INDUSTRY NETWORKING

INDUSTRY
NETWORKING
INDUSTRY NETWORKING
Perform site surveying
Identify Design tools and Equipement
Network Design tools

• Cisco Packet Tracer

• eDraw
• GNS3
• Microsoft Visio.
• Diagram Designer
Packet Tracer

Packet Tracer is a cross-platform visual

simulation
tool designed by Cisco Systems that allows users to
create network topologies and imitate modern
computer networks. The software allows users
to
simulat the configuration of Cisco routers and
e
switches using a simulated command line interface.
eDraw Max

EdrawMax is a 2D business technical diagramming

software which helps create flowcharts, organizational
charts, mind map, network diagrams, floor plans, workflow
diagrams, business charts, and engineering diagrams.
 GNS-3

Graphical Network Simulator-3(GNS-3) is a network

software emulator first released in 2008. It allows the
combination of virtual and real devices, used to simulate
complex networks.
 Diagram Designer

Diagram Designer is a simple vector graphics editor for

c reating flowcharts, UML class diagrams, illustrations and
slide shows.
Networking devices
NETWORK INTERFACE DEVICE (NIC)

• The network adapter installed on

your network device.
• Provides the physical and
electrical, light or radio frequency
connections to the network
media.
• It can either be an expansion card,
USB devices or built directly into
the motherboard.
 ● MAC Address Format

Dec Bin Hex Dec Bin

Hex
0 = 0000 = 0 8 = 1000 = 8
1 = 0001 = 1 9 = 1001 = 9
2 = 0010 = 2 10 = 1010 = A
3 = 0011 = 3 11 = 1011 = B
4 = 0100 = 4 12 = 1100 = C
5 = 0101 = 5 13 = 1101 = D
6 = 0110 = 6 14 = 1110 = E
7 = 0111 = 7 15 = 1111 = F

OUI unique
● An Intel MAC address: 00-21-CC-BA-44-C4
● 0000 0000 - 0010 0001 – 1100 1100 - 1011 1010 – 0100 0100 – 1100 0100
● IEEE OUI FAQs: http://standards.ieee.org/faqs/OUI.html
HUB

• Used to Connect Devices Together Within a

Network
• Used in Early Networks; Replaced by Switches
• “Multi-Port Repeater”
o Traffic goes in one port and is repeated
(broadcasted) out every other port
o OSI Layer 1Device
o Dumb Network Device
o Causes increased network collision errors
• Much Less Efficient than a Switch
• Legacy Equipment No Longer Used
● Hubs and Collision Domains

Sending host

Receiving host
● Hubs and Collision Domains

Collision

Sending host

Receiving host
 ● Where are the collision domains?
Single Collision Domain

router

hub hub

hub hub hub hub hub hub

 ● What would be the duplex settings?
Half-duplex
router

hub hub

hub hub hub hub hub hub

hub

Half-duplex 18
 ● Where are the collision domains?
What would be the duplex settings?
router

switch switch

switch hub hub switch switch switch

19
 ● Where are the collision domains?
router

switch switch

switch hub hub switch switch switch

Collision Domains

20
 ● What would be the duplex settings?
Half-duplex

router Full-duplex

switch switch

switch hub hub switch switch switch

switch

Full-duplex
SWITCHES
SWITCHES

• Connects Devices Together Just Like a Hub

• Intelligent Network Device (OSI Layer 2)
• Memorizes the MAC Address of Each Device Connected to
It via a MAC Address Table, sometimes called a Content
Addressable Memory (CAM) Table
• Pays attention to Source and Destination MAC addresses
during Communication Process
• Use Application-Specific Integrated Circuitry (ASIC), which
makes them Extremely Fast
• Breaks up Collision Domains
Traffic Goes in One Port and Is Repeated out to Only
Destination Port
Designed for High Bandwidth
Standard in Today’s Network Infrastructure InstructorAlton.co
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Switches

● Switches operate at Layer 2.

−They learn and store MAC addresses of nodes connected to ports.
●
Switches control the flow of data by isolating each port and sending a frame
only to its proper destination rather than send every frame to every device.
●
So, a switch reduces the number of devices receiving each frame, which
also reduces the chance of collisions.
−As switches replaced hubs, Ethernet networks gained collision management control.
● Using Switches
▪ A switch increases throughput dramatically.

