DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGG.
BHILAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DURG (C.G.)
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LAB MANNUAL
EXPERIMENT 3
AIM: Realiza�on of logic func�ons with the help of universal gates NAND and NOR Gate
Objective: To learn the basic concepts of digital electronics.
To learn universal Gates and verify the Truth Table.
Introduc�on
Logic gates are electronic circuits which perform logical func�ons based on inputs to produce one
output. There are seven logic gates. When all the input combina�ons of a logic gate are writen
in a series and their corresponding outputs writen along them, then this input/ output
combina�on is called Truth Table.
Components Required:
1. Digital Trainer Kit,
2. Connecting Wires,
3. IC Types 7400 Quadruple 2-input NAND Gates,
4. IC-type 7402 Quadruple 2 input NOR Gates,
1. NAND gate as Universal gate
NAND gate is actually a combina�on of two logic gates i.e. AND gate followed by NOT gate. By
using only NAND gates, we can realize all logic func�ons: AND, OR, NOT, Ex-OR, Ex-NOR, NOR. So,
this gate is also called as universal gate.
1.1) NAND gates as OR gate
From DE-Morgan’s theorems:
(A ∙ B)’ = A’ + B’
(A’ ∙ B’)’ = A’’ + B’’ = A + B
So, give the inverted inputs to a NAND gate, obtain OR opera�on at output.
A B A+B Observed
Output
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Figure-1: NAND gates as OR gate Figure-2: Truth table of OR
NAND gates as AND gate
A NAND produces complement of AND gate. So, if the output of a NAND gate is inverted, overall
output will be that of an AND gate.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGG.
BHILAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DURG (C.G.)
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LAB MANNUAL
EXPERIMENT 3
Y = ((A ∙ B)’)’
Y = (A ∙ B) A B A∙B Observed
Output
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Figure-3: NAND gates as AND gate Figure-4: Truth table of AND
2)NOR gate as Universal Gate
NOR gate is actually a combina�on of two logic gates: OR gate followed by NOT gate. By using
only NOR gates, we can realize all logic func�ons: AND, OR, NOT, Ex-OR, Ex-NOR, NAND. So, this
gate is also called universal gate.
2.1) NOR gates as OR gate
A NOR produces complement of OR gate. So, if the output of a NOR gate is inverted, overall output
will be that of an OR gate.
Y = ((A+B)’)’
A B A+B Observed
Y = (A+B) Output
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Figure-5: NOR gates as OR gate Figure-6: Truth table of OR
2.2) NOR gates as AND gate
From De-Morgan’s theorems:
(A+B)’ = A’∙ B’
(A’+B’)’ = A’’B’’ = A∙B
So, give the inverted inputs to a NOR gate, obtain AND opera�on at output.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGG.
BHILAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DURG (C.G.)
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LAB MANNUAL
EXPERIMENT 3
A B A∙B Observed
Output
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Figure-7: NOR gates as AND gate Figure-8: Truth table of AND
Procedure:
Step 1. Design the circuit for each logic gates IC in the Digital Trainer Kit.
Step 2. Switch on the power supply.
Step 3. Observe the output for different combinations of the inputs.
Result: ………………………………………………………………………………………………
Precau�ons:
1. Identify input & output pins of IC carefully.
2. IC should be connected according to pin configuration.
3. Prepare the circuit before switching on the power supply.
4. Circuit to be checked before switching on the power supply.
