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CHAPTER 1: EXCAVATION, FILING, AND GRADING
SCOPE OF WORK:
- outlines the comprehensive scope of methods and operations needed to complete excavation, filing,
back-filing, and grading in accordance with the Plans and schedule;
- must be subject to the terms and conditions of the contract

1-1 Excavation:
The Contractor is responsible for all excavation for foundations without extra compensation.
1. Slopes for permanent excavations and fills have specified limitations.
2. Deviations from slope limitations require an acceptable soil investigation report.
3. Excavation must be trimmed to required depth, lines, and grades, including incidental work.
4. Materials to be excavated include rock, earth, and other encountered substances.
5. Continuous excavation required until satisfactory soil bearing power is reached.
6. Adjustments to piers, walls, and footings should be compensated at unit price bid for concrete
work.
7. No fill or surcharge loads placed adjacent to buildings without structural capability.
8. Footings or foundations affected by excavation must be adequately protected.
9. Fill placement for foundation support must comply with engineering practices. Approval is
required from supervising Architect or Engineer for fill placement.
10. Additional payment for excavation will be based on unit bid price or at established unit price for
specific tasks, such as:
a. Materials needing air operated hammers, wedging, or drilling and blasting as determined by
the Owner.
b. Additional excavation to achieve safe-bearing soil levels between indicated and authorized
grades.

1-2 Unauthorized Excavation

When existing surface levels are below required sub-grade levels or when excess excavations occur, the
Contractor must fill to indicated grades at their expense. For footings and foundations, concrete fill
matching specified class is required. For slabs, well-compacted sand and gravel fill should be used.

1-3 Excavation Omitted

1. Excavation may cease at higher grades if good-bearing soil is found, as determined by the
supervising Architect or Engineer.
2. If the Owner decides in writing, excavation cessation at higher grades will result in a contract price
reduction. This reduction will be based on measurements between authorized higher grades and
those indicated on drawings. The same applies to omitted filling due to grade changes.
3. Footings must not be placed on fill material.

1-4 Protection, Pumping, Maintenance

The Contractor must protect excavations from water damage, provide drainage equipment, and construct
necessary enclosures and temporary structures for safety.

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1-5 Blasting:
1. If blasting is the most practical method for removing materials during excavation, the surfaces of
such materials must be exposed first.
2. The Contractor must inform the Owner before blasting, allowing for surveying and
cross-sectioning of existing surfaces. No payment will be made for blasting materials removed
before measurement or cross-sectioning.
3. Only qualified personnel skilled in blasting may be employed, and dynamite and detonators must
be handled according to government regulations.
4. Safety precautions must be taken during blasting to protect people and property. After blasting,
examine foundation bottoms, remove loose rock to soil bearing, and roughly level as needed.
5. Ensure rocks are not shattered or removed beyond authorized lines and grades to avoid
unauthorized excavation penalties as per Section 1-2 provisions.

1-6 Inspection:
No concrete pouring until bearing surfaces are inspected and approved by the Owner and Contractor
receives authorization.

1-7 Drainage System at Site:

Contractor must provide, construct, and maintain an approved drainage system directed by the Architect or
Engineer.

1-8 Utilities:
1. Contractor must protect and maintain all conduits, drains, sewer pipes, and utilities necessary for
the project.
2. Contractor must notify and coordinate with relevant parties to relocate or adjust any utilities that
interfere with excavation as instructed.

1-9 Filling and Grading:

1. Excavations to be back-filled promptly after concrete structures achieve full strength or upon
Engineer's direction.
2. Materials from excavations, free from waste, used for back-filling around footings, walls, and piers
after form removal.
3. Back-fill material layered and compacted, excess spread nearby as directed, with limit on removal
distance.
4. Tile drains around buildings covered with crushed rock or gravel, graded from coarse to fine.
5. Tile drains under floor slabs covered with broken stones or gravel up to slab bottom.
6. Spaces where slabs rest on ground graded with gravel and sand before concrete pouring.
7. Exterior grades formed per drawings, considering landscaping requirements and topsoil depth.
8. Grading within clearing lines included in building Contract at no additional cost, with specified
slope for banks.

