Nomenclature for Defining Emission,

Modulation and Transmission

• The system for defining radio signals is based on the Radio
Regulations published by the International Telecommunications
Union.
• Emissions are defined by the necessary bandwidth and a three-
character Class of Emission. As an example, “12K5F3E” represents an
analog FM telephony signal with a necessary bandwidth of 12.5 kHz
• Necessary Bandwidth The necessary bandwidth is expressed by three
numerals and one letter.
• The letter occupies the position of the decimal point and represents
the unit of bandwidth as follows:
• From 0.001 to 999 Hz = H
• From 1.00 to 999 kHz = K
• From 1.00 to 999 MHz = M
• From 1.00 to 999 GHz = G
• Note: The first character shall be neither zero nor K, M or G.
Class of Emission
• The basic characteristics are first character: type of modulation of the main
carrier second character: nature of signal modulating the main carrier third
character: type of information to be transmitted
First Character
1) N = Unmodulated carrier
2) Amplitude Modulation A = double sideband H = single sideband, full
carrier R = single sideband, reduced or variable level carrier J = single
sideband, suppressed carrier B = independent side-bands C = vestigial
sideband
3) Angle Modulation F = frequency modulation G = phase modulation D =
amplitude and angle modulation either simultaneously or in a pre-
established sequence
 UNIT-IV
Wireless
Standards
Technical Background to the WPAN
Concept - Regulation and
Standardization Issues, European
Consortium: Overview
Technical Background to the WPAN Concept
18.2.1 Regulation and Standardization Issues
 In February 2002, FCC regulation parts permitted Ultra Wide Band (UWB) radio
communication systems to operate as license-exempt short range systems
 This was the starting point of standardization activities concerning WPAN communications for
telecommunication applications.
 In Europe, the CEPT opened the {6–8.5} GHz band for Very High Data Rate (VHDR) UWB
systems.
 It was decided to enforce the First Generation of UWB, would be allowed to operate in the
{4.2–4.8} GHz band with a −41.3 dBm/MHz PSD level. After 2010, (1G) UWB would evolve
towards (2G) associated with mitigation techniques in this band.
 The IEEE802.15.3a standardization group designed two WPAN systems in the {3.1–10.6} GHz
band intended for bit rates up to 1 Gbp/s.
 Facing a deadlock between these two IEE802.15.3a standards, the Wi-Media alliance used the
fast track procedure of the ISO/IEC ECMA organization to submit, in December 2005, a UWB
OFDM based proposal to the ECMA Technical Committee TC32-TG20.
 UWB-WPAN systems require mitigation techniques to coexist with other WLAN and WMAN
systems operating in similar bands.
 Despite some efficient detect and avoid techniques proposed by the group IEEE802.15.3a, it
appears relevant to explore millimeter-wave bands around the 60 GHz frequency band.
 In July 2003, a new IEEE802.15.3 SIG was created to deal with 60 GHz radio communications.
 The first investigations on 60 GHz regulations in Europe prove that a minimum of 7 GHz
bandwidth should be addressed in the {59–66} GHz band to license-exempt short-range
applications.
 To translate the 7 GHz exempted license band into {57–64} GHz in considering the use of
{57–59} GHz band. This decision has been motivated by the high oxygen absorption in the
{57–64} GHz band which is foreseen as an advantage in the frequency reuse of resource
allocation between adjacent WPAN cells.
 A call for intent was edited in November 2005 to seek partners on PHY/MAC contributions
and to finalize a proposal at the end of 2008. Targeted data rates were up to 480 Mbps for
UWB-OFDM system (Wi-Media) and are now up to 5 Gbps at 60 GHz.
 In 2003, Newlans introduced Gi-Fi and Giga Ethernet To The Desktop (GTTD) applications
to illustrate the relevance of 60, 70 and 90 GHz frequency band use for P2P high data rate
transmissions.
 Motorola and Oki initiated the SIG group activity over several millimeter-wave WPAN
concepts. In November 2005, IHP proposed the first RF front end for 60 GHz WPAN
applications.
 IHP and France Telecom R&D initiated a common PHY/MAC proposal for MultiGigabit
Wireless short range Systems (MGWS) resorted from enhanced UWB-OFDM transmission
modes.
 Actually, the wireless HD consortium, ComPA group, IMEC, Intel, France Telecom and other
companies have produced two main PHY/MAC layer proposals combining single carrier and
multi-carrier transmissions with common OFDM parameter sets and different FEC coding
schemes.
European Consortium: Overview
 In parallel, since 1996, several European consortiums have been formed to define 60
GHz WPAN/WLAN systems. Within the IST MAGNET project [2002–2005]
(http://www.ist-magnet.org), milimeter wavelength UWB-OFDM systems have been
designed and evaluated by France Telecom R&D to achieve bit rates up to 1 Gbps over
528 MHz subchannels (http://www.ist-magnet.org).
 Multi-carrier Spread Spectrum techniques (MC-SS) have also been investigated to
aggregate flexible data rates per user under a TDMA process. France Telecom R&D
designed an advanced multi-user access MC-SS scheme involving 200 MHz channels
and UWB channels for 60 GHz transmissions.
 Following these first studies, France Telecom R&D defined a common UWB baseband
PHY layer proposal intended to operate either within the {3.1–10.6} or {57–64} GHz
bands. Millimetre-wave UWB-OFDM systems exhibit similar radio coverage for UWB-
OFDM
Development
 systems defined in {3.1–10.6} GHz band dedicated to higher radiated transmitted
power despite considerable path-loss attenuation due to the RF frequency effect.
 IHP and France Telecom R&D have designed a dual-band UWB-OFDM prototype
operating at 60 GHz and in the {3.1–10.6} GHz band for downlink and uplink
transmissions respectively.
 The system introduces RF band scalability for bidirectional transmissions and proves
H/W feasibility for short-range radio communications and promising data rates up to 1
Gbps.
 In a first step, this H/W platform exploits Wi-Media/ECMA baseband processing. Within
the scope of the IST IPHOBAC project, launched in June 2006, Radio over Fiber (RoF)
topologies have been investigated to extend the coverage of 60 GHz MGWS.
 The FTR&D system described in the Section 18.5 and emerging IEEE802.15.3c
systems are envisioned for IPHOBAC RoF topologies.
 This architecture does not completely remove WPANs/WLANs interference
within a cell, but extends the global radio coverage between separate cells
using RoF transmissions.
 It strengthens the Personal Network concept promoted within the IST-
MAGNET/MAGNET Beyond project (http://www.ist-magnet.org). Figure 18.2
summarizes European Consortium activity focused on 60 GHz radio-
communications for multi-media applications.
Millimeter-Wave Applications and Services

