accept(int a[20], int n)
{
int i;
for(i=0; i<n ; i++)
scanf(“%d”, &a[i]);
}
void display(int a[20], int n)
{
int i;
for(i=0; i<n ; i++)
printf(“%d\t”, a[i]);
}
int maximum(int a[20], int n)
{
int i, max = a[0];
for(i=1; i<n ; i++)
if(a[i] > max)
max = a[i];
return max;
}

Self Activity
1. Write a program to accept n numbers in an array and display the largest and smallest number.
Using these values, calculate the range of elements in the array. Refer to the sample code
given above and make appropriate modifications.

2. Write a program to accept n numbers in an array and calculate the average. Refer to the sample
code given above and make appropriate modifications.

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 41
Set A. Write programs to solve the following problems

1. Write a program to accept n numbers and display the array in the reverse order. Write separate
functions to accept and display.

2. Write a function for Linear Search, which accepts an array of n elements and a key as parameters
and returns the position of key in the array and -1 if the key is not found. Accept n numbers from
the user, store them in an array. Accept the key to be searched and search it using this function.
Display appropriate messages.

3. Write a function, which accepts an integer array and an integer as parameters and counts the
occurrences of the number in the array.
Example: Input 1 5 2 1 6 3 8 2 9 15 1 30
Number : 1
Output: 1 occurs 3 times

4. Write a program to accept n numbers and store all prime numbers in an array called prime.
Display this array.

Set B. Write programs to solve the following problems

1. Write a function to sort an array of n integers using Bubble sort method. Accept n numbers from
the user, store them in an array and sort them using this function. Display the sorted array.

2. Write a program to accept a decimal number and convert it to binary, octal and hexadecimal.
Write separate functions.

3. Write a program to find the intersection of the two sets of integers. Store the intersection in
another array.

4. Write a program to merge two sorted arrays into a third array such that the third array is also in
the sorted order.

a1 10 25 90
a2 9 16 22 26 100

a3 9 10 16 22 25 26 90 100

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 42

Exercise 2
Objective
To demonstrate use of 2-D arrays and functions.

You should read the following topics before starting this exercise
1. How to declare and initialize two-dimensional array

2. Accessing elements
3. Usage of two-dimensional arrays

Actions involving syntax Example

2-D arrays
Declaration of 2-D data-type array_name[size][size]; int mat[10][10];
array float sales[4][10];

Initialization of 2- data-type array_name[rows][cols]= int num[][2] = {12, 34, 23, 45, 56,45};
D array { {elements of row 0},{ elements of row
int num[3][2] = { {1,2}, {3,4}, {5,6}};
1},…..};
data-type int num[3][2] = { 1,2,3,4, 5,6};
array_name[][cols]={element1,
element2, ……, element size};
Accessing elements Accessing elements of 2-dimensional int m[3][2];
of 2-D array array - in general, the array element is m is declared as a two dimensional array
referred as: (matrix) having 3 rows (numbered 0 to 2)
array_name[index1][index2] and 2 columns (numbered 0 to 1). The
where index1 is the row location of and
index2 is the column location of an first element is m[0] [0] and the last is m
element in the array. [2][1]. value = m[1][1];
Entering data into a int mat[4][3];
2-D array.
for (i=0; i<4; i++)
/* outer loop for rows */
for (j=0;j<3; j++)
/* inner loop for columns */
scanf(“%d”, &mat[i][j]);
Printing the data for (i=0; i<4; i++)
from a 2-D array
/* outer loop for rows */
{
for (j=0;j<3; j++)
/* inner loop for columns */
printf(“%d\t” , mat[i][j]);
printf(”\n”);
}

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 43
Sample program to accept, display and print the sum of elements of each row of a matrix.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int mat[10][10], m, n;
void display(int a[10][10], int m, int n);
void accept(int a[10][10], int m, int n);
void sumofrows(int a[10][10], int m, int n);
printf(“How many rows and columns? ”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&m, &n);

printf(“Enter the matrix elements :”);

accept(mat, m, n);
printf(“\n The matrix is :\n”);
display(mat, m, n);
sumofrows(mat,m,n);
}
void accept(int a[10][10], int m, int n)
{
int i,j;
for (i=0; i<m; i++) /* outer loop for rows */ for
(j=0;j<n; j++) /* inner loop for columns */
scanf(“%d”, &a[i][j]);
}
void display(int a[10][10], int m, int n)
{
int i,j;
printf(”\nThe elements of %d by %d matrix are\n”, m, n); for
(i=0; i<m; i++) /* outer loop for rows */
{
for (j=0;j<n; j++) /* inner loop for columns */
printf(“%d\t” , a[i][j]);
printf(”\n”);
}
}
void somofrows(int a[10][10], int m, int n)
{
int i,j, sum;
for (i=0; i<m; i++) /* outer loop for rows */
{
sum=0’
for (j=0;j<n; j++) /* inner loop for columns */
sum= sum+a[i][j];
printf(“Sum of elements of row %d = %d”, i, sum);
}
}

1. Write a program to accept, display and print the sum of elements of each row and sum of elements of
each column of a matrix. Refer to sample code given above.

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 44

Set A . Write C programs for the following problems.

1. Write a program to accept a matrix A of size m X n and store its transpose in matrix B. Display
matrix B. Write separate functions.

2. Write a program to add and multiply two matrices. Write separate functions to accept, display,
add and multiply the matrices. Perform necessary checks before adding and multiplying the
matrices.

Set B . Write C programs for the following problems.

1. Write a menu driven program to perform the following operations on a square matrix. Write
separate functions for each option.
i) Check if the matrix is symmetric.
ii) Display the trace of the matrix (sum of diagonal elements).
iii) Check if the matrix is an upper triangular matrix.
iv) Check if the matrix is a lower triangular matrix.
v) Check if it is an identity matrix.