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 9. Extra grading paid at unit price bid for same, including cut or fill beyond indicated meters or due to
grade changes.
1-10 Top Soil Stripping and Spreading:
For use when topsoil is salvaged for landscaping work
1. Topsoil stripping begins from construction-affected areas to limits specified by Owner or as
directed.
2. Depths of topsoil removal are approved by the Architect, ensuring it remains within topsoil layers.
3. Topsoil is stripped using approved methods and stored away from work areas.
4. Stripped topsoil is evenly spread to true contours and raked to create smooth surfaces for seeding or
planting.

1-11 Temporary Easement:

Contractor is responsible for obtaining consent from neighboring property owners for any temporary
easements or encroachments at their own expense.

1-12 Pavement:
Contractor shall restore street pavements, sidewalks, curbs, and similar public structures at no extra cost to
the Government, following jurisdictional guidelines.

1-13 Protection of Trees:

Contractor must protect indicated trees by boxing, using guys, or as directed by the Architect or Engineer.

1-14 Protection and Adjoining Property:

Contractor shall safeguard excavation below existing grade to prevent soil cave-ins or settlement, covering
costs of underpinning or foundation extension.
1. Contractor notifies adjoining property owners in writing at least 10 days prior to excavation,
ensuring they are aware of protection measures.
2. Adjoining property owners granted access to verify protection measures by Contractor.

CHAPTER 2: TERMITE CONTROL

SCOPE OF WORK:
- includes providing all necessary materials, labor, and equipment for termite control operations,
including the application of termite control chemicals, in accordance with the specifications.

2-1 Material Requirements:

Termite control chemicals must be capable of immediately exterminating termites or creating
barriers to prevent entry of subterranean termites into building areas. Three types of toxicants are specified:
❖ Type-1 Liquid Termite Concentrate:
Used for drenching soil beneath building foundations. Dilution ratio is 1 liter of
concentrate to 65 liters of water, or as specified by the manufacturer.
❖ Type-2 Liquid Termicide Ready Mixed Solution:

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 Ready-to-use solution applied as wood preservative by drenching wood surfaces until
runoff occurs.
❖ Type-3 Powder Termicide
This toxicant is applied to termite mounds and tunnels, where termites are exterminated
through trophallaxis, an exchange of nourishment.

2-2 Construction Requirements:

Before starting any termite control work, the Contractor must thoroughly examine the site to
determine the appropriate soil poisoning method. Coordination with other trades through the Engineer is
necessary to prevent delays.
A. Soil Poisoning Treatment:
1. Cordoning: Used when no visible termite infestation is present. Trenches are dug in
concentric circles, squares, or rectangles and treated with Type I solution at 8 liters per
linear meter.
2. Drenching: Employed when soil shows termite infestation. Building area is fully treated
with Type I solution at 24 liters per square meter.

Special care must be taken when applying Powder Termicide, as it is lethal to animals and
humans.
B. Applications:
3. Soil for poisoning must be friable with low moisture content to ensure even distribution of
toxicants. Treatment should be applied at least twelve (12) hours before concrete placement
to allow contact with treated soil.
4. Treatment of exterior sides of foundation walls, grade beams, and similar structures should
be completed before final grading or landscaping to prevent disturbance of toxicant
barriers.
5. Prior to concrete slab placement, the following additional treatments are required:
a. Critical areas like utility openings: Apply additional treatment at 6 liters per linear
meter in a 15-22 cm strip.
b. Exterior perimeter of slab and under expansion joints: Apply at 2.5 liters per linear
meter in a 15-22 cm wide strip in a shallow trench.
c. Before landscaping, saturate a 3.0-meter wide perimeter with soil poison solution.
Treat earth fill thoroughly with solution once packed and leveled, ensuring every
square area is drenched.

C. Wood Protection:
Type-II working solution recommended by the manufacturer is used for wood preservative
applications. Direct spraying of building skeletal framework for general surface infestation control
includes:
1. Rough hollow block walling
2. Floor beams, joists, girders, bridging
3. Door and window frames

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 4. Ceiling frames and other building parts for complete coverage.
All non-pressure treated wood materials are treated with Type-II ready mixed solution as specified
or directed by the supervising Architect or Engineer.

2-3 Guarantee:
Contractor provides a one-year Service Guarantee for termite control, covering treatment or
repetition of services at no extra cost to Owner if recurrence occurs.

2-4 Methods of Measurement:

Liquid chemicals measured by actual liters for various applications. Powder chemicals measured by
kilograms. Quantity determined by Architect or Engineer.

