BALANCING WORK AND STUDY:EFFECTS OF PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT ON

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF CIMINOLOGY STUDENTS

An Undergraduate Thesis
Submitted to
The Faculty of College of Criminal Justice Education
St. Francis Xavier College
San Francisco, Agusan del Sur

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By
Jeniva Tornea
Geralyn Balderas
Ronabelle G. Espinosa
Ara Marie B. Angeles

Ian Jayson Abragan

December 2024
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Part-time employment is common among college students, including those pursuing degrees
in criminology. With rising tuition costs and living expenses, many students need to work part-time to
support themselves financially. Part- time employment may affect the learning process of students by
reducing the time available for studying, attending classes, and participating in extracurricular activities.
However, it can also provide students with valuable skills and experiences that can enhance their
future career prospects. It offers them the opportunity to apply their academic knowledge, develop
essential skills, build a network, and gain valuable insights into the complexities of the criminal justice
system. This hands-on experience equips criminology students with the tools they need to succeed in
their future careers and contribute positively to society.

In contemporary higher education, the phenomenon of part time employment among college
students, including those pursuing degrees in criminology, has become increasingly prevalent. The
escalating costs of tuition and the rising burden of living expenses have compelled many students to
seek part-time work to maintain financial stability (Nelson & Smith, 2018). In contrary, more of hours
students dedicate to work, the less they have to engage fully in their studies, such as reading
academic texts, performing research, and actively engaging in intellectual discourse on campus. This
lack of focus on education may contribute to the decrease in the likelihood of achieving a high-quality
degree (Callender, 2018).

In the context of criminology students, this study delves into the practical aspects of part-time
employment, asserting that it represents a pragmatic approach that can significantly benefit their
educational and professional development. By providing a platform for the practical application of
academic knowledge, the cultivation of essential skills, the establishment of professional networks,
and the acquisition of profound insights into the complexities of the criminal justice system, part-time
employment emerges as a critical tool in equipping criminology students for success in their future
careers and empowering them to make meaningful contributions to society. Academic performance is
also a critical factor in higher education, where it affects college admission, scholarships, and future
career opportunities (Pamplona, 2021).

This research aims to examine the effects of part-time employment on the academic
performance of criminology students. It seeks to investigate the potential consequences that arise
from balancing part-time jobs with full-time study. By exploring the nature of these consequences, this
study contributes to our understanding of the impact experienced by working students in the field of
criminology. Additionally, this research adds to the existing body of knowledge on the increasing
prevalence of part-time employment among college students. Understanding the relationship between
part-time employment and academic performance is crucial for developing strategies to support
students in effectively managing their work and study commitments.

Research Objectives
This study was conducted to find out the balancing work and study:
effectsof part-time employment in academic performance of criminology
students.Generally the student will determine the balancing work and study:
effects of part-time employment in academic performance of criminology students.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Name

1.2 Age

1.3 Gender

1.4 Year Level

1.5 Type of Job

2. To determine the effects of part-time employment of criminology students interms of:

2.1 Number of Working Hours

2.2 Workplace
 2.3 Monthly Salary

3. To determine the academic performance of criminology students in terms of:

2.1 Truancy

2.2 Grades

2.3 Submission of Activities

4. Is there a significant relationship between the effects of part- time employment in academic
performance of criminology students?

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This section presents the Review of Related Literature and Studies obtained by
the researcher from journals, books and internet. This provides information and
references about topics and matters that are related to this research investigation. This
presents a discussion of relevant reviews and research related to the effects of part-
time employment on academic performance.
Local Literature
Part-time employment has become a prominent feature of the modern workforce,
with students, particularly college and university students, often seeking such
opportunities to support themselves financially during their studies. One critical aspect
of part-time employment that has garnered significant research attention is the number
of hours worked and its implications on various aspects of students' lives (Martinez, et.
al., 2020).