2. Write a program to accept an m X n matrix and display an m+1 X n+1 matrix such that the m+1th
row contains the sum of all elements of corresponding row and the n+1 th column contains the
sum of elements of the corresponding column.
Example:
A B
1 2 3 1 2 3 6
4 5 6 4 5 6 15
7 8 9 7 8 9 24
12 15 18 45

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 45
 Savitribai Phule Pune University,Pune

CS113 : Practical course on Problem Solving using

Computer and ‘C’ programming (CS111) and Database
Management Systems(CS112)

Section B

Database Management Systems

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 46

Assignment 1 Date:

Objectives-
To create simple tables , with only the primary key constraint ( as a table level constraint as a
field level constraint) (include all data types)

Reading-
You should read following topics before starting this exercise
1. Designing database into tables
2. Using DDL statements to create tables

A table is a database object that holds data. A table must have unique name, via which it can be referred. A table
is made up of columns. Each column in the table must be given a unique name within that table. Each column will
also have size a data-type and an optional constraint. The data types permitted are as follows:
a. Character data types:
1 char(n): It is fixed length character string of size n, default value 1 byte if n is not specified.
2 varchar(n): It is variable length character string with maximum size n. 3 text: It is used to store large
text data, no need to define a maximum.
b. Numeric data types:
1 Integer, int , serial: Serial is same as int, only that values are incremented automatically.
2 Number: A real number with P digits, S of them after decimal point. 3 Float: Real number.
c. Date and time type:
1 Date: Stores date information.
2 Time: Stores time information.
3 Timestamp: Stores a date & time
d. Boolean and Binary type:
1 Boolean, bool: Stores only 2 values : true or false, 1 or 0, yes or no, y or n, t or f.

There are two constraints applied at the time of creation of table.They can be defined as either of the following
:
1. Column level: When data constraint is defined only with respect to one column & hence defined after the
column definition, it is called as column level constraint.
Syntax: Create tablename (attribute1 datatype primary key, attribute2 datatype , constraint
constraint-name ,……)

2. Table Level: When data constraint spans across multiple columns & hence defined after defining all the
table columns when creating or altering a table structure, it is called as table level constraint.
Syntax: Create tablename ( attribute1 datatype , attribute2 datatype2 ,……, constraint pkey
primary key(attribute1))

Syntax for table creation :

Create tablename ( attribute list);
Attribute list : ( [ attribute name data type optional constraint] , ................ )

Primary key concept : A primary key is made up of one or more columns in a table, that uniquely identify each
row in the table. A column or a set of columns defined as a primary key, must conform to the following properties
a) The column/s cannot have NULL values.
K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 47
b) The data held across the column/s MUST be UNIQUE. Syntax:

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 48

1. Create tablename ( attribute1 datatype primary key , attribute2 datatype ,……)
2. Create tablename ( attribute1 datatype , attribute2 datatype ,……, constraint pkey primary key(attribute1))
3. Create tablename ( attribute1 datatype, attribute2 datatype ,……, constraint constraint_name
primarykey(attribute1,attribute2))

Self Activity

Steps to Use DDL statements

1. Login to linux server
2. Type the connection string to connect to database psql –h IP address of server -d database-name
3. Type in the DDL statement at the sql> prompt

1. Type \h and go through the commands listed.

2. Type \h command-name & read through the help data given for each command.
Type the following Create table Statements to create the tables . If the table creation is successful you get
‘create table’ as output.
Then Type \d <table name> and write the output

3. Create table emp (eno integer primary key, ename varchar(50) , salary float);
4. Create table books( id integer UNIQUE, title text NOT NULL, author_id integer,sub_id
integer,CONSTRAINT books_id_pkey PRIMARY KEY(id));
5. Create table sales_order(order_no char(10) PRIMARY KEY, order_date date, salesman_no integer);
6. Create table client_master(client_no integer CONSTRAINT p_client PRIMARY KEY, name
Varchar(50), addr text, bal_due integer);
7. Create table inventory(inv_no integer PRIMARY KEY,in_stock Boolean);
8. create table sales_order1(order_no char(10), product_no char(10) , qty_ordered integer,product_rate
number(8,2),PRIMARY KEY(order_no,product_no));

Set A

Create table for the information given below by choosing appropriate data types and also specifying proper
primary key constraint on fields which are underlined
1. Player (player_id int, name varchar(50, Birth_date date ,Birth_place varchar(100))

2. Student (roll_no int, class varchar(20), weight numeric(6,2),height numeric(6,2))

3 .Project (project_id int,project_name varchar(20), project_description text,status boolean)

4. Donor (donor_no,donor_name,blood_group,last_date)

5. Movie(movie-no, name, release-year )

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 49
Set B

Create table for the information given below by choosing appropriate data types and also specifying proper
primary key constraint on fields which are underlined
1. Teacher ( Teacher_no, Tname,qualification,address)
Primary key : Teacher_no

2. Driver (Driver_no,permit_no,Dname,address)
Primary key: Driver_no,permit_no

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 50

Assignment 2 Date:

Objectives-
To create more than one table, with referential integrity constraint, PK constraint.

Reading-
You should read following topics before starting this exercise
1. Referential Integrity constraints, relationship types (1-1,1-m,m-1,m-m)
2. Handling relationships while converting relations into tables in RDB, so that there are no
redundancies.

The integrity constraints help us to enforce business rules on data in the database. Once an integrity constraint
is specified for a table or a set of tables, all data in the table always conforms to the rule specified by the
integrity constraint.

Referential integrity constraints designates a column or grouping of columns in a table called child table as a
foreign key and establishes a relationship between that foreign key and specified primary key of another table
called parent table.