 Millmeter-wave application and services are directed towards

WPAN applications covered by the IST-MAGNET
 The recent IEEE802.15.3c usage models and RoF architectures
defined in the IPHOBAC project.
 With the IST-MAGNET project, a Personal Network (PN) concept
network has been introduced to establish communications
between users. A PN is a federation of several PA.
The Personal Network (PN) concept of
the IST-MAGNET project
The Personal Network (PN)

 Networks based on peer-to-peer architectures, flexible air

interfaces (AI) to cover a large bit rate range and common
convergence layer to select the most appropriate AI in compliance
with the expected QoS and radio coverage.
 A core PAN is centered on each user and is connected to several
devices each bearing a dedicated service or several services into a
single radio link (Private PAN).
 Several core PANs communicate together in a multi-PANs manner,
using either common devices or dedicated FEDNET (Federation of
Network) architectures.
 Private PAN (P-PAN)
 A Private PAN (P-PAN) is core PAN associated to a user enable to establish
communications with dynamic/static collection of personal devices
around a person (core PAN).
 The P-PAN is designed as ‘personal wireless bubble’ where the BAN is a
particular case of P-PAN.
 Three MAGNET PAN scenarios are defined in Figure 18.4
PAN scenarios in the IST Magnet project

Fig.18.4. Three MAGNET PAN scenarios

Communication system

 A PAN is a P-PAN enable to communicate with remote foreigners linked to

other P-PANs through common devices.
 A multi-PAN is a communication system where several PAN communicate
together using the FEDNET concept.
 For MAGNET Beyond air interface radio coverage assessments, France
Telecom R&D assigned different path-loss models to PAN and Multi-PAN
scenarios, leading to accurate link budget assessments [21].
 In the IST-MAGNET project [18], dedicated WPAN services have been
identified. Medical and remote control services have been associated with the
low data rate UWB-FM air interface and data rates ranged from 10 to 100
Kbps.
 UWB-FM implements frequency hopped FM modulated pulses transmitted
through sub-bands in the {3.1–4.5} GHz band. High data rate services are
connected to video services and data file sharing.
 An identification of services has been carried out within the IEEE802.15.3a
Task Group through usage models.
 Other complementary wireless applications are defined in the IEEE802.15.3c
TG, in compliance with multi-Gigabit data rates as proposed in [16, 19].
Applications are split into five different usage models, as illustrated in Table
18.1.
 Another IEE802.15.3c contribution [23] oriented towards usage models,
suggests adaptive antenna gain for each usage model.
 The idea is to adapt and select antenna gain in accordance with typical
UMD distance range, data rates and deployment scenario.
 Mandatory and optional usage models according to IEE802.15.3c are
depicted in Figure 18.6 and Figure 18.7, respectively
Fig.18.6
Frequency Regulation
and Standardization
Issues
 Frequency Regulation
 A significant body of sharing and compatibility studies has to be
conducted to support harmonization of regulations for license-
exempt operations in the 60 GHz range between Europe, Asia,
the United States, Canada and Australia.
 In Europe, the allocation of the {57–66} GHz band is referenced
in CEPT Recommendation TR 22-03.
 The ERC Report 25 and the ETSI DTR/ERM document for
potential license-band wireless applications.
 The ECC is currently adopting decisions through ECC report 114
on exempt-license bands use for MGWS as reported below.
Fig.18.7
 It may be safely assumed that MGWS WLAN & WPAN
applications would be deployed pre-dominantly indoors
leading to overall low risk of interference.
 Therefore it would appear that WLAN & WPAN
applications might be allowed to be deployed across
entire frequency range 57–66 GHz on the license exempt
provisions with emission limitations considered in this
study, based on +40 dBm EIRP (Emitted Isotropic Radiated