The need for employment while attending college is a common situation faced
by many students. While some students rely on loans, grants, or scholarships to finance
their education, others must work either part-time or full- time to support themselves. It
has been observed that approximately 80% of college students are employed while
pursuing their studies (National Center for Education Statistics, 2018). This statistic has
led to concerns about the potential negative impact of work on students' academic
performance, particularly on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, there are
differing perspectives on the effects of employment on students, with some arguing that
work can have positive outcomes. The prevalence of work among college students has
indeed increased, and many students struggle with balancing their work and academic
obligations to maintain a satisfactory quality of life. The decision to work while attending
college can have both advantages and disadvantages. On one hand, employment can
provide students with valuable skills, work experience, and financial independence. It
can also foster the development of time management, organizational, and multitasking
abilities, which can be beneficial in both academic pursuits and future careers. Some
studies suggest that working part- time can enhance students' sense of responsibility
and self-discipline (Ceci, 2019). On the other hand, the demands of work can
sometimes interfere with students' ability to fully engage in their academic
responsibilities. Working long hours or managing multiple jobs can lead to increased
stress, fatigue, and reduced time available for studying, attending classes, and
participating in extracurricular activities. Consequently, this may potentially impact their
academic performance and overall well-being (Martinez et al., 2020). Achieving a
balance between work and academics is crucial. Effective time management, setting
priorities, and seeking support from professors, advisors, and peers can assist students
in navigating these challenges.

According to Watts (2018) addresses the growing trend of students seeking paid
work to supplement their income while pursuing their studies. It begins by providing a
contextual background on the changes in the student funding mechanism over the past
few decades, highlighting the relevance of the research in this evolving landscape.

Types of Jobs

According to Antonenko, et al, (2020) understanding the types of jobs students

engage in while working part-time can shed light on their experiences and how these
jobs impact various aspects of their lives. This review explores existing literature on the
different types of part-time jobs held by students and their implications for students'
academic performance, well-being, and career development.

Number of Working Hours

 In 2018, approximately 27.7 million people were engaged in part-time work,
which refers to working less than 35 hours per week. Part-time workers can be
categorized based on the reasons they work part-time, which can be either economic or
non-economic. However, most analyses of part-time work focus on individuals who work
part-time for economic reasons, often referred to as "involuntary part-time workers."
This is because this type of part-time work is influenced by the cydical nature of the
economy and has significant policy implications. Involuntary part-time workers are
individuals who desire full-time employment but are currently working part-time due to
either slack business conditions or the fact that they were only able to find part-time job
opportunities. These individuals would prefer to work full-time but are constrained by
external factors such as a lack of demand for full-time employees or limited job
availability. It is worth noting that in 2016, less than one-fifth of all part-time workers,
which amounts to approximately 4.7 million individuals, fell into this category of part-
time employment. This represents about 3.1 percent of the total workforce (Monthly
Lab. Rev. 2018).

While part-time employment may impact students' academic pursuits by limiting

study time, class attendance, and extracurricular involvement. According to Collica-Cox
and Furst (2019), can be impact by several factors, among them the absenteeism (class
absences) is one of the main responsible one.

Part-time employment can contribute positively to a student's overall well- being

by fostering a sense of responsibility, financial independence, and skill development.

However, the number of hours worked plays a critical role. A study by Robb and
Staley (2020), suggested that students who worked fewer hours (less than 20 hours per
week) reported higher levels of overall life satisfaction compared to those working
longer hours. The number of hours worked can also affect students' ability to engage in
social activities and extracurricular pursuits.

A study of Rahaman (2018), a randomly selected sample of 109 students at UIU

(University of Information Technology and Sciences). The study aims to estimate the
impact of the number of hours dedicated to part-time jobs on the academic performance
of students across various departments or faculties within UIU. The researchers
employed the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method to examine the relationship
between part-time activities and academic performance. The findings reveal a
consistent and negative association between the number of hours spent on part-time
jobs and CGPA, indicating a dedine in academic performance as students allocate more
time to their employment commitments

Foreign Literature

Numerous studies have explored the relationship between work hours and
academic outcomes. Carr et al. (2020) conducted a study on UK undergraduate
students and found that part-time employment had a mixed impact on academic
performance. While some students reported improved time management skills and
enhanced motivation due to their work commitments, others experienced challenges in
balancing their workload, resulting in lower grades. The impact of work hours on mental
well-being has also been extensively examined. Nelson and Smith (2020) conducted a
meta-analysis and discovered a significant association between long work hours and
increased stress levels among college students. Students working over 20 hours per
week reported higher stress levels and lower mental well-being compared to those with
shorter work hours.

The financial implications of the number of hours worked are evident. Students
working more hours can earn a higher income, which may alleviate financial stress.
However, it is essential to balance financial needs with the potential negative
consequences on academic performance and well-being (Carr et al., 2020). Practically
part-time employment can provide financial security, working long hours has been
linked to increased stress and mental health issues.