The following is the list of constraints that can be defined for enforcing referential integrity.
1. Primary key: Designates a column or combination of columns as primary key.
Syntax: PRIMARY KEY (columnname[,columnname])
2. Foreign key: designates a column or grouping of columns as a foreign key with a table constraint.
Syntax: FOREIGN KEY (columnname[,columnname])
3. References: Identifies the primary key that is referenced by a foreign key. If only parent table name
is
specified it automatically references primary key of parent table.
Syntax: columnname datatype REFERENCES tablename[(columnname[,columnname])
4. On delete Cascade: The referential integrity is maintained by automatically removing dependent
foreign key values when primary key is deleted.
Syntax: columnname datatype REFERENCES tablename[(columnname)][ON DELETE CASCADE]
5. On update set null: If set, makes the foreign key column NULL, whenever there is a change in the
primary key value of the referred table.
Syntax: Constraint name foreign key column-name references referred-table(column-name) on update
set null.

Rules to handle relationships, attributes, enhanced E-R concepts during table creation:
1 One-to-one: A member from an entity set is connected to atmost one member from the other entity set
& vice-versa. The key attribute from anyone entity set goes to the other entity set (may be the entity set that has
full participation in relation) , as a foreign key.
2 One-to-many, many-to-one: A member from the entity set on the one side is connected to one or more
members from the other entity set, but a member from the entity set on the many side , is connected to atmost
one member of the entity set on one side. The key attribute of the entity set on one side is put as foreign key in
the entity set on the many side.
3 May-to-many: A member from one entity set connected to one or more members of the other entity set
& vice-versa. A new relation is created that will contain the key attributes of both the participating entity sets.

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 51
 4 A multivalued attribute: An attribute having multiple values for each member of the entity set. A new
relation is created , which will contain a place holder for the multivalued attribute and the key attributes of the
entity set that contains the multivalued attribute.
5 A multivalued, composite attribute: A composite attribute having multiple values , for each member
of the entity set. A new relation is created, which will contain a place holder for each part of the composite
attribute and the key attributes of the entity set that contains the composite multivalued attribute.
6 Generalization / specialization: The members of an entity set can be grouped into several subgroups,
based on an attribute/s value/s. Each subgroup becomes an entity set. Depicts a parentchild type of relationship.
New relations for each subgroup , if the subgroups have its own attributes, other than the parent attributes. The
parent entity set’s key is added to each subgroup. If no specific attributes for each subgroup, then only the
parent relation is created.

Self Activity

You can type the following Create table Statements to create the tables satisfying referential integrity
constraints. On table creation type \d <table name> and write the output.

1. Consider two tables department & employee. One department can have one or more employees, but an
employee belongs to exactly one department ( 1-m relation). It’s pictorially shown as follows :

department has employee

To handle the above relation, while creating the tables, ‘deptno’ is a foreign key in the employee table. The
statement for creating the tables are as follows :
Create table department ( deptno integer primary key, deptname text);
Create table employee( empno integer primary key, ename varchar(50), salary float, dno integer references
department(deptno) on delete cascade on update set null);

2. Consider the department table created above & another table called project. A project is controlled by
exactly one department , but a department can control one or more projects( a m-1 relation). It’s pictorially
shown as follows :

Control
project by department

To handle the above relationship, control-dno is a foreign key in project. The statement for creating the project
table is as follows :
Create table project(pno int primary key, pname char(10), control-dno int, foreign
key(control-dno) references department(dno))

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 52

 3. Consider the project & employee relations created above. An employee can work in one or more
projects, and a project can have one or more employees working in it .( a m-m relation). It’s shown
pictorially as follows :

hrs

project Works employee

-on

To handle the above relationship, we create a naeb

wlet , works-on , as given below :

create table works(eno int references employee, pno int references project, hrs int, constraint pkey primary
key(eno,pno))
4. Consider the relations guest and room. A guest is allocated exactly one room, and a room can contain
exactly one guest in it. ( a 1-1 relation). It’s pictorially shown as follows :

room allot guest

To handle the above relation, we add room-no as foreign key to guest, since a guest cannot be without being
allocated to a room ( guest has full participation in relation). The statements for creating these relations are as
follows
Create table room(room-no integer primary key , description char(20, charge integer); Create table
guest(guest-no integer primary key, name varchar(30), room-no references room unique);

Set A

Consider the following entities and their relationships by giving .Create a RDB in 3 NF for the following and
create it.
1 Hospital(hno int ,name varchar, city varchar)
Doctor(dno int , dname varchar, city varchar)
Relationship A many-many relationship between hospital & doctor.
2 Patient(pno int ,name varchar ,address text)
Bed(bedno int , roomno int ,description varchar)
Relationship A one-one relationship between patient and bed.
3..Employee (empno int, name varchar, address text , city varchar, deptname varchar)
Project (pno int , pname varchar , status )
Employee and Project are related with many-to-many relationship with attribute - no of days
employee worked on that project.
Constraints: Primary key.

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 53
Set B

1. Book (bookno int, name varchar , pubname varchar)

Author (authorno int , author_name varchar)
The relation between book & author is many-to-many with descriptive attribute date_of_publication.
Constraints: Primary Key
Author name & publisher name should not be null.

2.Consider the following Bus transport system .many buses run on one route .Drivers are allotted to the
buses shiftwise.
Tables :
Bus ( Bus_no int ,capacity int ,depot_name varchar(20))
Route (Route_no int ,source varchar(20),destination varchar(20),no_of_stations int)
Driver(Driver_no int,driver_name varchar(20), licence_no int ,address varchar(20) ,age int ,salary
float)

Relationship :
Bus-Route : M-1
Bus-Driver : M-m with descriptive attribute date _of _duty allotted
Constraint :
1. Licence no is unique
2. Bus capacity is not null
3. Shift can be (Morning (1)or Evening (0))

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 54

Assignment 3 Date:

Objectives-
To create one or more tables with Check constraint , Unique constraint, Not null constraint , in addition
to the first two constraints (PK & FK)

Reading-
You should read following topics before starting this exercise
1. Different integrity constraints
2. Specification of different integrity constraints , in create table statement .

The following is the list of additional integrity constraints.