Power).
 Possible technical measures to ensure indoor usage and
give additional degree of interference protection could
include obligations for integral antennas.
 It was also noted that some kind of Dynamic Frequency Selection
(DFS)/Detect-And Avoid (DAA) mechanism may be introduced to ensure intra-
system co-existence between WLAN/WPAN installations, which would also
provide additional mitigation of inter-service interference, but practical
implementation and feasibility of this measure was not further considered.
 Data rates are intended to scale up 10 Gbps and receiver sensitivities should
be ranged from −68 dBm to −48 dBm for 1 Gbps −10 Gbps designs for
operation at up to 10 m.
 Devices typically range from 500 to 2500 MHz of occupied bandwidth with a
maximum transmitter radiated power set to 10 dBm.
 The {54.25–58.2} GHz band potentially aims for WPANs on condition that it
does not cause harmful interference with intersatellite communications.
 The {58.2–59} and {64–65} GHz bands are allocated to military
applications.The {59–64} {65–66} GHz bands addressed for mobile and fixed
links should be used for WPAN applications.
Figure 18.8 illustrates the gain vs. coverage angle of a flexible antenna.
Regarding the CEPT recommendation TR 22-03, the {54.25–66} GHz band is split
into several parts dedicated to separate services.
 The {61–61.5} GHz band is designated for industrial, scientific and medical (ISM)
applications. The use of this frequency band will require special authorization.
 The {57–64} GHz band seems to be a contiguous band that should be addressed for
license exempt radio applications.
 In USA and Canada, regulations are harmonized in accordance with the FCC Part
15.255 requirements in response to the NPRM (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking) in ET
Docket 94-124, addressing the {57.05–64} GHz band to unlicensed wireless applications
with a 7 dBm/MHz spectrum mask.
 In Japan and Korea [28, 29], the {59–66} GHz band is dedicated to unlicensed low-
power radio stations with a maximum antenna gain set to 47 dBi and an occupied
bandwidth up to 2.5 GHz.
 In Korea, the Millimeter Wave band Frequency Study Group (MWFSG) allocated the {57–
64} GHz band to indoor WPANs and point-to-point outdoor radio links with a maximum
transmitter power set to 10 dBm.
The ETSI DTR/ERM document specifies different bands for
military applications (Europe 2 in Figure 18.9).
 In Australia, the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA)
authorize unlicensed frequency bands for Low Interference Potential Devices
(LIPDs) in the {59.4–62.9} GHz band with a maximum peak transmitter power
set to 10 dBm.
 An international regulation harmonization is required between these regions.
The most restrictive band allocation is due to ACMA specifications.
 The next figure stacks up potential license-exempt bands in the range 54.25–
66 GHz for the five countries cited.
 For each subband, we attribute three different values.
 The value ‘2’ is linked to the case where the band is considered exempt-
license, the value ‘1’ corresponds to authorized sub-bands without license
exempt band certifications.
 The value ‘0.5’ is dedicated to the ISM band {61–61.5} GHz and other bands
requiring special authorizations and the value ‘0’ is associated with forbidden
bands usually attributed to very restrictive cases.
 In regards with the ETSI DTR/ERM [26], we make the assumption that military
applications in some special bands involve forbidden bands.
 The associated spectrum allocation is denoted Europe 2 (Figure 18.9). The
common 60 GHz license-exempt bands are listed in Table 18.2.
Frequency Regulation and
Standardization Issues
• A significant body of sharing and compatibility studies has to be conducted
to support harmonization of regulations for license-exempt operations in
the 60 GHz range between Europe, Asia, the United States, Canada and
Australia.
• In Europe, the allocation of the {57–66} GHz band is referenced in CEPT
Recommendation TR 22-03. the ERC Report 25 and the ETSI DTR/ERM