Workplace

Many students secure part-time jobs on their college campuses. These roles can
include working in on-campus jobs such as working in the library, administrative offices,
or as a teaching assistant are often convenient and provide opportunities for students to
connect with faculty and staff (Haelermans & De Witte, 2019). These positions offer
valuable real-world experience and may lead to future career opportunities (Cameron &
Ulferts, 2019). These roles can offer exposure to academic research and provide
valuable skills for future academic or research careers (Ling, et. al, 2018).

Traditional part-time jobs often involve working in retail, food service, or

hospitality. Research (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020) suggests that these jobs are
among the most common for students. With advancements in technology. students can
now find part-time jobs that are entirely online or remote. These roles may include
virtual assistants, content creators, or online tutoring. Remote work provides flexibility
and allows students to develop digital skills (Rosen & Kim, 2018).

Retail sales positions are common among part-time workers. These jobs provide
customer service experience and may lead to opportunities for advancement within the
retail industry (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020). The type of job a student chooses can
significantly impact their academic performance, financial stability, career development,
and overall well-being. As the landscape of part-time employment continues to evolve,
further research is needed to explore how various job types affect students and their
academic journeys in today's dynamic job market (Dill, et. al, 2018).

Monthly Salary

It also presents an opportunity to acquire essential skills and practical

experiences that can enhance their future career prospects. The partial employment of
criminology students represents a pragmatic approach that can significantly enrich their
educational and professional development. It affords them the chance to apply their
theoretical knowledge, cultivate vital skills, establish professional networks, and gain
invaluable insights into the intricacies of the criminal justice system. This hands-on
experience equips criminology students with the tools required for success in their
future careers and empowers. them to make meaningful contributions to society.

Some studies may investigate in the academic performance of criminology

students, as well as potential reasons for any observed differences. Research might
explore the relationship between academic performance in criminology programs and
career outcomes. Beyond academic performance, some literature may focus on the
development of skills and competencies necessary for a successful career in
criminology, including practical experiences and opportunities. Specifically in high-
performing students may have more opportunities in the job market and in pursuing
advanced degrees or research opportunities (Bravo-Agapito, et al, 2021).

Therefore, the researcher wanted to conduct study to determine the balancing

work and study: effects of part-time employment in academic performance of
criminology students. Combining part-time work and their academics sparks different
potential that concems advantages and disadvantages to criminology students'
attainment. The researcher is motivated to conduct this study because it would help the
researcher for his future profession for a better crime solution and prevention. It would
also help formulate new ideas to response to these criminalities in times of crisis and as
to the result of this study, it would help the future researchers to back up their study
related to this research and serve as a basis for further study in this problem.

Locale Studies

In contemporary times, it is increasingly common for students to surpass their

limitations by effectively managing their time between work, education, and social
commitments. The primary motivation behind this phenomenon is the need to cover the
expenses associated with their education. Additionally, some students engage in part-
time employment to acquire supplementary income, enabling them to fulfill personal
desires without relying on parental financial support. Notably, for those who lack access
to university-provided student loans, part-time work becomes the sole avenue for
acquiring the necessary funds. Many students bear financial responsibilities such as
rent and tuition fees, which necessitate their engagement in part-time employment. By
undertaking such work, they not only secure the financial means required but also
develop a profound understanding of the value of money. Furthermore, part-time work
fosters a sense of responsibility and enhances their ability to effectively manage their
obligations while simultaneously navigating the demands of work and college life.
Undoubtedly, the endeavor of balancing work and study can be arduous, demanding
proficient time management skills and the capacity to handle multiple responsibilities
concurrently (Barrios, 2018).
 According to a meta-analysis study conducted by Allen, Robbins, Casillas, and
Oh in 2008, it was found that part-time work has a small but significant negative impact
on academic performance among college students. The study revealed that students
who worked part-time had lower GPAs and were more likely to face academic
difficulties compared to their non-working peers. The negative effect was particularly
noticeable for students working more than 20 hours per week. The study also identified
several factors that influenced the relationship between part-time work and academic
performance. These factors included the number of hours worked, the type of job, the
student's year in college, and their level of engagement in both work and school
activities. The findings of the study suggest that while part-time work can provide
financial benefits, it may also have adverse consequences for academic performance
among college students. Therefore, it is important for students to carefully consider the
number of hours they work and prioritize their academic commitments in order to
maintain a healthy balance between work and study.