1 NULL: Specifies that the column can contain null values.
2 NOT NULL: Specifies that the column can not contain null values.
3 UNIQUE: Forces the column to have unique values.
4 CHECK: Specifies a condition that each row in the table must satisfy. Condition is specified as a logical
expression that evaluates either TRUE or FALSE.

Set A

1. Consider the following tables and integrity constraints given and create the tables accordingly:
Machine(Machine_id int Machine_name NOT NULL, Machine_type varchar(10),Machine_price float,
Machine_cost float)
Constraints: 1. Machine_name should be in uppercase.
2. Machine_type can be ( ‘drilling’, ‘milling’, ‘lathe’, ‘turning’, ‘grinding’).
3.Machine_price should be greater than zero.

Table level constraint: Machine_cost less than Machine_price.

2. Policy(Policy_no int , Policy_name varchar(20) NOT NULL,Policy_type varchar(10), Policy_sale_date

date, Policy_intro_date date)
Constraints: 1. Policy_name should be in lowercase.
2. Policy_type can be (‘life’, ‘vehicle’, accident’).

Table level constraint : Policy_sale_date should be greater than Policy_intro_date.

.
3.Consider the relations Person (pnumber, pname, birthdate, income), Area( aname,area_type). An area can
have one or more person living in it , but a person belongs to exactly one area. The attribute ‘area_type’ can
have values as either urban or rural

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 55
Set B
1. Employee(Employee_id int, Employee_name varchar(20) NOT NULL, Employee_desig varchar(10),
Employee_sal float, Employee_uid text Unique)
Constraints:
1. Employee_name should be in uppercase.
2.Employee_desg can be (‘Manager’, ‘staff’, ‘worker’).
3.Employee_sal should be greater than zero.

Table level constraint :Employee_uid not equal to Employee_id

2. Consider the following database of bank. A bank maintains the customer details ,account details and loan
details .It has the branch information also. Create the tables , in 3NF, as per the information given below.

Account ( acct_no int ,acct_type varchar(20),balance int)

Loan(loan_no int,loan_amt int ,no_of_years int)
Branch(branch_no int,branch_name varchar(20),branch_city varchar(20)
Customer(cust_no int ,cust_name varchar(20),cust_address text,customer_city varchar(20)

Relationship : Cutomer-Account : M-M Customer –Loan : M-M Branch –Loan : 1-M Branch –Account : 1-M

Constraints: 1. branch_name should be not null.

2. acct_type should be(‘saving’,’cuurent’)

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 56

Assignment 4 Date:

Objectives-
To drop a table, alter schema of a table, insert / update / delete records using tables created in previous
Assignments. ( use simple forms of insert / update / delete statements)

Reading-
You should read following topics before starting this exercise
1. Read through the insert , update, delete statement.
2. Go through the variations in syntaxes of the above statements.
3. Go through some examples of these statements
4. Go through the relationship types & conversion of relations to tables in RDB.
5. Normal forms 1NF, 2NF, 3NF

The Drop & Alter DDL statements :

1 Drop: Deletes an object (table/view/constraint) schema from the database.
Syntax: Drop object-type object-name
2 Alter: ALTER TABLE command of SQL is used to modify the structure of the table It can be used
for
following purposes:
a) adding new column
b) modifying existing columns
c) add an integrity constraint
d) To redefine a column
Restrictions on the alter table are that, the following tasks cannot be performed with this clause
a) Change the name of the column
b) Drop a column
c) Decrease the size of a column if table data exists
Syntax: a. Alter table tablename Add (new columnname datatype (size), new columnname
datatype(size)…);
c.Alter table tablename modify (columnname new datatype(new size),..);

Insert / update / delete DML statements:

The different DML statements with their syntax are given below:( insert / update / delete statements)
1 Insert: The insert statement is used to insert tuples or records into a created table or a relation. We specify a
list of comma-separated column values, which must be in the same order as the columns in the table.
To insert character data we must enclose it in single quotes(‘). If a single quote is part of the string
value to be inserted, then precede it with a backslash(\).When we don’t have values for every column
in the table, or the data given in insert is not in the same column order as in the table, then we specify
the column names also along with the values (2nd syntax).
Syntax: INSERT INTO tablename VALUES (list of column values);
INSERT INTO tablename(list of column names) VALUES (list of column values
corresponding to the column names );

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 57
2. Update: The UPDATE command is used to change or modify data values in a table. To specify update of
several columns at the same time, we simply specify them as a comma separated list.
Syntax: UPDATE tablename
SET columnname = value where condition;

3. Delete: The DELETE statement is used to remove data from tables.

Syntax: DELETE FROM table name where condition;

Self Activity

Create the table given below . Assume appropriate data types for attributes. Modify the table, as
per the alter statements given below, type \d <table name> and write the output.
Supplier_master( supplier_no, supplier_name,city,phone-no,amount)

1. Alter table supplier_master add primary key (supplier_no);

2. Alter table supplier_master add constraint city-check check( city in(‘pune’, ‘mumbai’, ‘calcutta’));
3. Alter table supplier_master drop phone-no;
4. Alter table supplier_master modify (supplier_name varchar(50));
5. Alter table supplier_master drop constraint city-check;
6. Drop table supplier_master;

Consider the tables created in assignments 11,12,13,14. type and execute the below statements for these tables.
Write the output of each statement & justify your answer
1. INSERT INTO sales_order(s_order_no,s_order_date,client_no) VALUES(‘A2100’,sysdate,’C40014’);
2. INSERT INTO client_master values(‘A2100’,’NAVEEN’,’Natraj apt’,’pune_nagar
road’,’pune’,40014);
3. insert into client_master values (‘A2100’,’NAVEEN’,NULL,’pune_nagar road’,’pune’,40014);
4. UPDATE emp SET netsal= net_sal_basic_sal*0.15;
5. UPDATE student
SET name=’SONALI’,address=’Jayraj apartment’
WHERE stud_id=104 ;
6. DELETE from emp;
7. DELETE from emp WHERE net_sal <1000;

Set A

The Drop & Alter DDL statements

1. Consider the employee table created in assignment 3 and add designation column in the employee table
with values restricted to a set of values.
2. Create table student( student_no, sname, date_of_birth). Add new column into student relation named
address as a text data type with NOT NULL integrity constraint and a column phone of data type integer.
3. Consider the project relation created in the assignment 2. Add a constraint that the project name should
always start with the letter ‘R’
4. Consider the relation hospital created in assignment 2. Add a column hbudget of type int , with the
constraint that budget of any hospital should always > 50000.