document for potential license-band wireless applications. The ECC is
currently adopting decisions through ECC report 114 on exempt-license
bands use for MGWS.
• It may be safely assumed that MGWS WLAN & WPAN applications would
be deployed pre-dominantly indoors leading to overall low risk of
interference.
• Therefore it would appear that WLAN & WPAN applications might be
allowed to be deployed across entire frequency range 57–66 GHz on
the license exempt provisions with emission limitations considered in
this study, based on +40 dBm EIRP (Emitted Isotropic Radiated
Power).
• Possible technical measures to ensure indoor usage and give
additional degree of interference protection could include obligations
for integral antennas.
• Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS)/Detect-And Avoid (DAA)
mechanism may be introduced to ensure intra-system co-existence
between WLAN/WPAN installations, which would also provide
additional mitigation of inter-service interference, but practical
implementation and feasibility of this measure was not further
considered in this report.
• Data rates are intended to scale up 10 Gbps and receiver sensitivities
should be ranged from −68 dBm to −48 dBm for 1 Gbps −10 Gbps
designs for operation at up to 10 m.
• Devices typically range from 500 to 2500 MHz of occupied bandwidth
with a maximum transmitter radiated power set to 10 dBm
• Regarding the CEPT recommendation TR 22-03, the {54.25–66} GHz band is
split into several parts dedicated to separate services.
• The {54.25–58.2} GHz band potentially aims for WPANs on condition that it
does not cause harmful interference with intersatellite communications.
• The {58.2–59} and {64–65} GHz bands are allocated to military applications.
• The {59–64} {65–66} GHz bands addressed for mobile and fixed links should
be used for WPAN applications.
• The {61–61.5} GHz band is designated for industrial, scientific and medical
(ISM) applications. The use of this frequency band will require special
authorization
• The ETSI DTR/ERM document specifies different bands for military
applications (Europe 2 in Figure ).
• The {57–64} GHz band seems to be a contiguous band that should be
addressed for license exempt radio applications
• In USA and Canada, regulations are harmonized in accordance with the FCC Part
15.255 requirements in response to the NPRM (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)
in ET Docket 94-124, addressing the {57.05–64} GHz band to unlicensed wireless
applications with a 7 dBm/MHz spectrum mask.
• In Japan and Korea [28, 29], the {59–66} GHz band is dedicated to unlicensed low-
power radio stations with a maximum antenna gain set to 47 dBi and an occupied
bandwidth up to 2.5 GHz.
• In Korea, the Millimeter Wave band Frequency Study Group (MWFSG) allocated
the {57–64} GHz band to indoor WPANs and point-to-point outdoor radio links
with a maximum transmitter power set to 10 dBm.
• In Australia, the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA)
authorize unlicensed frequency bands for Low Interference Potential Devices
(LIPDs) in the {59.4–62.9} GHz band with a maximum peak transmitter power set
to 10 dBm.
• An international regulation harmonization is required between these regions.
• The most restrictive band allocation is due to ACMA specifications.
• For each subband, we attribute three different values. The value ‘2’ is linked to
the case where the band is considered exempt-license
• the value ‘1’ corresponds to authorized sub-bands without license exempt band
certifications.
• The value ‘0.5’ is dedicated to the ISM band {61–61.5} GHz and other bands
requiring special authorizations and the value ‘0’ is associated with forbidden
bands usually attributed to very restrictive cases.
• In regards with the ETSI DTR/ERM we make the assumption that military
applications in some special bands involve forbidden bands.
• The associated spectrum allocation is denoted Europe 2
• The common 60 GHz license-exempt bands are
 UNIT-4
WIRELESS STANDARDS

