THE COMPOUND

MICROSCOPE
Week 1
Second quarter
Matatag Curriculum
Process Questions:
1. What scientific instrument is described in the
poem?
the compound light microscope
2. What is the significance of the phrase "scientific
wonders, giving hope"?
• To see and study smaller things not seen by
the naked eye. Knowing their existence, we
appreciate their importance and open many
opportunities.
Microscopy Timeline
 Reading stone

• Reading stones were the first

magnifiers people used as a reading
aids. They were invented in the middle
of the 13th century and very quickly
became common in the whole of
Europe.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
 Electron Microscope
• An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam
of electrons as a source of illumination.
• Electron microscopes can magnify the image of a specimen up
to 500,000 to one million times, allowing us to see the most
minute details of just about any specimen.
• its unparalleled and unprecedented resolving power can
distinguish the details, properties, and features of any
specimen up to a single nanometer small, or less.
• This unique ability allows us to see molecular structures,
nanoparticles, and most importantly, individual atoms. This
means we are looking at nanoscale elements that are
millions of times smaller than a piece of thread
 UNLOCKING KEY TERMS

a. Magnification 1. The ability of a microscope

b. Resolution to distinguish two close
c. Illumination points as separate entities. It
d. Stage determines the level of detail
e. Objective Lens
and clarity that can be
observed in the microscopic
f. Eyepiece (Ocular)
image.
Among the 3 images, which one has a higher
resolution and WHY?
 UNLOCKING KEY TERMS

a. Magnification
b. Resolution
2. The light source used to
c. Illumination brighten the specimen. It can be
d. Stage from a built-in light source, a
e. Objective Lens mirror, or an external light.
f. Eyepiece (Ocular)
LIGHT SOURCES
(ILLUMINATORS)
 UNLOCKING KEY TERMS

a. Magnification
b. Resolution
3. The factor by which a
microscope enlarges an
c. Illumination
image. It is calculated by
d. Stage
multiplying the objective
e. Objective Lens
lens's magnification by the
f. Eyepiece (Ocular)
eyepiece's magnification.
 UNLOCKING KEY TERMS

a. Magnification
b. Resolution
4. The primary lens in a
compound microscope that is
c. Illumination
closest to the specimen and
d. Stage responsible for magnifying
e. Objective Lens the image.
f. Eyepiece (Ocular)
 UNLOCKING KEY TERMS

a. Magnification
5. The lens at the top of the
b. Resolution microscope that you look
c. Illumination through to observe the
d. Stage specimen. It further magnifies
the image produced by the
e. Objective Lens
objective lens.
f. Eyepiece (Ocular)
 UNLOCKING KEY TERMS

a. Magnification
b. Resolution 6. The platform on which the
c. Illumination specimen is placed for
observation. It often includes a
d. Stage
mechanical stage with controls to
e. Objective Lens move the specimen precisely.
f. Eyepiece (Ocular)
WHAT IS A MICROSCOPE?
SUBTOPIC - MICROSCOPY Microscope Anatomy:

1. Eyepiece
2. Arm
3. Stage clips
4. Coarse Adjustment
Knob
5. Fine Adjustment Knob
6. Draw Tube
7. Revolving Nosepiece
8. Objective
9. Stage
10.Diaphragm
11.Illuminator
12.Base
 Eyepiece or ocular

Draw tube

Body tube
Coarse Adjustment knob
Fine Adjustment knob Arm
Revolving nose piece
Objective
Stage
Diaphragm

Mirror
Base
1. Base 9. Stage
2. Mirror 10. Inclination joint
3. Coarse 11. Arm
4. Revolving 12. Pillar
5. Iris diaphragm 13. Stage clip
6. Draw tube 14. Glass slide
7. Body tube 15. fine
8. eyepiece
PARTS & FUNCTIONS

Parts Functions
PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS
 PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS
• Eyepiece (Ocular Lens): The lens at the top of the microscope that you look through,
usually with a magnification of 10x or 15x.
• Arm: The part of the microscope that connects the base to the head and the
eyepiece tube. It is used to carry the microscope.
• Stage Clips: Metal clips on the stage that hold the slide in place.
• Coarse Adjustment Knob: A larger knob used for focusing the microscope. It moves
the stage or the body tube up and down to bring the specimen into general focus.
• Fine Adjustment Knob: A smaller knob used for fine-tuning the focus of the
specimen after using the coarse adjustment knob. It moves the stage slightly to
sharpen the image.
 PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS
• Draw Tube: The tube that connects the eyepiece to the
microscope body.
• Revolving Nosepiece: The part that holds two or more
objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change
power (magnification).
• Objective: The lenses closest to the specimen, that are
typically of varying magnifications (e.g., 4x, 10x, 40x,
100x).
 PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS
• Stage: The flat platform where the slide is placed for observation.
• Diaphragm (Iris): A rotating disk under the stage with different-
sized holes. It is used to vary the intensity and size of the cone of
light that is projected upward into the slide.
• Illuminator: A light source located at the base of the microscope.
• Base: The bottom part of the microscope that provides stability
and support. It houses the illuminator and other electrical
components.
 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF COMPOUND
LIGHT MICROSCOPE

1. It is where the
viewer looks
through the
Look at the number
• specimen.
inscription on your
eyepiece. This is its
magnification power.
• What is the
magnification power?
 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF COMPOUND
LIGHT MICROSCOPE
2. Body tube
• A tube that attaches or connects the
eyepiece to the objectives.
• Separates the eyepiece and objectives;
• Ensures the alignment of EP and O
(contains optical lenses).
• Where the revolving nosepiece is
attached
 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF COMPOUND
LIGHT MICROSCOPE

3. Arm
• connects the body tube and the
base of the microscope;
• Where you hold the microscope
when carrying it together with
the base.
 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF COMPOUND
LIGHT MICROSCOPE