The 3 primary reasons for this increase are:

1. Dedicated bandwidth to each port
2. Full-duplex operation
3. Minimizing of collisions to create a collision-free environment
Collision Free
 ● Ethernet Switching
●
When only one host is connected to
a switch port, the collision domain
on the shared media contains only
two nodes:
−The switch port

−The host connected to it.

SWITCHES
 • A wireless access point (WAP) is a bridge that extends the wired network to
Wireless Access Point the wireless network.
(WAP) • Just like a switch, it’s a Data Link Layer 2 device.
• Note: A WAP is not a router.

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Wireless Ranger Extender

• Extends the range of a wireless network by acting as a wireless repeater.

• Rebroadcasts radio frequencies from the wireless network it is associated
with
Routers

• Used to Connect Different

Networks Together
• Routes Traffic Between
Networks using IP Addresses
• Uses Intelligent Decisions
(Routing Protocols) to Find
the Best Way to Get a Packet
of Information from One
Network to Another.
• Break Up Broadcast Domains
• OSI Layer 3 Device
Layer 3 = Router
Layer 2 = Switch
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Layer 1=Hub m
Modems

• M o d e m s modulat e one signal to another, such as analog to digital.

• For example, m o d u l a t i n g a telephone analog signal into a digital signal that
a router can understand.
Media Converters

• Like its n a m e implies, it converts one m e d i a type to another.

• Layer 1 Device: Performs physical layer signal conversion.
• Ethernet to fiber optic m e d i a converters are c o m m o n l y used.
Firewalls

• Firewalls are the foundation of a defense-in-d e p t h network security

strategy.
• They protect your network from malicious activity o n the Internet.
• Prevent u n w a n t e d network traffic o n different networks from accessing
your network.
• Firewalls d o this by filtering data packets that g o t h ro u g h them.
• They can b e a standalone network device or software o n a c o m p u t e r
system, m e a n i n g network-based (hardware) or host-based (software).
Network media
Types of Network
Cabling

• Ethernet is a network protocol that controls how data is transmitted over a LAN.
• It’s referred to as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.3
Standard.
• It supports networks built with coaxial, twisted-pair, and fiber-optic cabling.
• The original Ethernet standard supported 10Mbps speeds, but the latest supports
much faster gigabit speeds.
• Ethernet uses CSMA/CD & CSMA/CA access methodology.
Types of Network
Cabling

Ethernet N<Signaling>-X Naming

• Ethernet uses an “xx Base T” naming convention: 10Base-T
o N: Signaling Rate, i.e., Speed of the cable.
o <Signaling>: Signaling Type: B a s e ba nd (Base) communication.
o X: Type of cable (twisted pair or fiber).
Types of Network
Cabling

Twisted Pair Standards

Cat Network Type Ethernet Standard Speed Max. Distance

Cat 3 Ethernet 10Base-T 10Mbps 100 meters

Cat 5 Fast Ethernet 100Base-TX 100Mbps 100 meters

Cat 5e Gigabit Ethernet 1000Base-T 1Gbps 100 meters

Cat 6 Gigabit Ethernet 1000Base-T 1Gbps 100 meters

10 Gigabit Ethernet 10GBase-T 10Gbps 55 meters
Cat 6a 10 Gigabit Ethernet 10GBase-T 10Gbps 100 meters

Cat 7 10 Gigabit Ethernet 10GBase-T 10Gbps 100 meters

Cat: Copper Cabling Standard.

Coaxial Cable

• Antiquated technology used in the 1980s. Coaxial cables are rarely used today, except
for cable m o d e m connections.
• Categorized as Radio Grade (RG)
o RG-6: U s e d for m o d e r n cable TV a n d b r o a d b a n d cable m o d e m s .
o RG-8: Used in early 10Base5 “Thick-net” Ethernet networks.
o RG-58: Used in early 10Base2 “Thin-net” Ethernet networks.
o RG-59: U s e d for closed-circuit TV (CCTV) networks
• Metallic shield helps protect against electromagnetic interference (EMI)
Coaxial Cable