Channel Propagation Characterization and

Modeling- 60 GHz Propagation Measurements &
Propagation channel characterization

07-11-2024 Department of ECE 1

 ❖Frequencies around 60
GHz experience significant absorption
by Oxygen.
60 GHz ❖At 58 GHz the attenuation is about 12
propagation dB/km.
❖This property can be used as an
advantage in interference-limited radio
networks.

07-11-2024 Department of ECE 2

 ❖The 60 GHz multipath propagation channel(In radio
communication, multipath is the propagation phenomenon that
results in radio signals reaching the receiving antenna by two or
more paths. Causes of multipath include atmospheric
ducting, ionospheric reflection and refraction, and reflection from
water bodies and terrestrial objects such as mountains and
buildings.)has been investigated by France Telecom R&D
60 GHz through the RNRT COMMINDOR project, the IST-
MAGNET project and IEEE802.15.3c TG.
Propagation ❖France Telecom has carried out many measurements
to characterize the 60 GHz multipath channel in the
Measurements time and spatial/angular domains.
❖Siemens carried out 60 GHz dedicated measurements
published through IEEE802.15.3c TG that lead to
similar 60 GHz propagation characteristics.
❖Additionally, material measurements have been assessed to provide
transmission and reflection coefficients used in a ray-tracing model.

07-11-2024 Department of ECE 3

  France Telecom performed a complete analysis of the 60 GHz channel
model based on an extensive set of channel measurements.
 The analysis covered the residential and office environments, in both Line-
of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) configurations, and used
two type of antennas: sectoral, wide beam antennas with 60° to 72°
beamwidth, and directive, narrow beam antennas with 10° beamwidth.
 two typical environments were sounded, namely the residential and the
office environment.
 In addition, for each environment, two types of antennas were used. In
scenarios 1, a sectoral, wide beam antenna was used at both ends of the
link, while in scenarios 2, one end of the radio link used a directive, narrow
beam antenna.

07-11-2024 Department of ECE 4

Tables shows
present
measurement
conditions,
selectivity
parameters and
RMS delay
spread
measured in 60
GHz channels.

07-11-2024 Department of ECE 5

 France Telecom carried out measurements
❖to specify path-loss attenuation
❖multipath channel and spatial variations of the millimeter-
wave channel in indoor environments
❖ The Selected channel sounding technique is based on a
France Telecom frequency sweep mode with a total bandwidth set to 1024
Contribution to 60 MHz using a VNA.
GHz Propagation ❖Residential and office environments have been considered.
Channel
Characterization ❖Vertical polarization has been mainly studied.
❖***(Vector Network Analyzer-A VNA measures the power of a
high-speed signal going into and coming back from a
component or a network, because power, in contrast to
voltage and current, can be measured accurately at high
frequencies. Both amplitude and phase of the high-frequency
signal are captured at each frequency point.)

