SSH : Secure Shell Server Protocol

Commands :
sudo : super user do
Ssh username@ipaddress
* Sudo apt install , update , upgrade
* sudo systemctl status ssh
* sudo apt install openssh-server
* sudo systemctl start ssh
* sudo systemctl enable ssh

ip a : finding ipaddress

pwd : print working directory

ls : list directory
cd ~ : home directory
cd / : root directory
Absolute path ( / ), Relative path

FILE SYSTEM STRUCTURE :

/bin ( user level commands cat , cp , vd ,ls ,etc...)

/sbin ( system/filesystem level commands ( booting , restoring , recovery , repair system
)
/etc ( configuration files of applications and etc...)
/dev ( devices files disk , CDROM ,Flash drive )
/proc ( running process )
/var ( system log files )
/tmp ( directory for temporory files )
/usr ( user programs and commands )
/home ( directory for user )
/boot ( contains files used by boot loader ( grub.cfg) )
/lib ( C-programming files needed by commands and apps )
/opt ( optional add-on apps ( third party appications ) )
/mnt ( to mount removable media manually )
/media ( to mount external hardisk , flashdrive ,CDROM )
/srv ( site specific data FTP , WWW )

lISTING DIRECTORIES :

ls : list directory
ls -f : all files and folders
ls -F : differentiating folders and files
ls -a : hidden files
ls -R : directory and their sub directories
ls -l : detailed information of each directory ( long lasting )
ls -t : sort by modification time
ls -s : sort by file size
ls -h : human readable file
* : all ( wild card character )

touch : to create a file ( eg :touch file_name )

mkdir : make a directory ( eg :mkdir directory_name )
rmdir : remove a directory
cp : coping files ( cp file_name destination_file_name )

LINKS :

Symbolic link - only points towards the file or folder doesnt shows the content inside
the file or folder
both have different inode numbers but linked through symbolic links
Hard link - linking the file directly have same or similar inode numbers and size in
bytes 1032 bytes

echo : writing content inside the file ( eg : echo " content " > file_name
cat : viewing the content inside a file ( eg : cat file_name )
rm : to remove a file (eg : rm file_name )
Symbolic link :
Creating symbolic link :( ln -s directory_name/filename
destination_directory_name/destination_symboliclink_name )
overwriting symbolic link : ln -sf " " ...... .... ... .. .

Hardlink : ln orginalfile_path hardlink_path

viewing : ls -i ( inode ) orginalfile_path hardlink_path
- even if we delete the orginal file the content will not be deleted in the hardlink
file .

Renaming files :
mv : mv file_name,path renamed_file_name,path

Deleting files and directories : rm file_path file_path file_path

rm -i file_path / name
removing a directory : rm -r filename/path

VIEW FILE CONTENT : cat file_path / file_name

more """""" down
less """""" up
head """"""
head -n 2 """" ---
tail """""" ---last no of lines
nl file_path / file_name -- no of lines
vi/vim editor ( exiting --> shift + : q )
file file_name ( finding the type of file )

FINDING FILES : find ~ -name "file_name"

find ~ -name "*.txt"
find ~ -type f,txt,d,etc....
find ~ -mtime -7
locate file
locate "*txt"
which ls,cat,etc..... ( form which the given command is working )
whereis ls,cat,etc.... ( shows along with the helping man file )
find ~ -type f -exec grep -l "file" {} \;

NANO EDITOR : nano file_name

ctrl+o save , enter
ctrl+x exit

VIM EDITOR : i - INSERT MODE

ESC - ESCAPE FOR EXIT editing mode
shift + :
:wq - write and exit

FILE PERMISSIONS : -rw-rw-r-- 1 kevinjerald kevinjerald 98 oct 25 22:34 kevinjerald.txt

- it is a file
d directories
l link
permission for file owner
permission for group members
permission for everyone else
r read
w write
x execute
--- no permission
--x execute only permission
-w- write only permission
-wx- wand execute permission
r-- read only permission
r-x read and execute permission
rw- read and write permissions
rwx read write execute permission
FILE PERMISSION FOR USERS : chmod u - users + add r -- read file_name
g - group - remove w -- write
o - others x -- execute