2-5 Basis of Payment:

Payment based on accepted quantities at Contract Unit Price for Termite Control Work, covering
all necessary materials, labor, and equipment. Payment shall be made under the following schedule:

Pay item Description Unit of Measurement

No.

A Soil Poisoning Liter

B Wood preservative Liter

C Powder termicide Kilograms

CHAPTER 3: PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE

SCOPE OF WORK:
This item includes furnishing, placing, and finishing concrete in buildings, related structures, flood
control, drainage, and water supply structures as per Specifications and Plans.

3-1 General Requirements:

1. Acronyms
❖ ASTM: American Society for Testing Materials
❖ ACI: American Concrete Institute
❖ PCI: Pre Stressed Concrete Institute
❖ AWS: American Welding Society
❖ AISC: American Institute of Steel Construction

2. Standard Specifications and Codes:

The work under this section is governed by the Building Code requirements for
Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318) and the Standard Code for Arc and Gas Welding Society.
The latest editions of all standards, Specifications, or Codes are used unless otherwise specified.

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 3. Coordination:
Concrete work must be coordinated with other trades to ensure sleeves, inserts, and
accessories are properly positioned before placing concrete bases and pads for mechanical
equipment, in accordance with approved shop drawings.

4. Workmanship:
The Contractor is accountable for any extra expenses incurred due to concrete surfaces not
meeting the specified profile or elevation.

5. Samples:
The Contractor must provide samples of proposed cement and aggregates for concrete
work, detailing material names, sources, and descriptions, for approval.

3-2 Material Requirements:

1. Portland Cement:
- Must adhere to ASTM C-150 Type for normal Portland cement; Type III for High Early
Strength Portland Cement.
- Brands like Filipinas, Union, Republic, Apo, or equivalent, in 40-kilogram bags, are
acceptable.
2. Fine Aggregates (Sand):
- Clean, hard, coarse river sand or crushed sand conforming to ASTM C-33 or C-330.
3. Coarse Aggregate (Gravel):
- Gravel shall be river run gravel or broken stones. They must not exceed ⅕ of the nearest
dimension between forms or ¾ of the minimum clear spacing between reinforcing bars,
whichever is less.
4. Mixing Water:
- Water must be clean and free from harmful substances such as oils, acids, alkalis, or organic
materials.
5. Admixture:
- Air-entraining admixtures must conform to ASTM C-260.
- Water reducing, retarding, and water reducing and accelerating admixtures, if used, must
meet ASTM C-494 requirements.

3-3 Storage of Materials:

1. Cement and aggregates must be stored to prevent deterioration and foreign matter intrusion.
2. Cement, upon arrival, should be stored in waterproof bodegas with raised floors to avoid dampness.
Aggregates must also be stored to prevent foreign matter inclusion.

3-4 Plain Concrete:

General Requirements:

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 1. Plain Concrete must achieve a minimum compressive strength of 140 kg/cm² or 2,000 psi
at 28 days.
2. Lightweight aggregate concrete can be used if proven durable, even below 140 kg/cm².
3. Plain concrete walls can be 5 cm thinner than masonry walls, but no less than 18 cm.
4. Concrete composition includes Portland Cement, fine aggregates, water, and specified
admixtures.
5. Special concrete types are used as indicated.
6. Specifications apply with 7-day strength equal to 28-day strength for normal concrete.
a. Plasticizing Admixture: Must be chloride-free, conform to ASTM C-494-651.
b. Calcium Chloride: Prohibited.

3-5 Proportioning of Concrete

1. Contractor hires an approved lab to design concrete mixes exceeding strength requirements by 15%.
2. Mix adequacy confirmed by testing 6 cylinders: 3 at 7 days, 3 at 28 days, and Slump Tests.
3. Lab submits mix design and test results for Owner approval before concrete placement.
4. Unsatisfactory concrete prompts the Contractor to notify the lab and Engineer for adjustments.
5. Lab modifies design until satisfactory concrete is achieved, subject to Engineer's approval.
6. Minimum compressive strengths specified for various concrete types.
7. Water content limited to 28 liters per 40 kg bag of cement, with slump test not exceeding 10 cm.
8. Lean Concrete mix must achieve 28-day strength of 13.79 MPa, subject to approval.

3-6 Determining Concrete Proportions

Proportions of cement, aggregate, and water for desired strengths can be determined by:

Method-1: Without Preliminary Test

1. If no test data on materials, adhere to water cement ratios in Table 3-1.
2. For higher strengths or specific additives, use Method-2 to determine water cement ratio.