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 58

Insert / update / delete DML statements:

1. Create the following tables ( primary keys are underlined.).

Property(pno ,description, area)

Owner(oname , address ,phone)

An owner can have one or more properties, but a property belongs to exactly one owner . Create the relations
accordingly ,so that the relationship is handled properly and the relations are in normalized form (3NF).
a) Insert two records into owner table.
b) insert 2 property records for each owner .
c) Update phone no of “Mr. Nene” to 9890278008
d) Delete all properties from “pune” owned by “ Mr. Joshi”

2 . Create the following tables ( primary keys are underlined).

Emp(eno, ename , designation, sal)

Dept(dno, dname, dloc)

There exists a one-to-many relationship between emp & dept.

Create the Relations accordingly, so that the relationship is handled properly and the relations are in normalized
form (3NF).

a) Insert 5 records into department table

b) Insert 2 employee records for each department.
c) increase salary of “managers” by 15%;
d) delete all employees of department 30;
e) delete all employees who are working as a “clerk”
f) change location of department 20 to ‘KOLKATA’

Set B

The Drop & Alter DDL statements

1. Create table driver (licence_no, Name, Address) and perform the following queries
1. Add new column age with constraint that age should be greater than 20 years.
2. Alter table by modifying driver_name to varchar(50));
3. Alter table driver ,drop the column age.
4. Remove the driver table from the database.

2. Create table Game (name, no-of-players, captain_name) and perform the following queries
1. Add new column game_no with constraint primary key.
2. Alter table by adding constraint uppercase to captain_name.
3. Modify table by adding the column game_duration.
4. Add column game_type with values cricket,hockey,tennis.
5. Remove game table from the database.
K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 59
Insert / update / delete DML statements:

1. Consider the following student database .

Tables:
Student(stud_id int , Stud_name varchar(20), S_address varchar(20), status varchar(20))
Teacher(Teacher_id int, Tname varchar(20),T_address varchar(20)) Subject(Subject_id int,
subject_name varchar(20) )

Relationship :
Teacher –subject : 1-M
Student-Subject : M-M, with descriptive attributes marks int , grade char.

Constraint :
1. status that should be Pass or Fail.
2. subject name should be not null

Create normalized tables (3NF) for the above and solve the following queries. Write &
execute insert/ update / delete statements for following business tasks
a) Insert 5 records in the student table.
b) Insert 3 records in the teacher table.
c) Insert appropriate record in subject and marks table.
d) Change the marks of ‘Ashok’ for maths subject to 75.
e) Change the subject from ‘Drawing’ to ‘Computers’.
f) Delete the record of teacher ‘Sarika’.
g) Delete all students whose status is fail.

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 60

Assignment 5 Date:

Objectives-
To query the tables using simple form of select statement Select from table [where order by ]
Select from table [where group by <> having <> order by <>]
Reading-
You should read following topics before starting this exercise
1. Creating relations as tables and inserting tuples as records into the relation
2. The use of select statement in extracting information from the relation
3. Insert/update/delete with subquery .
4. Relationship types & their conversion to RDB.
5. Normal forms 1NF, 2NF, 3NF

Different forms of SELECT statement

What do we use SQL for? Well, we use it to select data from the tables located in a database. Immediately,
we see two keywords: we need to SELECT information FROM a table. We have the most basic SQL
structure:
SELECT <column name> FROM <table name>;

The select statement : Used to read a tuple, tuples, parts of a tuple from a relation in the database. Tuple means a
record in an RDB & a relation means a table.

The basic structure of a Select statement consists of 3 clauses: The select clause corresponds to the projection
operation in relational algebra. It is used to list the attributes desired in the query. The from clause corresponds
to the Cartesian product operation of RA. It lists the relations to be scanned in the evaluation of the expression.
The where clause corresponds to the selection operation of RA. It consists of a predicate involving the attributes
of the relations that appear in the select clause.

The other clauses are Order by clause causes the result of the query to appear in a sorted order. Group by
clause used to form groups of tuples , of the result . It is used when using aggregate functions.

Syntax: select <attribute-list>

from <relation-list>
[where <condition>
[group by <attribute list>
[having <condition> ]
[order by <attribute list>]]];

An SQL aggregate functions performs an operation on a group of rows and returns a single result. You may
want retrieve group of item-prices and return total- price. This type of scenario is where you would use a
aggregate functions.
The following is the summary of some SQL group function .
1 Sum():Gets the sum or total of the values of the specified attribute.

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 61
 Syntax: Sum(attribute-name)
2 Count():Gives the count of members in the group.
Syntax: Count(attribute); Count(*);
3 Max():Gives the maximum value for an attribute, from a group of members.
Syntax: Max(attribute);
4 Min():Gives the minimum value for an attribute, from a group of members.
Syntax: Min(attribute);
5 Avg():Gives the average value for an attribute, from a group of members.
Syntax: Avg(attribute);

Self Activity

As part of the Set A in exercise 2 you have created a table employee with attributes empno, name, address,
salary and deptno. You have also inserted atleast 10 records into the same.
To execute each query type each query into the database prompt or type queries in a file and cut and copy each
query at the database prompt or type queries in a file and type \i filename at SQL prompt. ( all queries in the file
will get executed one by one).

Execute following select queries & write the business task performed by each query.

