STATISTICS
Lecture. (Module II)
MEASURES OF CENTRAL LOCATION/TENDENCY
- Statistical tool for determining the degree of clustering a given set of data
around a central part.
(Ungrouped data)
1. Mean ( ) – arithmetic average.
Weighted Mean
2. Median(mdn) – exact 50% location.
Locator:
3. Mode – most frequent value/s.
MEASURES OF POSITIONS (FRACTILES/QUANTILES)
- Statistical tool for determining the location/position of a data which are
divided into equal parts and arranged in ascending order.
(Ungrouped data)
1. Quartile – division of a given set of data into four equal parts.
Locator :
2. Decile – division of a given set of data into ten equal parts.
Locator :
3. Percentile – division of a given set of data into hundred equal parts.
Locator :
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Examples:
Ungrouped data
A. Considering the following data below:
X→ 18, 10, 5, 8, 21, 5, 3, 12, 15 and 23
Solutions:
Mean
###############################################################################
85 – 5 units for Mathematics
95 – 3 units for English
80 – 3 units for Filipino
Weighted Average?
Weighted Mean:
Median
X Order
3 1
5 2
5 3
8 4
10 5
12 6
15 7
18 8
21 9
23 10
2
X Order
3 1
5 2
5 3
8 4
10 5
12 6
15 7
18 8
21 9
23 10
Median Computation: Alternate Method.
Mode
Mode = 5
General Equation : Mdn = Quartile 2 = Decile 5 = Percentile 50
3
Positions:
Quartile
X Order
3 1
5 2
5 3
8 4
10 5
12 6
15 7
18 8
21 9
23 10
X Order
3 1
5 2
5 3
8 4
10 5
12 6
15 7
18 8
21 9
23 10
4
X Order
3 1
5 2
5 3
8 4
10 5
12 6
15 7
18 8
21 9
23 10
The Last Quartile Position for Ungrouped Data is the Last in the Order
Note: Similar Computation for the rest of the Measures of Positions are applied.
Decile
X Order
3 1
5 2
5 3
8 4
10 5
12 6
15 7
18 8
21 9
23 10
5
X Order
3 1
5 2
5 3
8 4
10 5
12 6
15 7
18 8
21 9
23 10
Percentile
X Order
3 1
5 2
5 3
8 4
10 5
12 6
15 7
18 8
21 9
23 10
6
X Order
3 1
5 2
5 3
8 4
10 5
12 6
15 7
18 8
21 9
23 10
D4 = D6 = P78 = P88=
MEASURES OF CENTRAL LOCATION/TENDENCY
(Grouped data)
Mean ( ): Two methods in finding the mean. ( note: Equal results).
Where; M – midpoint
f – frequency
AM – assumed mean
(midpoint of zero deviation)
d – deviation
(vertical number line)
Median (mdn):
Where; - locator for median class
LB – lower boundary of median class
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cfb – cumulative frequency below/less
than (just below the median class)
fmdn – frequency of median class
i – class interval
Mode (md): Three methods of finding mode. ( note: not equal results )
Where, LB – lower boundary of modal class
(Modal class – highest frequency/s)
d1 – difference of modal class
frequency and frequency just below
d2 – difference of modal class
frequency and frequency just above
i – class interval
MEASURES OF POSITIONS (FRACTILES/QUANTILES)
(Grouped data)
QUARTILE:
Where; - locator
m – desired position
LB – lower boundary of desired
position class
cfb – cumulative frequency
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below/less than (just below
the Qm desired position
class)
fQm – frequency of Qm class
i – class interval
DECILE :
Where; - locator
m – desired position
LB – lower boundary of desired
position class
cfb – cumulative frequency
below/less than (just below
the Dm desired position
class)
fDm – frequency of Dm class
i – class interval
PERCENTILE :
Where; - locator
m – desired position
LB – lower boundary of desired
position class
cfb – cumulative frequency
below/less than (just below
the Pm desired position
class)
fPm – frequency of Pm class
i – class interval
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B. Grouped data: Consider the table (FDT) below.
C.I. f
36 – 40 4
31 – 35 2
26 – 30 12
21 – 25 7
16 - 20 5
Mean
Method 1:
C.I. f M fM
36 – 40 4 38 152
31 – 35 2 33 66
26 – 30 12 28 336
21 – 25 7 23 161
16 - 20 5 18 90
i=5 n = 30
Method 2: C.I. f M d fd
36 – 40 4 38 2 8
31 – 35 2 33 1 2
26 – 30 12 28 0 0
21 – 25 7 23 -1 -7
16 – 20 5 18 -2 -10
N = 30
10
Median
C.I. f M cfb
36 – 40 4 38 30
31 – 35 2 33 26
26 – 30 12 28 24
21 – 25 7 23 12
16 - 20 5 18 5
n = 30
Mode C.I. f M cfb
Method 1: By Inspection. 36 – 40 4 38 30
Mode = 28 31 – 35 2 33 26
26 – 30 12 28 24
Method 2: Based on 21 – 25 7 23 12
16 - 20 5 18 5
Frequencies.
Method 3: Based on Educational Statistics.
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Positions:
C.I. f M cfb
36 – 40 4 38 30
31 – 35 2 33 26
26 – 30 12 28 24
21 – 25 7 23 12
16 - 20 5 18 5
Quartile
12
C.I. f M cfb
36 – 40 4 38 30
31 – 35 2 33 26
26 – 30 12 28 24
21 – 25 7 23 12
16 - 20 5 18 5
C.I. f M cfb
36 – 40 4 38 30
31 – 35 2 33 26
26 – 30 12 28 24
21 – 25 7 23 12
16 - 20 5 18 5
C.I. f M cfb
36 – 40 4 38 30
31 – 35 2 33 26
26 – 30 12 28 24
21 – 25 7 23 12
16 - 20 5 18 5
Note: Similar Computation for the rest of the Measures of Positions are applied.
13
Decile
C.I. f M cfb
36 – 40 4 38 30
31 – 35 2 33 26
26 – 30 12 28 24
21 – 25 7 23 12
16 - 20 5 18 5
C.I. f M cfb
36 – 40 4 38 30
31 – 35 2 33 26
26 – 30 12 28 24
21 – 25 7 23 12
16 - 20 5 18 5
Percentile
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C.I. f M cfb
36 – 40 4 38 30
31 – 35 2 33 26
26 – 30 12 28 24
21 – 25 7 23 12
16 - 20 5 18 5
C.I. f M cfb
36 – 40 4 38 30
31 – 35 2 33 26
26 – 30 12 28 24
21 – 25 7 23 12
16 - 20 5 18 5
D3 = D9 = P65 = P80=
Prepared by:
Assoc. Prof. Renato E. Apa-ap
Research Coordinator-Science Cluster
Research Management Office
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