Method-2: For combination of materials previously evaluated or to be established by trial mixtures

1. Water cement ratios beyond Table 3-1's limits are allowed if backed by reliable test data,
ensuring concrete quality.
2. If no prior data, conduct trial mixtures with varied ratios to cover required strengths.
3. Test specimens at 7, 14, and 28 days per ASTM standards to establish strength-water ratio
correlation.
4. Plot a curve to determine maximum water cement ratio meeting strength requirements.
5. Max ratio must ensure adequate strength and be within concrete quality standards.
6. Evaluate each material combination separately if used in different parts of the project.

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3-7 Concrete Proportions and Consistency:
1. Aggregate-to-cement ratios should allow for easy placement without segregation or water
accumulation.
2. Concrete material measurements must enable accurate control and easy verification during the
project.

3-8 Concrete Test:

A. Testing Laboratory
1. Contractor must hire an approved Testing Lab for compression and slump tests,
submitting reports to the Engineer.
2. Ready mixed companies may use their labs under Owner supervision.
B. B. Compression and Slump Tests
- Tests conducted for every 50 cubic meters of concrete.
C. Compression Tests
- Three standard cylinders made per batch, one tested at 28 days.
D. Slump Test
- Two slump tests conducted per concrete batch.
E. Test Report
- Submit reports detailing location, strength, materials, and test results.
F. Batch Plant Inspection
- Ensure concrete delivery complies with Specifications.
G. Additional Tests
- Additional tests may be required for doubtful quality, at Contractor's expense.

3-9 Mixing Concrete

The mixing and measuring equipment shall be approved by the supervising Architect or Engineer.
Unless otherwise authorized, concrete shall be machine mixed at the site or by ready-mixed concrete.

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 A. Site Mixed Concrete
- Approved batch mixer required, operating per manufacturer's guidelines.
B. Mixing Time
- Batch must mix for at least 1 minute.
- Mixer speed: 14 to 20 revolutions per minute.

3-10 Ready Mixed Concrete:

- Must adhere to ASTM C-94, poured within 1 hour of water addition.
- Construction joints must be cleaned thoroughly.

3-11 Handling and Placing Concrete:

- Concrete conveyed promptly, preventing ingredient separation.
- No dumping from over 1 meter high; use approved conveyors.
- Continuous pouring for columns, beams, and slabs in one operation.

3-12 Re-tampering:
Only mix concrete in quantities needed immediately; do not use mixtures that have set or partially
hardened.

3-13 Curing and Protection:

1. Concrete must be protected from drying out after form removal using waterproof materials or an
approved curing compound with 90% moisture retention based on ATM C-309 and C-156, applied
according to manufacturer's instructions.
2. Avoid using membrane curing compounds where subsequent applications of floor hardeners,
waterproofing, tiles, or other surface treatments are planned.
3. Wet burlap should be applied as needed to keep concrete moist for at least 7 days with normal
Portland cement and 3 days with high early strength cement.

3-14 Metal Reinforcement:

1. Steel Bars
a. Reinforcing bars must meet ASTM A-615 specifications.
b. High-grade deformed bars (Fy = 413.7 Mpa) for main structural elements.
c. Intermediate grade deformed bars (Fy = 275.8 Mpa) for smaller bars.
d. Ensure satisfactory weldability for welded bars.
e. Use ASTM A-184 for bar mats, A-82 for wires, and A-185 for welded wire fabric.
f. ASTM A-416 for wire and strand, A-26 for structural steel, and A-377 for steel pipe.
2. Accessories:
- Provide galvanized or stainless bar supports for proper positioning.
3. Mill Certificate and Test:
- Furnish manufacturer's mill test certificates.
- Conduct testing at approved labs.

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 4. Shop Drawing:
- Submit drawings for approval before fabrication.
5. Labeling:
- Label bars with weatherproof tags for identification.

3-15 Placing of Reinforcement:

1. Follow approved drawings and provide necessary supports, ties, and anchors.
2. Use bar spacers for stirrups unless otherwise specified.
3. Clean bars of any coatings that may affect bond.
4. Cold bend all bars.
5. Ensure welded splices are done by certified welders and comply with AWS D-12.1.

3-16 Material Storage:

Store steel bars off the ground on supports covered with roof or plastic to protect from moisture.