1. Select * from emp;

2. Select empno, name from emp;
3. Select distinct deptno from emp;
4. Select * from emp where deptno = ;
5. Select * from emp where address = ‘pune’ and sal > ;
6. Select * from emp where address = ‘pune and salary between and ;
7. Select * from emp where name like ‘---%’
8. Select * from emp where name like ‘%and%’
9. Select * from emp where salary is null;
10. Select * from emp order by eno;
11. Select * from emp order by deptno, eno desc;
12. Select deptno as department, sum(salary) as total from emp group by deptno order by deptno;
13. Select deptno as department , count(eno) as total_emp from emp group by deptno having count(eno ) >
order by deptno;
14. select avg(salary) from emp;
15. select max(salary),deptno from emp group by deptno having max(sal) > ;
16. select deptno, min(salary) from emp order by deptno;
17. update emp set salary = salary + 0.5*salary where deptno = (select deptno from department where
dname = ‘finance’);
18. update emp set deptno = (select deptno from department where dname = ‘finance’)
Where deptno = (select deptno from department where dname = ‘inventory’);
19. insert into emp_backup(eno,ename) values(select eno,ename from emp);
20. delete from emp where deptno = (select deptno from department where dname=’production’);

Set A

Consider the relations Person (pnumber, pname, birthdate, income), Area( aname,area_type). An area can
have one or more person living in it , but a person belongs to exactly one area. The attribute ‘area_type’ can
have values as either urban or rural.
K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 62
Create the Relations accordingly, so that the relationship is handled properly and the relations are in normalized
form (3NF).
Assume appropriate data types for all the attributes. Add any new attributes as required, depending on the
queries. Insert sufficient number of records in the relations / tables with appropriate values as suggested by
some of the queries.
Write select queries for following business tasks and execute them.

1. List the names of all people living in ‘ ’ area.

2. List details of all people whose names start with the alphabet ‘_’ & contains maximum _ alphabets in it.
3. List the names of all people whose birthday falls in the month of .
4. Give the count of people who are born on ‘ ’ 5. Give the count of people whose income is below
.
6. List names of all people whose income is between and _;
7. List the names of people with average income
8. List the sum of incomes of people living in ‘ ’
9. List the names of the areas having people with maximum income (duplicate areas must be omitted in the
result)
10. Give the count of people in each area
11. List the details of people living in ‘ ’ and having income greater than ;
12. List the details pf people, sorted by person number 13. List the details of people, sorted by area, person
name
14. List the minimum income of people.
15. Transfer all people living in ‘pune’ to ‘mumbai’.
16. delete information of all people staying in ‘urban’ area

Set B

As part of the Set B in exercise 3 you have created a Bank Database. Insert sufficient number of records in the
relations / tables with appropriate values as suggested by some of the queries. To execute each query type
each query into the database prompt and execute

1. Find the number of depositors for each branch.

2. List the branches where the average account balance is more than Rs.1200/-
3. Find all loan numbers that appear in the loan relation with null values for amount.
4. List in alphabetic order all customers who have a loan at the ‘city’ branch.
5. Find the names of all customers whose street address includes the substring ‘Main’.
6. Find the average account balance at city branch.
7. Find the average account balance at each branch.
8. Find the names and loan numbers of all customers who have a loan at the “city branch”.
9. Find out the total loan amount at ‘ Nagar Branch’
10. Find out the total number of customers.

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 63
Assignment 6 Date:

Objectives-
To query table, using set operations (union, intersect)
Reading-
You should read following topics before starting this exercise
1. Relation algebra operation ∩ , 𝖴 and - .
2. SQL operations union, intersect & except

SQL Set operations : You can combine multiple queries using the set operators UNION, UNION ALL,
INTERSECT and Except. ALL set operators have equal precedence.

1 Union: Returns the union of two sets of values, eliminating duplicates.

Syntax: <select query>
Union
<select query>
2 Union all: Returns the union of two sets of values, retaining all duplicates.
Syntax: <select query>
Union all
<select query>
3 Intersect: Returns the intersection of two sets of values, eliminating duplicates. Syntax: <select
query>
intersect
<select query>
4 Intersect all: Returns the intersection of two sets of values, retaining duplicates.
Syntax: <select query>
Intersect all
<select query>
5 Except: Returns the difference between two set of values, I.e returns all values from set1 , not
contained in set2 .eliminates duplicates. Syntax: <select query>
except <select
query>
6 Except all: Returns the difference between two set of values, i.e. returns all values from set1, not
contained in set2 .Retains all duplicates.
Syntax: <select query>
Except all
<select query>

The relations participating in the SQL operations union, intersect & except must be compatible i.e. the following
two conditions must hold :
a) The relation r and s must be of the same arity. That is , they must have the same number of attributes.
b) The domains of the ith attribute of r and the ith attribute of s must be the same , for all i.

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 64

Self Activity

Consider the following relations, non-teaching, teaching, department.

One deparment can have one or more teaching & non-teaching staff, but a teaching or non-teaching staff
belongs to exactly one department. Hence dno is a foreign key in the both the relations. Create these relations in
your database .

Non-teaching ( empno int primary key, name varchar(20), address varchar(20), salary int,dno references
department)
Teaching(empno int primary key, name varchar(20), address varchar(20), salary int,dno references department)
Department(dno int primary key,dname)
• insert at least 10 records into both the relations.
• type the following select queries & write the output and the business task performed by each query
1. Select empno from non-teaching union select empno from teaching;
2. Select empno from non-teaching union all select empno from teaching;
3. Select name from non-teaching intersect select name from teaching;
4. Select name from non-teaching intersect all select name from teaching;
5. Select name from non-teaching except select name from teaching;
6. Select name from non-teaching except all select name from teaching;

Set A

Create the following relations :

emp( emp-id ,emp-name, address, bdate)
Investor( inv-name , inv-no, inv-date, inv-amt)

An employee may invest in one or more investments, hence he can be an investor. But an investor
need not be an employee of the firm.

Create the Relations accordingly, so that the relationship is handled properly and the relations are in normalized
form (3NF).
Assume appropriate data types for the attributes. Add any new attributes , as required by the queries. Insert
sufficient number of records in the relations / tables with appropriate values as suggested by some of the
queries.