./file_name.sh ( executable script )

CREATING USERS : sudo useradd user_name

password
sudo passwd user_name
su - switch user
sudo usermod -s /bin/bash user_name ( Changing from shell to BASH
scripting )

CREATING GROUPS : sudo groupadd users

ADDING USER TO GROUP : sudo usermod -aG users kevin
groups kevin

FILE PERMISSIONS FOR OTHERS : sudo chmod o+rx /home/kevinjerald

FILE PERMISSIONS FOR GROUPS : sudo chmod g-rwx file_name

FILE OWNERSHIP (root user) : chown kevinjerald file_name

changing group ownership : chown :kevinjerald file_name

COMPRESS DATA : tar -czvf archiving_file_name.tar.gz folder_name

c - create new archive file
z - archive using gzip
v - verbosely list ( display compressed )
f - file name for the archived file
.tar.gz - extension for archived file saving

EXTRACTING COMPRESSED/ARCHIVED DATA : tar -xzvf archived_file_name.tar.gz -C folder_name

x - extract the contents of the archive
z - decompress using gzip
v - verbosely liost ( display compressed )
f - file/folder name
- C directory to extract files

: zip -r archivefolder_name.zip folder_name

: unzip archivefolder_name -d path

: gzip folder_name_path
: gunzip tonystark.txt.gz

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES : printenv

env
echo $HOME ( $ symbol must be used while searching for variables
using echo )

LOCAL VARIABLES : Temporary variables and values

echo $MY_VAR
MY_VAR=VALUE ( Assigning value to variable )
unset MY_VAR ( removing value in a variable )

GLOBAL VARIABLES : .bashrc ( our devices golabal variables stored in )

nano .bashrc ( export TEST_VAR="TEST_VALUE" )
source .bashrc ( refresh )
echo $TEST_VAR
printenv

DISK SPACE MANAGEMENT : df , df -h

DISK USAGE MANAGEMENT : du , du -h
PACKAGES : sudo apt install git , remove , purge , autoremove , search , list --installed
,
show .

PROCESS MANAGEMENT : ps , ps aux , top --- q ( exit )

KILLING A PROCESS : ps -u kevinjerald

kill process_id
pkill process_id

TOP 50 COMMANDS :

ls - listing
pwd - print worrking directory
cd - change directory
mkdir - make direcotry
mv - rename and copy the file
cp - copy file
rm - delete the files
touch - create an empty file
ln - creating a symbolic link and hard link
cat - viewing a content of a file
clear - used to clear the terminal
echo - printing any thing in the terminal
less - display only the small content
man - manual pages of linux commands
uname - about operating system
whoami - finding which user is logged in
tar - compress file and decompress file
grep - used to find a single specific word in a text file
head - listing the top 5 or 3 or etc.. based on our requirment
tail - listing the least 5 or 3 or etc.. based on our requirment
diff - finding difference betwwen two files
cmp - compare ( comparing two different files )
comm - do both the work of diff and cmp
sort - can used to sort the file
export - can be used in environment variables for global variables
zip - can used to zip the bunch of files
unzip - can used to unzip the bunch of files
ssh - secure shell login
service - used to start and stop various services in the linux operating system
ps - process information
kill and killall - stop the process
df - disk space
mount - used to find the deviced that are mounted
chmod - file permissions
chown - file ownership
if config and ip a - network information
traceroute - finding how much data and the path sent to a website
wget - used to download files directly
ufw - used to aceess firewall services
iptables - information about network and fire wall
apt packman yum rpm - package management system
sudo - super user do
call - calender
alias - can convert a large command to user readable samll word
dd - bootable drive
whereis - information about linux commands
wahtis - to find for waht the linux command is used
top - to know the information of the running process of applications and etc...
useradd and usermod - adding an user and modifing the details of the user
passwd - can change the passwd of the user