PYTHON PROGRAMMES

1.Renaming Rows and Columns in a DataFrame

import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame({'A': [1, 2, 3], 'B': [4, 5, 6]})
df.rename(columns={'A': 'Alpha', 'B': 'Beta'}, inplace=True)
print(df)

Output:

Alpha Beta
0 1 4
1 2 5
2 3 6

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2.Vector Operations on Series Objects

import pandas as pd
series1 = pd.Series([1, 2, 3])
series2 = pd.Series([4, 5, 6])
result = series1 + series2
print(result)

Output:

0 5
1 7
2 9
dtype: int64

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3. Arithmetic Operations on Series Objects

import pandas as pd
series = pd.Series([1, 2, 3])
result = series * 10
print(result)
Output:

0 10
1 20
2 30
dtype: int64

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4. Extracting Slices from Series Objects

import pandas as pd
series = pd.Series([10, 20, 30, 40, 50])
slice_series = series[1:4]
print(slice_series)

Output:

1 20
2 30
3 40
dtype: int64

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5. Making a Dictionary and Filtering Entries in Series Object

import pandas as pd
data = {'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30, 'd': 40}
series = pd.Series(data)
print(series)

Output:

a 10
b 20
c 30
d 40
dtype: int64

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6. Creating and Manipulating ndarrays

import numpy as np
arr_1d = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
arr_2d = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
print(arr_1d)
print(arr_2d)

Output:

[1 2 3 4]
[[1 2]
[3 4]]

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7. Sorting Values in a Series

import pandas as pd
series = pd.Series([20, 10, 30, 40])
sorted_series = series.sort_values()
print(sorted_series)

Output:

1 10
0 20
2 30
3 40
dtype: int64

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8. Using head() and tail() Functions in Series

import pandas as pd
series = pd.Series([10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60])
print(series.head(3))
print(series.tail(2))

Output:

0 10
1 20
2 30
dtype: int64

4 50
5 60
dtype: int64

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9. Handling NaN (Not a Number) Values

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
series = pd.Series([1, 2, np.nan, 4, 5])
series_filled = series.fillna(0)
print(series_filled)

Output:

0 1.0
1 2.0
2 0.0
3 4.0
4 5.0
dtype: float64

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10. Selecting and Accessing a Column

import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame({'A': [1, 2, 3], 'B': [4, 5, 6]})
column_a = df['A']
print(column_a)

Output:

0 1
1 2
2 3
Name: A, dtype: int64

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11. Selecting Rows and Columns from a DataFrame

import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame({'A': [1, 2, 3], 'B': [4, 5, 6]})
row_column_selection = df.loc[0, 'A']
print(row_column_selection)

Output:

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12. Selecting DataFrame Rows and Columns Based on Boolean

Conditions

import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame({'A': [1, 2, 3], 'B': [4, 5, 6]})
filtered_df = df[df['A'] > 1]
print(filtered_df)

Output:

A B
1 2 5
2 3 6

---

13. Adding and Modifying a Column in a DataFrame

import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame({'A': [1, 2, 3]})
df['B'] = [4, 5, 6]
df['A'] = df['A'] * 10
print(df)

Output:

A B
0 10 4
1 20 5
2 30 6

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14. Adding and Modifying a Row in a DataFrame

import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame({'A': [1, 2], 'B': [4, 5]})
df.loc[2] = [3, 6]
df.loc[1] = [10, 50]
print(df)

Output:

A B
0 1 4
1 10 50
2 3 6

---

15. Deleting Columns from a DataFrame

import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame({'A': [1, 2, 3], 'B': [4, 5, 6]})
df.drop('B', axis=1, inplace=True)
print(df)

Output:

A
0 1
1 2
2 3

---

16. Deleting Rows from a DataFrame

import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame({'A': [1, 2, 3], 'B': [4, 5, 6]})
df.drop(1, axis=0, inplace=True)
print(df)

Output:

A B
0 1 4
2 3 6

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17. Boolean Indexing in Series Objects

import series = pd.Series([10, 15, 20, 25])

filtered_series = series[series > 15]
print(filtered_series)

Output:

2 20
3 25
dtype: int64

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18. Deleting Rows or Columns in a DataFrame

Code:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.DataFrame({'A': [1, 2, 3], 'B': [4, 5, 6]})

df = df.drop(columns=['A']) # Delete column 'A'
print(df)

Output:

B
0 4
1 5
2 6

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19. Accessing Individual Elements in a DataFrame

Code:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.DataFrame({'A': [1, 2, 3], 'B': [4, 5, 6]})

element = df.at[0, 'A'] # Access specific element
print(element)

Output:
1

20.Bar Chart

Program:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

students = ['John', 'Jane', 'Alice', 'Mark']

marks = [85, 90, 88, 76]
plt.bar(students, marks, color='blue')
plt.title("Marks of Students")
plt.xlabel("Students")
plt.ylabel("Marks")
plt.show()

Output :

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21. Line Graph

Program:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

years = [2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022]

profits = [5, 8, 10, 15, 20]
plt.plot(years, profits, marker='o', color='green', linestyle='--')
plt.title("Company Growth Over Years")
plt.xlabel("Year")
plt.ylabel("Profit (in million dollars)")
plt.show()