3-17 Forms:
General Conditions:
1. Formwork must match drawings and resist concrete pressure.
2. Ensure tightness to prevent mortar leakage.
3. Submit drawings for approval if required.
4. Provide temporary openings for cleaning and inspection before concrete placement.
5. Use approved form materials matching finish requirements.
6. Start forming at first-floor level with new materials; reuse only if surfaces are intact.
7. Coat forms with non-staining oil before reinforcing placement.
8. Omit side forms of footings with approval.
9. Ensure exposed corners are square and protected during stripping.
10. Removal of forms or shoring requires approval and shall follow minimum timeframes:
Columns, walls: 3 days
Stairs (bottom forms): 21 days
Beams, slabs (bottom forms): 21 days

3-18 Other Forms:

1. Design forms for easy removal without surface damage, ensuring square corners and true profiles.
2. Avoid form ties through exposed surfaces; reuse formwork only with approval.
3. Use treated plywood forms vertically or horizontally with proper joint arrangement for smooth
concrete surfaces.

3-19 Formwork Accessories:

Form ties must be designed to leave no metal closer than 19mm to the concrete surface or leave a
hole greater than 22mm in diameter on the concrete face.

3-20 Finishing of Formed Surface:

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 Remove forms and cut off form tie ends. Fill tie holes and visible below-grade defects with 1:2
Portland Cement mortar mix matching the concrete.Patch other below-grade defects as directed by the
supervising Architect or Engineer.
1. For exposed exterior surfaces requiring a special finish, concrete must be placed and finished to
ensure an even, dense surface free from imperfections, eliminating the need for additional
treatment.
2. Any concrete showing defects or misalignment must be removed at the Contractor's expense unless
authorized by the Owner for patching or correction.\
3. Permission to patch does not waive the Owner's right to demand complete removal of defective
work.
4. Patching and removal of defects on exposed interior finishes must be done until surfaces are smooth
and uniform.
5. Silicone water repellent should be applied to exterior exposed concrete surfaces above grade if not
painted.

3-21 INSERT, SLEEVE, AND SIMILAR ITEMS

1. All required items like flashing, inserts, sleeves, and more must be in place before concrete is poured and
securely positioned as per specifications.
2. Inserts for ceiling hangers shall be placed only in the bottom of concrete ribs.
3. Sleeves should not be installed in beams, ribs, or columns without formal approval.
4. Stone-cut lines on concrete walls must be integrated into the concrete before pouring, following full-size
details.

3-22 FINISHING OF SLAB

1. Slab surfaces should be level, with a tolerance of 3 mm in 3.0 meters, and sloped towards drains as needed.
2. Surfaces for resilient flooring or tile installation must be floated and troweled smooth.
3. Roofing membrane application follows similar processes without steel troweling.
4. Exposed concrete surfaces should be finished with a steel trowel for a hard, imperfection-free finish.
5. Avoid using dry materials on the surface; apply hardeners and sealers according to manufacturer
instructions.

3-23 WATERTIGHT CONCRETE

1. Waterproofing on decks must be guaranteed leak-free for two years.
2. Any leaks must be fixed with approved methods and materials until stopped, with the guarantee
extending for two years after the last leak is repaired.
3. All piping under slabs must be completed before pouring.

3-24 CONCRETE FLOOR ON FILL

1. Layer earth or sand fill uniformly, not exceeding 15 cm each, wetting and compacting.
2. Add a gravel layer on set foundations, compacting again.
3. Keep foundations moist for 30 days for settlement.
4. Lay concrete floors in alternating strips, following drawings, with joints matching grooves if specified.

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5. Mechanically tamp concrete for proper consistency.
6. Reinforce floors and steps as needed per drawings and specs.

3-25 HANDLING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE

1. Compact concrete thoroughly during and after placement, typically using mechanical vibration.
2. Use internal vibrators approved by the supervising Engineer, capable of transmitting vibrations at least
4,500 impulses per minute.
3. Ensure vibrations affect concrete visibly over a specified radius.
4. Provide enough vibrators to compact each batch immediately after placement.
5. Apply vibrations at the point of deposit and across freshly deposited concrete.
6. Vibrate sufficiently to thoroughly compact concrete without causing segregation.
7. Manipulate vibrators to work concrete around reinforcement, fixtures, and form corners.
8. Space vibrators uniformly and avoid excessive distances between applications.
9. Avoid applying vibration to hardened or non-plastic concrete.
10. Do not use vibration to transport concrete or cause segregation over long distances.