Write the following queries & execute them.

1. List the distinct names of customers who are either employees, or investors or both.
2. List the names of customers who are either employees , or investors or both.
3. List the names of emloyees who are also investors.
4. List the names of employees who are not investors.

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 65
Set B

1. Create the following tables. (Primary Keys are underlined)

Student(sno,sname,address,class)

Subject(subno,subname)

Student and Subject are related with many-to-many relationship with attribute marks and status.

Create the Relations accordingly, so that the relationship is handled properly and the relations are in normalized
form (3NF).

Write the following queries & execute them.

1. List the distinct names of students who have either Electronics, or Statistics or both subjects.
2. List the names of students who are either passed or failed.
3. List the students who have “Database” subject and they are not in “TY” class.
4. List the names of students who are not failed in any subject.
5. List the names of students not staying at Wagholi.

2. As part of the Set C in exercise 3 you have created a Bank Database. Insert sufficient number of records in
the relations / tables with appropriate values as suggested by some of the queries.

To execute each query type each query into the database prompt and execute.
1. Find all customers who have a loan , an account or both.
2. Find all customers who have an account but not loan.
3. Find all customers who have both a loan and an amount.
4. List the customers names having account as well as loan.

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 66

Assignment 7 Date:

Objectives-
To query tables using nested queries (use of ‘Except’, exists, not exists, all clauses)
Reading-
You should read following topics before starting this exercise
1. Nesting of SQL queries and subqueries
2. SQL statements involving set membership, set comparisons and set cardinality operations.
3. Descriptive attributes & how they are handled while creating RDB.

A subquery is a select-from-where expression that is nested within another query.

1 Set membership: The ‘in’ & ‘not in’ connectivity tests for set membership & absence of set
membership respectively.

2 Set comparison: the < some, > some, <= some, >= some, = some, <> some are the constructs allowed
for comparison. = some is same as the ‘in’ connectivity. <> some is not the same as the ‘not in’ connectivity.
Similarly sql also provides < all, >all, <=all, >= all, <> all comparisons. <>all is same as the ‘not in’ construct.

3 Set cardinality: The ‘exists’ construct returns the value true if the argument subquery is nonempty. We
can test for the non-existence of tuples in a subquery by using the ‘not exists’ construct. The ‘not exists ‘
construct can also be used to simulate the set containment operation (the super set ). We can write “relation A
contains relation B” as “not exists (B except A)”.

The complete Syntax of select statement containing connectivity or Comparison operators is as follows
select <attribute-list> from <relation-list>
where <connectivity / comparison > { sub-query };

SQL includes a feature for testing whether a subquery has any tuples in its result, using the following clauses :
1 Exists: The ‘exists’ construct returns the value true if the argument subquery is nonempty.
Syntax: select <attribute-list> from <relation-list> where <exists> { sub-query} ;
2 Not exists: We can test for the non-existence of tuples in a subquery by using the ‘not exists’
construct. The ‘not exists ‘ construct can also be used to simulate the set containment
operation (the super set ). We can write “relation A contains relation B” as “not exists (B
except A)”.
Syntax: select <attribute-list> from <relation-list> where <not exists> { sub-query};

Self Activity

1. Create the following relation in your database(primary keys underlined)

Employee(ename, street, city)
Works(ename, company-name, salary) Company(company-name, city)
Manages(ename, manager-name )
An employee can work in one or more companies, a company can have one or more employees working in
it. Hence the relation ‘works’ with key attributes as ename, company-name.
An employee manages one or more employees, but an employee is managed by exactly one employee ( a
recursive relationship), hence the relation ‘manages’ with key ename.

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 67
Insert sufficient number of records in the relations / tables with appropriate values as suggested by some of the
queries.
Type the following queries , execute them and give the business task performed by each query
1. select ename from works w where salary >= all (select max(salary) from works));
2. select ename form works w where salary = (select max(salary) from works w1 where w1.company-
name = w.company-name));
3. select manager-name from manages where manager-name in(select ename from works where
company-name = “ ”);
4. select manager-name from manages where manager-name not in(select ename from works where
company-name = “ ”);
5. select ename from works w where salary > some (select salary from works where companyname not in
(select company-name from company where city = “ ”));
6. select ename from employee e where city = ( select city from employee e1 , manages m where
m.ename = e.ename and m.manager-name = e1.ename);
7. select * from employee where ename in (select manager-name from manages )
8. select city count(*) from employee group by city having count(*) >= all (select count(*) from employee
group by city)
9. select ename from works w where salary <> all (select salary from works where ename <> w.ename);
10. select company-name, sum(salary) from works w group by company-name having sum(sal)
>= all ( select sum(sal) from works group by company-name)
11. select ename from employee e where city in(‘ ’,’ ’);
12. select ename from employee e where city = (select city from company c, works w where
w.ename = e.name and c.company-name = w.company-name);

2. Consider the table you have prepared as part of self activity of exercise 8, Type the following queries ,
execute them and give the business task performed by each query
1. Select company-name from company c where not exists (select city from company where company-
name = “ ” except (select city from company where company-name = c.companyname));
2. Select ename from employee e where exists (select manager-name from manages where manager-name
= e.ename group by manager-name having count(*) >3);
3. Select company-name from company c where not exists (select city from company where company-
name = c.company-name except (select city from company where company-name =
“ ”));
4. Select ename from employee e where exists (select city from employee where city = e.city and ename
<> e.ename group by city having count(*) > 5)
5. Select company-name from company c where not exists (select company-name from company where
city = c.city and company-name <> c.company-name)

Set A

1. Create the following relations :

Emp(eno,name,dno,salary)
Project(pno,pname,control-dno,budget)

Each employee can work on one or more projects, and a project can have many employees working in it. The
number of hours worked on each project , by an employee also needs to be stored. Create the Relations
accordingly, so that the relationship is handled properly and the relations are in normalized form (3NF).