07-11-2024 Department of ECE 6

  Channel sounding is a technique that evaluates the radio
environment for wireless communication,
especially MIMO systems.
Channel  Because of the effect of terrain and obstacles, wireless
Sounding signals propagate in multiple paths (the multipath effect).
 To minimize or use the multipath effect, engineers use
Technique channel sounding to process the multidimensional spatial-
temporal signal and estimate channel characteristics.
 This helps simulate and design wireless systems.

07-11-2024 Department of ECE 7

  Mobile radio communication performance is significantly
affected by the radio propagation environment.
 Blocking by buildings and natural obstacles creates multiple
paths between the transmitter and the receiver, with different
time variances, phases and attenuations.
 In a single-input, single-output (SISO) system, multiple
propagation paths can create problems for signal
optimization.
Contd….  However, based on the development of multiple input,
multiple output (MIMO) systems, it can enhance channel
capacity and improve QoS.
 In order to evaluate effectiveness of these multiple antenna
systems, a measurement of the radio environment is needed.
 Channel sounding is such a technique that can estimate the
channel characteristics for the simulation and design of
antenna arrays

07-11-2024 Department of ECE 8

 ❖Line of sight (LoS) is a type of propagation that can transmit
and receive data only where transmit and receive stations are
in view of each other without any sort of an obstacle between
them.
❖Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) is a term often used in radio
communications to describe a radio channel or link where
there is no visual line of sight (LOS) between the transmitting
antenna and the receiving antenna.
❖The rms delay spread is the square root of the second
central moment of the power delay profile . These delays are
measured relative to the first detectable signal to at the
receiver at t0=0.

07-11-2024 Department of ECE 9

  To characterize the propagation path between each
transmitter element and each receiver element, engineers
transmit a broadband multi-tone test signal.
 The transmitter's continuous periodic test sequence arrives at
the receiver, and is correlated with the original sequence.
 This impulse-like auto correlation function is called channel
impulse response (CIR).
 By obtaining the transfer function of CIR, we can make an
estimation of the channel environment and improve the
performance.

07-11-2024 Department of ECE 10

 ❖Wideband selectivity parameters of the channel have been
evaluated upon the Average Power Delay Profile
(APDP)(The power delay profile (PDP) gives the intensity of a
signal received through a multipath channel as a function of time
delay. The time delay is the difference in travel time between
multipath arrivals of the channel )PT and the RMS delay spread
σ DS
France Telecom ❖(In telecommunications, the delay spread is a measure of
Contribution to 60 the multipath richness of a communications channel. In general,
it can be interpreted as the difference between the time of arrival
of the earliest significant multipath component (typically the line-
GHz Propagation of-sight component) and the time of arrival of the last multipath
components. The delay spread is mostly used in the
Channel characterization of wireless channels, but it also applies to any
other multipath channel )
Characterization ❖the delay window Wx% associated with the centered window
containing x% energy of the APDP of the channel
❖ the delay interval Iy corresponding to the delay duration
associated to a dynamic range set to y dB on the APDP
❖ the coherence bandwidth Bc-x of the channel

07-11-2024 Department of ECE 11

07-11-2024 Department of ECE 12
Wq % =  4 −  2

 The delay window at q% is the duration of the central part of the APDP
containing q% of the total energy. the delay window is given by:

07-11-2024 Department of ECE 13

Cont…

07-11-2024 Department of ECE 14

Cont…

07-11-2024 Department of ECE 15

  Angular and spatial parameters associated with the and AoA distribution
indoor environment are also calculated. In connection with the scenarios
defined in the above Table , the CDF(Cumulative Distribution Function) of
angular spread in azimuth and vertical planes has been assessed .
 It is observed that the angular spread in the elevation plane (median value
of sθ near 13°) was smaller than the angular spread in the azimuth plane
(median value of sφ near 23°), revealing that multipath effects mainly
affect the AoA in the azimuth plane.
 In order to propose a 60 GHz channel model with reduced complexity, we
thus suggest to limit AoA information to the azimuth plane.