3-26 GRADATION OF AGGREGATES

1. Test fine and coarse aggregates for concrete according to ASTM Standards, with a minimum frequency of
one set of 6 and one set of 7 tests per 1,000 cubic meters.
2. Ensure samples meet ASTM 033-67 grading specifications, as follows:

3-27 STORAGE OF MATERIALS

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1. Portland Cement:
- Store bagged cement in a weatherproof structure with elevated wooden floors.
- Bags must have proper labels, stacked close together but not against walls.
- Test cement stored over six months before use.
- Bulk cement stored in airtight silos at contractor's expense.
2. Aggregates:
- Store fine and coarse aggregates separately to prevent contamination.
- Coarse aggregate stockpiles should not exceed 1.20 meters in depth to minimize segregation.
3. Reinforcing Steel Bars:
- Transport and store to prevent damage from rust or contamination.
- Store in separate piles or racks for easy identification.

3-28 REBAR SPACING AND COVER

1. Reinforcing Bars:
- Tie bars together securely to form reinforcement cages or nets.
- Space bars according to approved drawings and ACI-318 recommendations.
2. Concrete Cover:
- Follow ACI-318 recommendations for concrete cover unless otherwise specified.
3. Anchorage Length:
- Provide end hooks for plain bars as required.
- Ensure anchorage lengths meet ACI-318 standards.
4. Splices:
- Minimize splices and stagger them within structural members.
- Splices should not be at critical stress points.

3-29 PATCHING
1. Remove loose materials after form removal and inspection.
2. Clean surfaces treated with cement retarding materials.
3. Roughen insufficiently roughened surfaces.
4. Chip out defective areas to solid concrete and undercut edges for better adhesion.
5. Fill shallow patches with mortar in layers, each layer scratched for better bonding.

3-30 CONSTRUCTION JOINTS

1. Concreting should proceed without interruption, halting only at prepared construction joints.
2. Position of joints must be planned in advance to match mixing plant capacity.
3. Unspecified joint positions require approval from Architect or Engineer.
4. Joints should be vertical or horizontal; vertical joints against a stop-board.
5. Column joints near beam haunching; beam and slab joints as per drawings.
6. Wire-brush and roughen joints while concrete is green.
7. Clean, wet, and apply a 12 mm mortar layer before placing fresh concrete.
8. Ensure thorough compaction of fresh concrete against existing layer.
9. Cost of forming joints, whether specified or not, is covered by Contractor's rates for concrete.

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CHAPTER 4: CONCRETE MASONRY
4-1 General Conditions:
The concrete masonry Contractor must review all project documents and conditions. Deviation
from plans and specifications requires written approval from the Owner before proceeding.

4-2 Scope of Work:

The work covered by this Item shall include the following:
1. Provide all materials, tools, and labor necessary for the concrete masonry work as per plans and
specifications.
2. Prepare for masonry work to interface with other components, including installing inserts and
attachments as needed.
3. Coordinate with other trades, supervise work, and ensure a competent foreman is present at all
times.
4. Arrange for bracing, forming, and shoring required during construction.
5. Supply and place all reinforcing steel for the concrete masonry work.
6. Secure adequate storage space and protect materials on-site.
7. Assist with inspections by the Owner or authorized representatives.
8. Provide test specimens and material samples as required.

4-3 Material Requirements:

1. Cement must meet ASTM C-150 standards.
2. Sand or fine aggregate should be clear, sharp, well-graded, and free from dust, lumps, and organic
matter.
3. Hydrated lime must conform to ASTM C-207.
4. Quicklime must meet ASTM C-5 specifications, slaked, screened, and stored for at least 10 days.
5. Hollow load-bearing masonry units should conform to ASTM C-90-70 and Philippine Bureau of
Standard No. 15-2, series of 1979.
6. Solid load-bearing masonry units should be class A units meeting ASTM C-145 with a minimum
compressive strength of 5.5 Mpa (800 psi).
7. Masonry units must be cured for at least 14 days if steam-cured or 28 days if air-cured before
placement.

4-4 Concrete Hollow Blocks:

1. The Contractor may use concrete or ceramic blocks upon approval.
2. Load-bearing blocks must have a minimum compressive strength of 6.89 Mpa (1000 psi) computed
from the average of five units, and 5.41 Mpa (800 psi) for individual units, based on gross area.