Output :

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22. Pie Chart

Program:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

categories = ['Rent', 'Groceries', 'Transport', 'Entertainment', 'Savings']

expenses = [40, 25, 15, 10, 10]
plt.pie(expenses, labels=categories, autopct='%1.1f%%', startangle=140)
plt.title("Monthly Expense Distribution")
plt.show()

Output :
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23.Histogram

Program:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

Data: Marks of students in a class

marks = [56, 45, 67, 70, 89, 76, 88, 95, 85, 60, 78, 83, 55, 66, 72]
plt.hist(marks, bins=5, color='purple', edgecolor='black')
plt.title("Distribution of Marks")
plt.xlabel("Marks Range")
plt.ylabel("Frequency")
plt.show()

Output :

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24. Creating a CSV File

This Python script will create a CSV file named students.csv with sample student data.

import csv

students_data = [ ["StudentID", "Name", "Age", "Class", "Marks"],

[1, "John Doe", 16, "10", 85],
[2, "Jane Smith", 17, "11", 90],
[3, "Alice Brown", 16, "10", 88],
[4, "Tom Green", 18, "12", 92]]

with open("students.csv", mode="w", newline="") as file:

writer = csv.writer(file)
writer.writerows(students_data)

print("CSV file 'students.csv' created successfully.")

Expected Output After Running the Script:

CSV file 'students.csv' created successfully.

Contents of students.csv:

StudentID,Name,Age,Class,Marks
1,John Doe,16,10,85
2,Jane Smith,17,11,90
3,Alice Brown,16,10,88
4,Tom Green,18,12,92

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25. Reading the CSV File

Next, we will read the contents of students.csv and display the rows.

import csv

with open ("students.csv", mode="r") as file:

csv_reader = csv.reader(file)
for row in csv_reader:
print(row)

Expected Output After Running the Read Script:

['StudentID', 'Name', 'Age', 'Class', 'Marks']
['1', 'John Doe', '16', '10', '85']
['2', 'Jane Smith', '17', '11', '90']
['3', 'Alice Brown', '16', '10', '88']
['4', 'Tom Green', '18', '12', '92']

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 SQL QUERIES

1. Create Database and Table

SQL Command:

CREATE DATABASE School;

USE School;

CREATE TABLE Students (

StudentID INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name VARCHAR(100),
Age INT,
Class VARCHAR(10),
Marks INT );

Output: The table structure for Students:

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2. Insert Data into Table

SQL Command:

INSERT INTO Students (StudentID, Name, Age, Class, Marks)

VALUES
(1, 'John Doe', 16, '10', 85),
(2, 'Jane Smith', 17, '11', 90),
(3, 'Alice Brown', 16, '10', 88);

Resulting Data in the Students Table:

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3. Select All Records

SQL Command:

SELECT * FROM Students;

Output:

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4. Select Specific Columns

SQL Command:

SELECT Name, Marks FROM Students;

Output:
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5. Filter Data Using WHERE Clause

SQL Command:

SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Marks > 85;

Output:

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6. Update Records

SQL Command:

UPDATE Students
SET Marks = 92
WHERE StudentID = 2;

Updated Table:
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7. Delete Records

SQL Command:

DELETE FROM Students WHERE StudentID = 3;

Updated Table:

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8. Order Records

SQL Command:

SELECT * FROM Students ORDER BY Marks DESC;

Output:
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9. Viewing the Structure of a Table

SQL Command:

DESCRIBE Students;

Output:

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10. Aggregate Functions

SQL Command:

SELECT AVG(Marks) AS AverageMarks, MAX(Marks) AS HighestMarks, MIN(Marks) AS

LowestMarks
FROM Students;

Output:
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11. Group Clause

SQL Command:

SELECT Class, AVG(Marks) AS AverageMarks

FROM Students
GROUP BY Class;

Output:

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12. Having Clause

SQL Command:

SELECT Class, AVG(Marks) AS AverageMarks

FROM Students
GROUP BY Class
HAVING AVG(Marks) > 85;

Output:

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13. Inserting Data into Another Table

SQL Command:

CREATE TABLE Teachers

(TeacherID INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name VARCHAR(100),
Class VARCHAR(10));

INSERT INTO Teachers (TeacherID, Name, Class)

SELECT StudentID, Name, Class FROM Students;

Resulting Data in Teachers Table:

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14. Modifying Data in a Table

SQL Command:

UPDATE Students
SET Class = '12'
WHERE StudentID = 1;

Updated Table:

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15. Eliminating Redundant Data

SQL Command:

CREATE TABLE CourseRegistrations (

StudentID INT,
CourseID INT,
PRIMARY KEY (StudentID, CourseID));

INSERT INTO CourseRegistrations (StudentID, CourseID)

VALUES (1, 101), (2, 102), (1, 101), (3, 103);

DELETE FROM CourseRegistrations

WHERE (StudentID, CourseID) NOT IN (
SELECT MIN(StudentID), MIN(CourseID)
 FROM CourseRegistrations
GROUP BY StudentID, CourseID );

Resulting Table in CourseRegistrations:

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16. Alter Table

SQL Command:

ALTER TABLE Students

ADD Email VARCHAR(100);

Updated Table Structure of Students:

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