2
substitution Chain rule: 𝑑𝑑 𝐹𝐹 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝐹𝐹 ′ 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔𝑔′ 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� 𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔𝑔′ 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐹𝐹 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶 � 𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 ′ ⋅ 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐹𝐹 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
In other wordsIf 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) , then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑔𝑔′ 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑and � 𝑓𝑓 𝑢𝑢 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐹𝐹 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶 Guidelines for making integration by substitution
1. Choose a u = g(x)
2. Compute du
5. Replace u by g(x)
21. ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 + 7 5 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ⇒ 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 + 7 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑢𝑢5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑢𝑢6 = + 𝐶𝐶 6
2 6 𝑥𝑥 +7 = + 𝐶𝐶 6 2. ∫ sin9 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
9 𝑢𝑢 = sin 𝑥𝑥 = ∫ sin 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= ∫ 𝑢𝑢9 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑢𝑢10 = + 𝐶𝐶 10
sin10 𝑥𝑥 = + 𝐶𝐶 10 3.∫ sin9 (3𝑥𝑥) ⋅ cos 3𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
9 𝑢𝑢 = sin 3𝑥𝑥= ∫ sin 3𝑥𝑥 ⋅ cos 3𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 3 cos 3𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 9= ∫ sin 3𝑥𝑥 ⋅ 3cos 3𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3
1 = ∫ 𝑢𝑢9 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3
1 𝑢𝑢10 = ⋅ + 𝐶𝐶 3 10
sin10 𝑥𝑥 = + 𝐶𝐶 30 From previous examples we can apply thefollowing rule directly: 𝑛𝑛+1 𝑛𝑛 ′ 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 � 𝑓𝑓�𝑥𝑥 ⋅ 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = + 𝐶𝐶 , 𝑛𝑛 ≠ −1 𝑛𝑛 + 1 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑Examples: 𝑥𝑥 2 −11. ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑥𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 2 −5 ⋅ 𝑥𝑥 2 − 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 3 −3𝑥𝑥+2 5 1 = ∫ 𝑥𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 2 −5 ⋅ 3 𝑥𝑥 2 − 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3 3 −4 1 𝑥𝑥 −3𝑥𝑥+2 = ⋅ + 𝐶𝐶 3 −4 −1 = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 2 −4 + 𝐶𝐶 12 2. ∫(𝑥𝑥 4 − 4𝑥𝑥) 𝑥𝑥 5 − 10 𝑥𝑥 2 + 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1 = ∫ 5(𝑥𝑥 4 − 4𝑥𝑥) 𝑥𝑥 5 − 10 𝑥𝑥 2 + 3 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 5 3 1 𝑥𝑥 5 −10 𝑥𝑥 2 +3 2 = ⋅ 3 + 𝐶𝐶 5 2 1 2 = 𝑥𝑥 5 − 10 𝑥𝑥 2 + 3 2 + 𝐶𝐶 15 3.∫ tan7 (6𝑥𝑥 + 3) ⋅ sec 2 (6𝑥𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 = ∫ tan7 (6𝑥𝑥 + 3) ⋅ 6 sec 2 (6𝑥𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 6 1 tan8 6𝑥𝑥+3 = ⋅ + 𝐶𝐶 6 8 1 = tan8 (6𝑥𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶𝐶 48 𝑛𝑛 � 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 ⋅ 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
When 𝑛𝑛 = −1
−1 ′ 𝑓𝑓′ 𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)∫ 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 ⋅ 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑓𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 = ∫ 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶 = ln 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝐶𝐶 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑥𝑥 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝐶𝐶 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)Examples: 2𝑥𝑥+31. ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2+3𝑥𝑥−2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln 𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 2 + 𝐶𝐶 𝑥𝑥 2 −1 1 9(𝑥𝑥 2 −1)2. ∫ 3𝑥𝑥 3−9𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 3 9 3𝑥𝑥 −9𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 = ln 3𝑥𝑥 3 − 9𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶 9 8 1⁄ 𝑥𝑥3. ∫ 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 8 ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 8 ln ln 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶 ln 𝑥𝑥 1−sec2 2𝑥𝑥 1 2 1−sec2 2𝑥𝑥4.∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑥𝑥−tan 2𝑥𝑥 2 2𝑥𝑥−tan 2𝑥𝑥 1 = ln 2𝑥𝑥 − tan 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶 2 1 3 �(1+𝑥𝑥2 )5. ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1+𝑥𝑥 2 tan−1 𝑥𝑥 tan−1 𝑥𝑥 = 3 ln tan−1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 +𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 1 2 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 +𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥6. ∫ 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥−𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 2𝑥𝑥 −2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑒𝑒 −𝑒𝑒 1 = ln 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶 2