Visual Inspection
Units must be sound and free from cracks or defects that could affect their placement or
compromise construction strength.
Sampling of Specimens

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 Ten individual units are sampled from each lot of 10,000 units (or fraction thereof), and 20
units from lots exceeding 10,000 units.
Testing
Units are tested according to ASTM designation C-140 or by the Bureau of Materials and
Quality Control, DPWH. Blocks cannot be used until test results are approved by the supervising
Architect or Engineer.
Reinforcement
Units are laid with mortar composed of one part Portland cement and three parts sand.
Reinforcement follows structural plans regarding size, spacing, and other specifications.

4-5 Mortar and Grout:

1. Use ASTM C-150 Type 1, 2, 3, or Type 4 Portland Cement.
2. Prepare mortar with 1 part Portland Cement, ¼ part lime putty or hydrated lime, and 1.5 to 3 times
loose sand volume, meeting ASTM C-270.
3. For pouring, use 1 part Portland Cement to 2.5-3 parts damp loose sand for spaces less than 7.5 cm;
for spaces up to 7.5 cm, use 1 part cement, 2-3 parts sand, and 2 parts coarse aggregate.
4. Use fluid grout with a minimum of 7 bags of cement per cubic meter, with mix design approved by
the Engineer.
5. Mortar aggregates per ASTM C-144, grout aggregates per ASTM C-404.

4-6 Admixture:
1. Admixtures in mortar or grout must be approved by the Architect or Engineer.
2. Admixtures in mortar require reducing lime content.
3. Coloring pigments limited to 6% of cement weight.
4. Avoid fire clay, dirt, and other harmful substances.
5. Use fresh, clean water without acidic, alkaline, or organic contaminants.

4-7 Reinforcing Steel:

1. Deformed bars meet ASTM A-305, wire reinforcement conforms to ASTM A-82.
2. Reinforcement must be clean, free from rust, scales, and coatings affecting bond.

4-8 Construction:
A. Workmanship
1. Masonry work starts when foundation alignment has a total error within 25 mm.
2. Masonry laid true to line, level, plumb, and neat as per plans.
3. Units cut accurately to fit openings; holes neatly patched.
4. Extra care to prevent visible grout mortar stains.
5. No construction supports attached to walls without approval.

B. Masonry Unit
1. Condition: Masonry units sound, dry, clean, and crack-free when placed.
2. Units kept off ground, protected from weather on-site.

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 3. Units only wetted lightly in hot, dry weather.
4. Units used appropriately for windows, doors, etc., minimizing cutting.
5. Any necessary cuts made neatly and accurately.
6. Mortar mixed with water, sand, cement, and lime in proper sequence.
7. Mortar maintained with high plasticity, re-tampered as needed.
8. Unused mortar discarded after 1.5 hours from initial mix.
9. Mechanically mixed for at least 3 minutes; hand mixing with approval only.

C. Bonding
1. Masonry units laid with thicker edges of core up for wider mortar bed.
2. Full bed of mortar on face core, ends, and cross webs.
3. Clean, exposed concrete surface required for bonding.
4. Wall laid in straight, uniform course with regular running bond.
5. Steel ties used at 60 cm intervals for intersecting walls/partitions.

D. Reinforcement
1. Foundation Dowel Alignment: Slope not exceeding one horizontal in six vertical if not
aligned with a core.
2. Dowels: Grouted vertically aligned, even if in an adjacent cell to the vertical wall.
3. Reinforcing Bars: Straight unless detailed bends or hooks on plans.
4. Lapping: Minimum 30 bar diameters for spliced bars, separated by one bar diameter or
wired.
5. Positioning: Vertical bars held top, bottom, and intervals not exceeding 192 diameters.
6. Horizontal Bars: Laid on unit webs in continuous courses, solidly grouted.
7. Clearance: Vertical steel minimum 6 mm from masonry, one bar diameter between bars.
8. Wire Reinforcement: Embedded in mortar or grout, lapped at least 16 cm with cross wire.

E. Grouting
1. Reinforcement secured and inspected before grouting.
2. Mortar kept out of grout space; all grout puddled or vibrated in place.
3. Vertical cells filled to maintain continuous core space.
4. Cells with reinforcement solidly filled, leaving key at pour joints.
5. Continuous grouting for beams over openings.
6. Unfilled cells under horizontal beams covered to confine front fill.
7. Bolts and Inserts solidly grouted in place.
8. Spaces around metal door frames and built-in items filled solidly with grout of mortar.