Theoretical Framework

This research study aims to examine the impact of part-time employment on the
academic performance of criminology students using the lens of strain theory. Strain
theory suggests that individuals may experience strain when they face obstacles in
achieving their goals. For criminology students, these goals include academic success
and career advancement. Part-time employment introduces social factors that can
contribute to strain, such as limited study time, increased stress levels, and financial
pressures. The strain experienced by criminology students balancing work and study
commitments can potentially affect their academic performance. Limited study time due
to work obligations may lead to reduced focus, decreased productivity, and difficulties
meeting academic requirements. Financial pressures can also contribute to strain,
impacting concentration and overall academic performance. To understand the effects
of part-time employment on criminology students' academic performance, empirical
research is needed. This study can investigate the relationship between work hours,
academic achievement, and the experience of strain among criminology students.
Quantitative empirical methods can explore coping mechanisms employed by students
to manage work-related strain. By applying strain theory to this research, insights can
be gained into how work-related strain influences academic outcomes. This
understanding can inform interventions and support systems to help criminology
students effectively manage work and study responsibilities, ultimately enhancing their
academic performance and well-being (Agnew, R. (1992) Merton, R. K. (1938), and
Messner, S. F., & Rosenfeld, R., (2017).

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework shows the presentation of independent and

dependent variables that will be used in the study. This will serve as a guide in
achieving all the objectives (Figure 1).

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Academic Performance of
Criminology Students
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Significance of the Study

The goal of this research is to provide important information about the study
Balancing Work and Study: Effects of Part-time Employment on Academic Performance
of Criminology Students holds significant importance for various stakeholders.

This will explain why this study is required and how it will benefit a specific group
of people who may be impacted by the research. As a result, this study is significant to
the following:

Schools and Educators, they can benefit by implementing strategies that assist
students in managing their work and study commitments effectively. Educators can
tailor support systems, including counseling services or flexible schedules, to address
the challenges faced by working students.
 Policymakers, this study can guide policymakers in formulating policies that
support a conducive environment for criminology students. Understanding the impact of
part-time work on academic performance helps in crafting regulations that strike a
balance between work opportunities and educational success.

Department, as a whole can benefit from this study by recognizing the unique
circumstances and needs of criminology students who are concurrently employed. The
findings can inform departmental policies and practices, such as providing resources
and support systems tailored to the specific challenges faced by working students. This
can contribute to higher retention rates, improved academic performance, and overall
student satisfaction within the department.

Professors, the findings of this study can provide valuable insights to professors
in understanding the challenges faced by criminology students who are balancing work
and study. This knowledge can help them tailor their teaching methods and
assignments to accommodate the needs of working students, ensuring a more inclusive
and supportive learning environment.

Teacher Instructors, who directly interact with criminology students can benefit
from the study's findings by gaining a deeper understanding of the potential impact of
part-time employment on students' academic performance.

This knowledge can guide them in providing appropriate guidance and support to
help students effectively manage their work and study commitments.

Staff, the study's findings can also be valuable for the staff members who support
the administrative and logistical aspects of the criminology department. Understanding
the potential challenges faced by working students can help staff members in creating a
more supportive and accommodating environment, such as flexible scheduling options
or resources for time management.

Parents, they can better understand the potential effects of part-time employment
on their children's academic pursuits. This knowledge enables them to provide
appropriate guidance and support in decision-making regarding work and study
balance.
 Students, Criminology students will gain valuable insights into the potential
consequences of part-time employment on their academic joumey. This knowledge
empowers them to make informed decisions about their work commitments and time
management strategies, ultimately enhancing their academic success.

Researchers, the findings of this study can guide researchers in developing

interventions and methodologies to further explore the complexities of work-study
balance. It encourages a deeper understanding of the multifaceted impacts of part-time
employment on various academic disciplines. In summary, this study's significance
extends across policymaking, educational institutions, student decision-making, future
research endeavors, parental guidance, and broader academic exploration. Its insights
pave the way for better-informed decisions and targeted support systems to optimize
the academic journey of criminology students amidst part-time employment challenges.

