Steps in Formal Hypothesis…
State the null and alternative hypotheses:
H0 and define
Clearly H1 based on the claim.
Types of Errors in Hypothesis…
Find the test statistic: Calculate the test statis-
sample
tic usingdata.
A Type I error occurs when the null hy- State the level of significance: Deter-
incorrectly The Process of Hypothesis…
pothesis is rejected when it is true. significance
mine the level (α) for the test.
A Type II error occurs when the null hypoth- Determine the critical region: Identify the criti-
Type I and Type II Er… rejected when it is false. that separate the rejection region from the
esis is not cal values
region.
non-rejection
Minimizing these errors is essential for the
hypothesis
reliability oftesting results. Draw a conclusion: Based on the test statistic
critical
and values, decide whether to reject or fail
H0.
to reject
The significance level (α) is the probability of
Type I error.
making a
For instance, if a researcher claims that the H0: μ = 82
Common significance levels are 0.05, 0.01, and rate
mean ofpulse
a population is different from 82 beats
Understanding Significance… 0.05 minute,
per the hypotheses would be:
0.10,being
with the most frequently used. H1: μ ` 82 (two-tailed…
Example of Hypothesis…
Setting an appropriate significance level The test statistic is calculated, and based on
determining
helps in the critical region for hypothe- and the significance level, a conclusion is
its value
sis testing. drawn.
Overview and Basics
Hypothesis
of Testing The alternative hypothesis indicates When reporting results, it is essential to com-
tailed
whetheror two-tailed
a one- test is appropriate. the findings in simple, non-technical terms.
municate
For example, if the hypothesis states that a For example, stating that "we reject the null
Determining the Type of… greater
mean isthan a certain value, a right-tailed test Importance of Clear Commu… should be followed by an explanation of what
hypothesis"
is used. means
that in the context of the study.
Conversely, if the hypothesis states that a
than
meanaiscertain
less value, a left-tailed test is appro- Clear communication ensures that the impli-
priate. the hypothesis
cations of testing are understood by a
audience.
broader
A one-tailed test considers discrepancies in
direction,
only one while a two-tailed test considers
discrepancies in both directions.
The conclusion of a hypothesis test in-
rejecting or failing to reject the null hypoth-
volves either
The choice between one-tailed and two-tailed esis.
One-Tailed vs. Two-Tailed… depends on the nature of the hypothesis
tests If the null hypothesis is rejected, it indicates that
being tested. Final Decision… significant
there is evidence to support the alternative
hypothesis.
Understanding the implications of tails is
accurately
crucial for interpreting test results.
If the null hypothesis is not rejected, it sug-
insufficient
gests evidence to support the claim
being tested.
Tails in Hypothesis…
Conclusion of Hypothesis…