4-9 Rejection:
Non-conforming shipments sorted; new specimens tested at Contractor's expense. Failure leads to
rejection of the entire lot.

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CHAPTER 5: MASONRY FINISH

(A) STUCCO FINISH

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS: Portland Cement, Marble Dust, Acoustical Fiber

CONSTRUCTION:
1. Types of Mixture
For acoustical treatment, use 1 part cement to 3 parts acoustical fiber. For exterior and interior
walls:
❖ With white cement, use 1 part cement to 2 parts marble dust.
❖ With ordinary gray cement, use 1 part cement to 2 parts washed sand and 1/2 part lime.

2. Application: Clean surface, wetting, apply stucco mix with brooms or sandblasting equipment.

MEASUREMENT: Square meters

BASIS OF PAYMENT: Based on unit bid price

(B) GRANOLITHIC MARBLE FINISH

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS: Marble Chips, Portland Cement conforming to ASTM C-150
Type-1, Divider Strips

CONSTRUCTION: Proper curing, grinding, waxing, and polishing.

MEASUREMENT: Square and lineal meters

BASIS OF PAYMENT: Based on unit bid price

(C) PEA GRAVEL WASHOUT FINISH GENERAL CONDITIONS

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS: Pea-Gravel, and Portland cement meeting Hydraulic Cement
specifications. Use only one cement brand throughout the mix.

CONSTRUCTION: Moistening surface, applying mortar mix with pressure, exposing pebbles by
removing cement paste.

MEASUREMENT: Square meters or linear meters.

BASIS OF PAYMENT: Based on unit bid price

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(D) BUSH HAMMERED FINISH
MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS: Cement, Adobe Aggregate

CONSTRUCTION: Scratch coating, applying adobe plaster, texturing with hammering.

MEASUREMENT: Square meters

BASIS OF PAYMENT: Based on unit bid price

(E) PEBBLE WASHOUT FINISH

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS: Pebbles, cement

CONSTRUCTION: Surface Preparation, applying mortar mix, washing out cement paste to
expose pebbles, curing, cleaning, and protection

MEASUREMENT; Square meters or linear meters

BASIS OF PAYMENT: Based on unit bid price

(F) CEMENT PLASTER

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS: Portland Hydraulic Cement, Hydrated Lime compliant with
standards, Fine Aggregates

CONSTRUCTION: Prep surfaces, apply brown coat (Cement, sand, hydrated lime), cure for 7
days, then apply finish coat (Pure Portland Cement). Smooth finish to specs.

MEASUREMENT; Square meters

BASIS OF PAYMENT: Based on contract unit price

(G) GRANATITE WASHOUT

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS:
​ 1. Marble Granules:
● Domestic marble chips, hard and well graded.
● Size No. 1: Passes 6 mm mesh sieve, retained on 3 mm mesh sieve.
● Size No. 2: Passes 9 mm mesh sieve, retained on 6 mm mesh sieve.
​ 2. Pea Gravel:
● Clean, hard, uniformly rounded, approximately 6 mm minimum diameter.

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 CONSTRUCTION: Apply the granatite washout finish by preparing the surface, applying a
specified mixture, establishing groove lines, troweling, washing off excess paste, ensuring a flawless
finish, and providing necessary curing and protection.

MEASUREMENT; Square meters or lineal meters

BASIS OF PAYMENT: based on contract unit price

(H) PLAIN CEMENT PLASTER FINISH

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS: Portland cement, hydrated lime, clean sand, fresh water.

CONSTRUCTION:
1. Application: Prepare surfaces by cleaning and moistening, apply brown coat mortar,
scratch and broom, allow to cure for 7 days, then apply finish coat mortar, float and trowel,
ensure smooth and uniform surface.
2. Workmanship: Plaster finish to be level, plumb, and free from imperfections within 3mm
tolerance in 3 meters, with careful attention to angles and contours.
3. Patching, Painting, and Cleaning: Repair any damaged areas, paint and patch neatly,
remove plaster drops or spatter, leave surfaces clean and ready for finishing.

MEASUREMENT; square meters

BASIS OF PAYMENT: based on contract unit price

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