Future Researchers, this study can serve as a foundational framework for future
research in similar areas. It highlights the need for continued investigation into the
relationship between work and academic performance among students in different
disciplines.

Definition of Terms

Balancing work and study. Refers to the act of effectively managing and
allocating time, energy, and resources between employment and academic
commitments. It involves finding a harmonious equilibrium between work responsibilities
and the demands of academic coursework, assignments, and other educational
activities (DesJardins, Ahlburg, and McCall 2002).

Effects. Refer to the outcomes, consequences, or impacts that result from a

particular phenomenon or action. In the context of your research, effects pertain to the
influence or changes observed in the academic performance of criminology students as
a result of their part-time employment (Cohen, Manion, and Morrison, 2018).

Part-time Employment. Refers to a form of employment where an individual

works fewer hours than a full-time employee. It typically involves working for a limited
number of hours per week, allowing individuals to pursue other commitments such as
education, personal responsibilities, or additional employment (Hanushek and
Woessmann, 2011).

Part-time employment on Academic Performance. Refers to the influence or

impact that engaging in paid work for a limited number of hours per week has on the
educational achievements and outcomes of criminology students. It involves examining
how the combination of work and study commitments affects factors such as grades,
class attendance, completion of assignments, research productivity, and overall
academic success (De Hauw and De Vos, 2010).

Academic Performance. Refers to the level of achievement or success

demonstrated by students in their educational pursuits. It encompasses various
aspects, including grades, test scores, class participation, completion of assignments,
research output, and overall mastery of the subject matter. Academic performance is
often used as an indicator of a student's understanding, knowledge, and skills in their
chosen field of study (Nitko and Brookhart, 2018).

Criminology Students. Refers to individuals who are enrolled in an academic

program or course of study focused on the scientific study of crime, criminal behavior,
and the criminal justice system. They engage in coursework and research related to
understanding the causes, consequences, and prevention of crime, as well as the
functioning of the criminal justice system (Brown. Esbensen, and Geis, 2010).

Academic Performance of Criminology Students. Refers specifically to the

level of achievement, progress, and success demonstrated by students enrolled in
criminology programs or courses. It encompasses their ability to comprehend
criminological theories, apply analytical skills to understand criminal behavior, conduct
research, critically analyze criminal justice policies, and effectively communicate their
knowledge and ideas in an academic setting (Siegel, 2019).

Criminology. Is an interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on the scientific

exploration of crime, criminal behavior, and the criminal justice system. It involves
analyzing the causes, patterns, and consequences of crime, as well as studying the
various aspects of law enforcement, criminal justice policies, and crime prevention
strategies (Siegel, 2019).
 CHAPTER II

METHODS

This chapter highlights the research design, research locale, population and
sample, instrument used, data collection procedure, statistical tools to treat the gathered
data and the ethical consideration.

Research Design

The study used a demographic survey method of research. It was the most
appropriate method to use because the main objective of the researcher is to determine
the balancing work and study: effects of part-time employment in academic
performance of criminology students. A quantitative demographic- survey method is
used to collect data on various demographic characteristics of a population or sample
that are easy to answer and straightforward design to provide accurate information. This
method helps researcher understand the composition and diversity of the group being
studied.

Research Locale

The study will be conducted in Arellano St, Purok Waling-Waling. Zone II

Koronadal City, South Cotabato at Ramon Magsaysay Memorial College of Marbel
Incorporated Arellano Campus. The focus of this research revolves around the study
about Balancing Work and Study: Effects of Part-time Employment on Academic
Performance of Criminology Students within the establishment building.

Population and Sample

In facilitating the gathered data to answer the objectives of the study, the
researcher utilizes a random sampling data where the main goal of the researcher is to
generalize the findings from the sample to the entire population of study. The
respondents will be part-time employment criminology students that are relevant to
answer the research objectives of this study.
Research Instrument

The researcher developed a self-work questionnaire with a use of some insight

from internet samples which includes two parts of questionnaire to gather necessary
information about the balancing work and study: effects of part-time employment on
academic performance of criminology students. Part 1 of the questionnaire is the
respondent's information or the respondent's profile. While, the Part 2 of the
questionnaire will answer the existing demographic survey questionnaire.