07-11-2024 Department of ECE 16

07-11-2024 Department of ECE 17
 UNIT-4
Multipath Propagation
Modelling
France Telecom Propagation Channel Models
❖Digital Signal Processing for the Generic Model: The UWB/WB propagation channel
model developed by France Telecom differs from the classical tapped delay line model
approach referring to a non-uniform sampling of the scattering function of the
channel Ps(ν,τ ) with a limited number of taps and an identical U-shape Doppler for
each tap.
❖The proposed model resorts from a two-dimensional multirate filter applied on
selected measured Channel Impulse Responses (CIRs) of the channel issued from a
statistical analysis of the selectivity parameters of the channel
Cont…
❖The model generates a time-variant filter fit with the simulated system using
the system bandwidth to filter the channel and carries out a conversion rate
using an optimized interpolator-decimator filter.
❖This modeling approach has been primarily introduced for WLANs at 5 GHz
and extended to many other applications.
❖ Actually, we use this concept to model the UWB channel.
❖The main advantage results in a realistic representation of the channel in
connection with measurements in the face of stochastic models.
Cont…
❖As per WSSUS assumptions, variables t and (τ ) of the impulse response h(t, τ ) of
the channel shall be separated, hence the filtering processing is processed in a 2 ×
1D assessment, reducing the complexity.
❖First, the instantaneous transversal filter hF(t, τ ) describing the channel at the time
t is generated to an interpolator-decimator filter with a conversion rate R = Tsig/Te =
po/qo expressed as a ratio of two integers.
❖ Tsig is the sampling period of the communication system and Te is the sampling
rate of propagation measurements.
❖In a second step, the renewal rate of every transversal filter hF(t, τ ) is processed in
performing a conversion rate of each transversal filter tap.
❖The renewal rate is chosen as a multiple of the largest Doppler value υmax = Vit λ
(λ is the wavelength associated to the RF frequency) and fitted to the data framing
rate and time variations of the channel
CEPD
❖The link level-focused propagation channel model, also denoted CEPD
model, is a multipath propagation model which conjunctly exploits multi-
rate digital filter processing
The CEPD propagation channel model
 The CEPD propagation channel model
The mathematical expression of the model is given by

And the coefficients c(k,i) result from a an expansion rate F = q0 × Fe, followed by a filtering processing and a
decimation rate with a ratio p0. c(k,i) is expressed as follows:
Cont…
❖b(k, n) are the coefficients of the baseband equivalent measured impulse
response of the channel sampled to Fe converted to T acquisition sampling,
g F is the filter impulse response used in the multirate processing and T is a
time acquisition period. Figure 18.13 shows typical average power delay
spread profiles of a WPAN working in 60 GHz.
Typical average power delay spread profiles of a WPAN
working in 60 GHz.
Cont..
❖ The antenna impact and transmission bandwidth Bw are involved into the
base-band filter realizations through measurements and input files of the
model.
❖. The sub-carrier spacing and Spectrum Efficiency (SE) dependency is
shown in Figure
Cont…
The input files of the model are issued from selected measured CIR files
whose selectivity parameter values are included in a specific interval.
Assuming the selectivity parameter first-order statistics follow a Gaussian
distribution, the typical and atypical input files of the model are CIR files
verifying the equation:
Cont…
❖mij is the average of the selectivity parameter j for the ith measurement
position, j = {delay spread, coherence bandwidth, delay interval to 6 and 15
dB, Power standard deviation}. Xj is either the first-order statistic of the Mij
variable for the typical input files or the Cumulative density function set to 0.8
for the atypical input files deduced from i = 1, N measurement points.
❖ Input Files of the CEPD Model in a Residential Environment: Input files of
the CEPD model are a measurement point comprising Nri instantaneous
impulse responses of the channel along a linear path of 30λ approximately.
Typical and Atypical cases have been extracted from a given scenario. Input
files are denoted CEPD_ xx
Cont…
Figures 1 and 2 depict the cyclic prefix duration and subcarrier spacing
combined with SE, as well as typical phase noise values.

Fig-1 Fig-2