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L1 Unix General Purpose Commands

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20 views8 pages

L1 Unix General Purpose Commands

Uploaded by

Irteka Parween
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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How to run UNIX commands:

 Install Unix/Linux operating system in your PC or go to the following link in your web
browser: https://bellard.org/jslinux/vm.html?url=alpine-x86.cfg&mem=192.
 ↩ Enter Key Sign
Unix General-Purpose Commands:

1. cal: The Calendar:

 You can invoke the cal command to see the calendar of any specific month or a complete
year.
 Example: $ cal (↩ ) will give the calendar of current month and year (i.e., March 2022).
 $ cal 03 2006 will give the calendar of March 2006.

2. date: Displaying the system date

 You can display the current date with the date command, which shows the date and time
to the nearest second.
 Example:$ date (↩ )

 There are many other format specifier, for example:


 d – The day of the month (1-31)
 y – The last two digits of the year.
 H, M, and S – The hour, minute, and second, respectively.
 D – The date in the format mm/dd/yy.
 T – The time in the format hh:mm:ss.
 When you use multiple format specifier, you must enclose them within quotes (single or
double), and use a single + symbol before it. Example:

3. echo: Displaying a message

 This command is used to display messages on the terminal, or to issue prompts for taking
user input.
 Example: $ echo My name is xyz

4. printf: An alternative to echo

 The printf command can be used in the same way as echo.

 Difference between echo and printf:


 To understand the difference between echo and printf consider the following commands:

 Why printf prints 5 and echo prints 6 characters?


 echo output the args, separated by spaces, followed by a newline, whereas printf only
prints what appears in the format; it does not append an implied newline. That is why
with echo we don’t have to use \n but with printf we have to use \n to move cursor to the
new line.
 Format strings with printf:


 %d – represents decimal integer
 %f – represents floating point number
 %s – represents string
5. bc: The calculator:

 The bc command is used for calculator operations. For example:

 How to store the result of complete operation in variable?


Assignment Operators
The list of assignments operators supported are:
 var = value : Assign the value to the variable
 var += value : similar to var = var + value
 var -= value : similar to var = var – value
 var *= value : similar to var = var * value
 var /= value : similar to var = var / value
 var ^= value : similar to var = var ^ value
 var %= value : similar to var = var % value

Increment Operators
There are 2 kinds of increment operators:
 ++var: Pre increment operator, variable is increased first and then result of variable is
stored.
 var++: Post increment operator, result of the variable is used first and then variable is
incremented.
 Decrement Operators
 There are 2 kinds of decrement operators:
 – – var: Pre decrement operator, variable is decreased first and then result of variable is
stored.
 var – – : Post decrement operator, result of the variable is used first and then variable is
decremented.
Comparison or Relational Operators
Relational operators are used to compare 2 numbers. If the comparison is true, then result
is 1. Otherwise(false), returns 0. These operators are generally used in conditional
statements like if.
The list of relational operators supported in bc command are shown below:
 expr1<expr2 : Result is 1 if expr1 is strictly less than expr2.
 expr1<=expr2 : Result is 1 if expr1 is less than or equal to expr2.
 expr1>expr2 : Result is 1 if expr1 is strictly greater than expr2.
 expr1>=expr2 : Result is 1 if expr1 is greater than or equal to expr2.
 expr1==expr2 : Result is 1 if expr1 is equal to expr2.
 expr1!=expr2 : Result is 1 if expr1 is not equal to expr2.

Logical or Boolean Operators


Logical operators are mostly used in conditional statements. The result of the logical
operators is either 1(TRUE) or 0(FALSE).

 expr1 && expr2 : Result is 1 if both expressions are non-zero.

 expr1 || expr2 : Result is 1 if either expression is non-zero.

 ! expr : Result is 1 if expr is 0.


Conversion from one number system to other:

 The default base is decimal.


 ibase = input base, obase = output base.
 Decimal to binary, octal, and hexadecimal conversions:

 Convert Binary to Decimal, Octal, and Hexadecimal:

Conditional Statements

 Conditional Statements are used to take decisions and execute statements based on these
decisions. bc command supports the if condition.

 Iterative statements
bc command supports the for loop and while loop for doing iterations.
We can write our arithmetic expressions in a file and then execute those statements
by providing the filename to the bc command.
Input :
$ cat >> example.txt
2+5;
var = 10*3
var
print var
quit

Press ctrl+D

$ bc example.txt
TO AVOID SYSTEM GENERATED MESSAGE ON OUTPUT SCREEN, USE:
$ bc -q example.txt

6. script: Recording your session:

 script command is useful to store in a file all keystrokes as well as output and error
messages.
 We can later view the file using the cat command.
 If you are doing some important work and wish to keep a log of all your activities, you
should invoke this command.

 You can view your entire recorded session or the content of your file using cat command
like this:
7. uname: knowing your machine’s characteristics:

 The uname command displays certain features of the operating system running on your
machine. By default, it simply displays the name of the OS.

 To find the version and host-name of your operating system use uname –r and uname –n
command respectively.

8. tty: knowing your terminal:

 tty (full-form: teletype) command tells you the filename of the terminal you are using.
 The stty command is used to display and set terminal characteristics.

 The output of the tty command is /dev/hvc0, where hvc0 is the terminal’s file name and
dev is the name of the directory in which your terminal is residing.
 The –a (all) option in the stty command displays the current setting of your terminal.

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