POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS another, with a specified limit to voltage variation of

the receiving end with the least possible risk of

ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM It is a network of interruptions to continuous service.
electrical components designed to supply, transfer, and
use electric power. It is considered as one of the tools B. Electrical Grid or Power Grid: is an
for converting and transporting energy. An example of interconnected network for delivering electricity from
an electric power system is the grid that provides producers to consumers. It consists of generating
power to an extended area. Note: Electrical systems stations that produce electric power, electrical
are groups of electrical components connected to carry substations for stepping electrical voltage up for
out some operation. It consists of all of the elements transmission, or down for distribution, high voltage
needed to distribute electrical power including transmission lines that carry power from distant
overhead and underground lines, poles, transformers sources to demand-centers distribution lines that
and other equipment. (Generation system, connect individual customers.
transmission system, distribution system, and
customer electrical system (lighting and power). C. Transmission of Electricity. Refers to the
conveyance of electricity through the Grid.
Three (3) Principal Divisions of Electric Power
Systems: III. The Distribution System: The system of wires
An electrical grid power system can be broadly divided and associated facilities belonging to a franchised
into the generators that supply the power, the Distributor, extending between the delivery points on
transmission system that carries the power from the the transmission, sub-transmission System, or
generating centers and the distribution system that Generating Plant connection and the point of
feeds the power to nearby homes and industries. connection to the premises of the End-User.

I. The Generating System: A. Distribution Utility (or Distributor). An Electric

Cooperative, a private corporation, government-owned
A. Generating Plant. A facility, consisting of one or utility, or existing local government unit, that has
more Generating Units, where electric Energy is exclusive franchise to operate a Distribution system.
produced from some other form of Energy by means of
a suitable apparatus. Also known as Power Plant. B. Distribution of Electricity. The conveyance of
electric power by Distributor through its Distribution
B. Generating Unit. A conversion apparatus including System.
auxiliaries and associated Equipment, functioning as a
single unit, which is used to produce electric Energy *Other related terms to Power System as defined by
from some other form of energy. the Philippine Grid Code and Philippine Distribution
Code:
C. Generation Company (or Generator). A person
or entity authorized by the ERC to operate a facility 1. System. Refers to the Grid or Distribution System
used in the Generation of Electricity. or any User System. Also, a group of Components
(Note: Example are the IPPs-Independent Power connected or associated in a fixed configuration to
Producers). perform a specified function.