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 68

Assume appropriate data types for the attributes. Add any new attributes , new relations as required by the
queries.
Insert sufficient number of records in the relations / tables with appropriate values as suggested by some of the
queries.
Write the queries for following business tasks & execute them.
1. list the names of departments that controls projects whose budget is greater than .
2. list the names of projects, controlled by department No , whose budget is greater than atleast one
project controlled by department No .
3. list the details of the projects with second maximum budget
4. list the details of the projects with third maximum budget.
5. list the names of employees, working on some projects that employee number is working.
6. list the names of employees who do not work on any project that employee number works on
7. list the names of employees who do not work on any project controlled by ‘ ’ department
8. list the names of projects along with the controlling department name, for those projects which has
atleast employees working on it.
9. list the names of employees who is worked for more than 10 hrs on atleast one project controlled by
‘ ’ dept.
10. list the names of employees , who are males , and earning the maximum salary in their department.
11. list the names of employees who work in the same department as ‘ ’.
12. list the names of employees who do not live in or .

2. Consider the table you have prepared as part of Assessment work Set A of exercise 8, Type the following
queries, execute them and give the business task performed by each query

1. List the names of employees who work in all the projects that “ ” works on.
2. List the names of employees who work on only some projects that “ ” works on
3. List the names of the departments that have atleast one project under them .( write using ‘exists ‘
clause)
4. List the names of employees who do not work on “sales” project (write using ‘not exists’) clause
5. List the names of employees who work only on those projects that are controlled by their department .
6. List the names of employees who do not work on any projects that are controlled by their department

Set B

1. Create the following relations:

Movies (M_name,release_year,budget)
Actor (A_name,role,charges,A_address)
Producer (producer_id,name,P_address)

Each actor has acted in one or more movie. Each producer has produced many movies but each movie can be
produced by more than one producers. Each movie has one or more actors acting in it, in different roles.

Create the Relations accordingly, so that the relationship is handled properly and the relations are in normalized
form (3NF).

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 69
Assume appropriate data types for the attributes. Add any new attributes, new relations as required by the
queries.
Insert sufficient number of records in the relations / tables with appropriate values as suggested by some of the
queries.

Write the queries for following business tasks & execute them.

1. List the names of actors who have acted in at least one movie, in which ‘shahrukh’ has acted.
2. List the names of movies with the highest budget.
3. List the names of movies with the second highest budget
4. List the names of actors who have acted in the maximum number of movies.
5. List the names of movies, produced by more than one producer.
6. List the names of actors who are given with the maximum charges for their movie.
7. List the names of producers who produce the same movie as ‘ ’.
8. List the names of actors who do not live in or .

2. Consider the table you have prepared as part of Assessment work Set B of exercise 8, and add the following
table :
Director (d_no ,d_name ,address)

Consider the given relationship that each director has directed many movies ,and each movie is directed by one
and only one director.
Type the following queries, execute them and give the business task performed by each query
1. List the names of movies directed by “ ” director.
2. List the names of actors who work in only some movies that “ ” acted on.
3. List the names of the actors who have acted in at least one movie.
4. List the names of actors who have acted in every movie in which has acted.
5. List the names of actors who have acted as a ‘villan’ in every movie,in which the actor has acted.

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 70

Assignment 8 Date:

Objectives-
To create views.

Views can be thought of as stored queries, which allow us to create a database object that functions very
similarly to a table, but whose contents dynamically reflect the selected rows. Views are very flexible; you may
use a view to address common simple queries to a single table, as well as for complicated ones which may span
across several tables.

Creating a View : CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] [ TEMP | TEMPORARY ] VIEW name [ ( column_name [, ...] )
] AS query

CREATE VIEW defines a view of a query. The view has no physical existence, but is dynamically created
whenever it is referenced in a query.

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW replaces an existing view of same name. The new query must use the
same column names in the same order and with the same data types, but it may add additional columns to the end
of the list.

Schema name ( CREATE VIEW myschema.myview ) must be specified to create a view in schema other
than the current schema. The TEMPORARY or TEMP parameter is specified to create Temporary views, however
If any of the tables referenced by the view are temporary, the view is created as a temporary view (whether
TEMPORARY is specified or not). Temporary views exist in a special schema, so a schema name cannot be given
when creating a temporary view. View names should be distinct.

Name:Name (optionally schema-qualified) of a view to be created.

column_name: An optional list of names to be used for columns of the view. If not given, the column names are
deduced from the query.
Query: A SELECT command which will provide the columns and rows of the view.

Example to create a view consisting of all comedy films

CREATE VIEW comedies AS
SELECT *
FROM films
WHERE type = 'Comedy';
ALTER VIEW statement is used to change the definition of a view.
ALTER VIEW name ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET DEFAULT expression
ALTER VIEW name ALTER [ COLUMN ] column DROP DEFAULT
DROP VIEW statement is used to remove a view
DROP VIEW [ IF EXISTS ] name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

K.T.H.M.COLLEGE, NASHIK 71
Set A
Using the Bank database
1. Create a view which contains the details of all customers who have applied for a loan more than Rs.100000.
2. Create a view which contains details of all loan applications from the ‘Sadashiv peth’ branch.
3. Write the following Queries, on the above created views :
a. List the details of customers who have applied for a loan of Rs. 500000.
b. List the details of loan applications from Sadashiv peth , where loan amount is > Rs 50000.
c. List the details of Loan applications, with the same loan amount.

Set B
Using Project-Employee database
1. Create a view over the employee table which contains only employee name and his qualification and it should
be sorted on qualification.
2. Create a view containing the project name, project type and start date of the project and should be sorted by
start date of the project.
3. Write the following Queries, on the above created views :
a. List different qualifications of employees.
b. List the name and type of projects started on 1st April 2014.
c. List the names of employees who are qualified as Engineers.

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

K.T.H.M. COLLEGE, NASHIK 72