4. Coarse adjustment
❑the bigger of the two knobs
❑used to focus the specimen using a
scanner or LPO
❑Moves the body tube up and down;
❑brings the specimen into general
focus as you move upward
 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF COMPOUND
LIGHT MICROSCOPE

5. Fine adjustment
• To fine-tune the focus
to achieve optimal
clarity
• Or increases the
detail or resolution of
the specimen.
 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF COMPOUND
LIGHT MICROSCOPE
6. Revolving nosepiece
• houses the objective
lenses;
• The viewer spins or
turns this to select
different objective
lenses.
 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF COMPOUND
LIGHT MICROSCOPE

7. Objectives
• One of the most important parts
of a compound microscope,
• they are the lenses closest to the

specimen .
• Forms the enlarged image of the
specimen together with the
eyepiece.
DIFFERENTIATING THE OBJECTIVES IN
TERMS OF MP

• Scanner – 4x – 5x

• LPO - 10x – 15x

• HPO - 40 – 50x

• Oil immersion 90x – 100x

 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF COMPOUND
LIGHT MICROSCOPE
8. Stage
• The platform
where the
specimen placed
in the slide is
placed for
viewing.
 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF COMPOUND
LIGHT MICROSCOPE
9. GLASS SLIDE
The object being
examined is placed here;
where specimens are
mounted; flat rectangles
of thin glass.
 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF COMPOUND
LIGHT MICROSCOPE

9. Stage clip
• Hold the slide
in place
 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF COMPOUND
LIGHT MICROSCOPE

10. Aperture
• The hole in the
middle of the
stage allows light
from the
illuminator to
 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF COMPOUND
LIGHT MICROSCOPE

11. Mirror
• Reflects the light from an
external source (natural light
or from a lamp bulb) reflects
light to the diaphragm to the
aperture.
• One of the illuminators.
 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF COMPOUND
LIGHT MICROSCOPE
12. Diaphragm/condenser
• Adjusts/controls the amount of light that
reaches the specimen.
• This light comes from the microscope’s light
source; is reflected by the mirror and is
gathered by the condenser, before being
regulated by the diaphragm, and then passing
through the specimen.
 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF COMPOUND
LIGHT MICROSCOPE

13. Pillar
• Supports the
microscope and it’s
where the illuminator
is located.
• How to use a Microscope | Cells | Biology | FuseSchool
(youtube.com)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FnOvLEaC4gg
 GUIDELINES IN MICROSCOPE HANDLING
1. Carry the microscope with both
hands. Hold in the base and arm

Arm

base

3. transport one microscope

2. Put one hand on the arm and the to your working area.
other hand at the base.
GUIDELINES IN MICROSCOPE HANDLING
GUIDELINES IN MICROSCOPE HANDLING
 GUIDELINES IN MICROSCOPE HANDLING
Step2. The microscope must be placed on the table with a
distance of at least 10 centimeters from the edge with its arm
facing the one carrying it.
 GUIDELINES IN MICROSCOPE HANDLING

Step3. Cleaning of the microscope. Clean the

microscope with the tissue paper of an old clean t-
shirt
 MANIPULATING THE MICROSCOPE

1. Turn the revolving nosepiece so that the lowest power

objective lens (eg. 4x) is clicked into position.
2. Place the microscope slide on the stage and fasten it with the
stage clips.
3. Look at the objective lens and the stage from the side and
turn the focus knob so the stage moves upward. Move it up as
far as it will go without letting the objective touch the
coverslip.
 MANIPULATING THE MICROSCOPE
4. Look through the eyepiece and move the focus knob until the
image comes into focus.
5. Adjust the condenser and light intensity for the greatest
amount of light.
6. Move the microscope slide around until the sample is in the
center of the field of view.
 MANIPULATING THE MICROSCOPE
7. Use the focus knob to place the sample into focus and readjust
the condenser and light intensity for the clearest image.
8. When you have a clear image of your sample with the lowest
power objective, you can change to the next objective lenses.
You might need to readjust the sample into focus and/or
readjust the condenser and light intensity. Do not let the
objective lens touch the slide!
9. When finished, lower the stage, click the low power lens into
position and remove the slide.
Eyepiece – 10x
Scanner -- 4x
Eyepiece – 10x
LPO -- 10x
Eyepiece – 10x
HPO -- 40x
 COMPARING THE IMAGES

HPO LPO Scanner

• In which objective lens can you view the smallest image
with widest coverage: scanner, LPO or HPO?
• In which objective lens can you view the biggest image with
narrowest coverage: scanner, LPO or HPO?
 DETERMINING TOTAL MAGNIFICATION:

Total Magnification in the low power objective

(LPO)
Locate the numbers on the eyepiece and the low
power objective and fill in the blanks below.

Objective
Eyepiece magnification Total Magnification
(X) magnification =
______________ _____________X
______________

Multiply eyepiece magnification power to objective magnification

power = total magnification
Objective MP Eye piece Total
magnificat
ion
scanner 5X 10X
LPO ? 15x 300X
HPO 50x ? 500x
Oil immersion ? 10x 900x
Objective MP Eye piece Total
magnificat
ion
scanner 5X 10X 5x10 = 50x
LPO 300/15= 20x 15x 300X
HPO 50x 500/50=10x 500x
Oil immersion 900/10=90x 10x 900x
(OI)
MAGNIFICATION (EYEPIECE =
10X)

LPO = 10x OI = 100x

Original e 400x larger from 1000 larger from the
the original size original size
 CREATE THE STORYLINE:

• Using the
graphic
organizer,
summarize the
steps in using
the
microscope.
LEARNERS’ TAKEAWAYS
REFLECTIONS ON LEARNING