D. Generation of Electricity. The production of 2. User. In the Grid Code, it is a person or entity that
electricity by a Generation Company. uses the Grid and related Grid facilities. In the
Distribution Code, it is the person or entity that uses
*Embedded Generating Plant. A generating Plant the Distribution System and related Distribution
that is connected to a Distribution System or the facilities. User also refers to a person or entity to which
System of any User and has no direct connection to the the Grid Code or Distribution Code applies.
Grid.
3. User System. Refers to a system owned or
*Embedded Generating Unit. A Generating unit operated by a User of the Grid or Distribution System.
within an Embedded Generating Plant.
4. End-User. Any person or entity requiring the supply
*Island Grid. A Generating Plant or a group of and delivery of electricity for its own use.
Generating Plants and its associated Load, which is
isolated from the rest of the Grid but is capable of 5. Customer. Any person or entity supplied with
generating and maintaining a stable supply of electric service under a contract with Distributor or
electricity to the Customers within the isolated area. Supplier.
(Note: Example is the SPUG –Small Power Utilities
Group. The functional unit of NPC created to pursue the 6. Supplier. Refers to any person or entity authorized
missionary electrification function) by the ERC to sell, broker, market, or aggregate
electricity to the End-Users.
*Large Generator. A Generation Company whose
generating facility at the Connection Point has an 7. Control Center. A facility used for monitoring and
aggregate capacity in excess of 20 MW. controlling the operation of the Grid, Distribution
System, or a User System.
*Equipment. All apparatus, machines, conductors,
etc. used as part of, or in connection with, an electrical 8. Grid Owner. The party who owns the Grid and is
installation. responsible for maintaining adequate Grid capacity in
accordance with the provisions of the Grid Code.
II. Transmission System: (also known as the GRID).
The high voltage backbone System of interconnected 9. System Operator. The party responsible for
transmission lines, substations, and related facilities for generation dispatch, the provision of Ancillary Services,
the conveyance of bulk power. and operation and control to ensure Safety, Power
Quality, Stability, Reliability, and the Security of the
Grid.
Classification of Voltage Levels
A. Transmission line. Is a mechanical structure
designed to transmit a certain maximum amount of I. Low Voltage (LV). A voltage level not exceeding
electrical energy economically from one place to 1000 volts.
 connectors are undesirable because some of the
II. Medium Voltage (MV). A voltage level exceeding energy supplied is dissipated.
one (1) kV up to 34.5 kV. (Standard nominal voltages
for Distribution System are 7,620 V line to ground, 13.2 12. Voltage Regulation. In power system, it is
kV and 34.5 kV). defined as a measure of change in the magnitude
between the sending end and receiving end of a
III. High Voltage (HV). A voltage level exceeding component, such as transmission and distribution lines.
34.5 kV up to 230 kV. (Standard nominal voltages for In a generator, it is the ratio of the difference in
Transmission System are 69 kV, 115 kV, 138 kV and magnitudes of the no-load voltage and full-load voltage
230 kV). over the full-load voltage.

IV. Extra High Voltage (EHV). A voltage level

exceeding 230 kV up to 765 kV. (Standard nominal
voltages for Transmission System are 345 kV, 500 kV
and 765 kV).

V. Ultra-High Voltage (UHV). A voltage level

exceeding 750 kV up to 1500 kV. (Standard nominal
voltages for transmission are 1000 kV and 1500 kV).

*Other technical terms related to VOLTAGE as

defined by Philippine Grid and Distribution
Codes:

1. Nominal Voltage. A nominal value assigned to a

circuit or system for the purpose of conveniently
designating its voltage class (e.g., 230, 230/115, 460,
460Y/265, 400Y/230, 216Y/125). The actual voltage at
which a circuit operates can vary from the nominal
within a range that permits satisfactory operation of
the equipment. (Note: All nominal voltage levels and
voltage classifications are considered RMS values.
These are examples of utilization voltage).

2. Voltage. The electromotive force or electric

potential difference between two points which causes
the flow of electric current in an electric circuit.

3. Overvoltage. A Long Duration Voltage Variation

where the RMS value of the voltage is greater than or
equal to 110 percent of the nominal voltage.

4. Under-voltage. A Long Duration Voltage Variation

where the RMS value of the voltage is less than or
equal to 90 percent of the nominal voltage.

5. Voltage Dip or Voltage Sag. A Short Duration

Voltage Variation where the RMS value of the voltage
decreases to between 10 percent and 90 percent of
the nominal value.

6. Voltage Swell. A Short Duration Voltage Variation

where the RMS value of the voltage increases to
between 110 percent and 180 percent of the nominal
value.

7. Voltage Unbalance. The maximum deviation from

the average of the three-phase voltages divided by the
average of the three-phase voltages, expressed in
percent.

8. Voltage Variation. The deviation of the root-mean-

square (RMS) value of the voltage from its nominal
value, expressed in percent.

9. Voltage Control. The strategy used by the System

Operator, Distributor, or User to maintain the voltage
of the Grid, Distribution System, or the User System
within the limits prescribed by the Grid Code or the
Distribution Code.

10. Voltage Reduction. The method used to

temporarily decrease Demand by a reduction of the
system voltage.

11. Voltage Drop. Is the decrease of electrical

potential along the path of a current flowing in an
electrical circuit. Voltage drops in the internal
resistance of the source, across conductors and across