Data Collection

This data was gathered systematically by the researcher. The following

procedure was followed:

Step 1. The researcher wrote a formal letter with the note of their Adviser
requesting permission from to conduct a study on the Balancing Work and Study:
Effects of Part-time Employment on Academic Performance of Criminology Students.

Step 2. Upon approval, the researcher made the arrangement to the to conduct
the study. Also, the researcher had shared and imparted the significance and the
importance of the study.

Step 3. After they approved, the researcher conducted its study in the Ramon
Magsaysay Memorial College of Marbel Incorporated Arellano Campus and gather data
needed for the researcher's study.

Statistical Tools

In analyzing and interpreting the result of the study, the researcher used
statistical tool that was appropriate for the study. All the gathered data was treated
using the following statistical tools:

In finding out the effects of part-time employment in terms of number of working

hours, workplace, and monthly salary, the researcher used frequency counts and
percentage.
 The tools that were used by the researcher was frequency counts and
percentage. The tally or frequency count is the calculation of how many people fit into a
certain category or the number of times a characteristic occurs. This calculation is
expressed by both the absolute (actual number) and relative (percentage) totals
(definition by University of Guelph).

Ethical Considerations

The ethical guidelines are considered during the course of the research. The
dignity and well-being of the researcher had preserved and protected at all times. The
research paper and the data were completely disclosed and confidential throughout the
period study and names and their information's of the data involved in the study is not
permitted to use by the researcher in the study. The researcher was not permitted to
observe during the listing of data. Therefore, the data involved was completely
protected by the organization and prohibited to use in any other means except for the
researchers' study.
References:
Search
Javier Bravo-Agapito, Sonia J. Romero, Sonia Pamplona, Early prediction of
undergraduate Student's academic performance in completely online learning: A five-
year study. Computers in Human Behavior, Volume 115, 2021.
Kimberly Collica-Cox, and Gennifer Furst, It's Not the CSI Effect: Criminal Justice
Students' Choice of Major and Career Goals, Volume 63, 2019
141 Monthly Lab. Rev. 1 (2018) Who Chooses Part-Time Work and Why
Effects of Part-Time Job to Academic Performance among Fourth Year College
Students in Ateneo de Zamboanga University Khadija A. Arip Lorraine Mae P. Bastasa
Writing and Research Ms. Daryl Jane B. Barrios, (2018)
References: Carr, S., et al. (2020). The impact of part-time employment on academic
performance: Evidence from a sample of UK undergraduate students. Studies in Higher
Education, 45(1), 1-14. Kahn, J. H., & Nauta, M. M. (2020). The impact of employment
on student success and retention. Journal of College Student Development, 61(1), 1-18.
Nelson, J. M., & Smith, T. R. (2020). The relationship between employment and mental
health among college students: A meta-analysis. Journal of College Counseling, 23(1),
64-78. References: Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime
and delinquency. Criminology, 30(1), 47-87. Merton, R. K. (1938). Social structure and
anomie. American Sociological Review, 3(5), 672-682. Messner, S.F., & Rosenfeld, R.
(2017). Crime and the American dream. Cengage Learning.
Allen, J., Robbins, S., Casillas, A., & Oh, I. (2018). The effects of part-time work on
college students: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(3), 386- 400.
Nelson, K., & Smith, S. (2018). The impact of part-time work on academic performance:
Evidence from a quasi-experiment. Journal of Labor Economics, 36(4), 1059-1099,
Callender, C. (2018). The impact of term-time employment on higher education
students' academic attainment and achievement. Journal of Education and Work, 31(1),
1-15.
Pamplona, R. (2021). The impact of part-time employment on criminology students'
educational and professional development.
Martinez, E., et al. (2020). The relationship between part-time employment and
academic performance: A meta-analysis of studies from 1984 to 2018. Journal of
College Student Development, 61(2), 153-169.
Ceci, S. J. (2019). Students' part-time employment: Its effects on family and school
functioning. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 566(1),
144-169. Martinez, E., et al. (2020). The relationship between part-time employment
and academic performance: A meta-analysis of studies from 1984 to 2018. Journal of
College Student Development, 61(2), 153-169.
National Center for Education Statistics. (2018). Fast Facts: Back to School Statistics.
Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=372
Pay as you learn: the effects of part-time paid employment on academic performance
Catherine Watts 10 Oct 2018-pp 41-60
The impacts of students' part time jobs on their academic performance Shahinur
Rahaman 22 Sep 2018-