Coaxial Cable Connectors

F-Connector BNC Connector

• Tension spring twist-on
• Screw-on connection connection
• RG-6 Cable TV and Broadband • RG-8 “Thick-net” and RG-58 “Thin-
Cable Applications. net” network applications.
Twisted Pair Copper
Network Cabling

• 4 Twisted Pairs of Wires with RJ-45 Connector

• Balanced pair operation
o +& - Signals
o Equal & Opposite Signal
• Why are they twisted?
o To Help Reduce Interference
• Crosstalk
• Noise (Electromagnetic Interference)
• Security concerns
o Signal Emanations
• 100 Meters Maximum Distance
o Signal Attenuation
 Shielded vs.
Unshielded & EMI

• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

o More susceptible to electromagnetic
interference (EMI).
• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
o Less susceptible to EMI & Crosstalk (if each
pair shielded).
• Electromagnetic Interference
o The disruption of an electronic device's
operation w h e n it's in the vicinity of an
electromagnetic field caused by another
electronic device (manufacturing equipment,
microwave ovens, etc.).
 Shielded vs.
Unshielded & EMI

Roles of Twists
• Increased twists per inch:
o Reduces Crosstalk
o Increases Signals
o Supports Faster Speeds
 Shielded vs.
Unshielded & EMI

Twisted Pair Standards

Cat Network Type Ethernet Standard Speed Max. Distance Frequency

Cat 3 Ethernet 10Base-T 10Mbps 100 meters 16 MHz

Cat 5 Fast Ethernet 100Base-TX 100Mbps 100 meters 100 MHz

Cat 5e Gigabit Ethernet 1000Base-T 1Gbps 100 meters 100 MHz

Cat 6 Gigabit Ethernet 1000Base- 1Gbps 100 meters 250 MHz

10 Gigabit T 10Gbps 55 meters
Ethernet 10GBase-T
Cat 6a 10 Gigabit Ethernet 10GBase-T 10Gbps 100 meters 500 MHz

Cat 7 10 Gigabit Ethernet 10GBase-T 10Gbps 100 meters 600 MHz

Cat: Copper Cabling Standard.

 • Industry-standard that specifies the pin
arrangement for RJ-45 connectors.
• Two Standards:
• 568A & 568B
TIA/EIA 568A & 568B • 568B is newer and the recommended standard.
Wiring Standards • Either can be used.
• Why are standards important?
o Lower Costs
o Increase Interoperability
o Easier Maintenance
 Straight-Through & Crossover Cables
Straight-Through Cable Crossover Cable
TIA/EIA 568A & 568B • Connecting “Unlike” Devices • Connecting “Like” Devices
Wiring Standards o
o
Computer to Switch
Switch to Router
o
o
Router to Router
Computer to Computer
TIA/EIA 568A & 568B
Wiring Standards
Which Twisted Pairs Are Used?
Ethernet & Fast Ethernet Gigabit & 10 Gigabit Ethernet
Cat 3 and Cat 5 Cat 5e & Faster
Only Green and Orange Pairs Used: All Four Pairs Used:
• Pins 1, 2, 3, and 6 • Supports bi-directional data transmission on
o One Pair to Transmit Data (TX) each pair of wires.
o One Pair to Receive Data (RX)

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Plenum-Rated Cabling
Plenum-Rated Cabling

• The plenum is the open space above the ceiling or below a raised floor.
• A “plenum space” is the part of a building that enables air circulation by providing
pathways for heated/air-conditioned and return airflows at a higher pressure
than normal.
• All network cabling placed in the plenum should be “plenum-rated.”

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Non-Plenum-Rated
Non-Plenum-Rated & Fire Hazard

• Non-plenum cable or polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

cable is often much less expensive than
plenum-rated cable.
• When PVC burns or smolders, it releases
toxic fumes into the air (Hydrochloric Acid
and Dioxin).
• The plenum air return would unknowingly
circulate toxic air throughout an office.
• Sprinkler systems typically can’t access the
plenum area.
• Building codes often require Plenum Rated
cable installed through any plenum space.
 Plenum-Rated Cables
• P l e n u m - rated cables have a special insulation that has low smoke,
low flame a n d non-toxic characteristics.
• Coated with n o n f l a m m a b l e materials that m i n i m i z e toxic fumes:
o Teflon
o Fluorinated ethylene polymer (FEP)
o Low-S m o ke P V C
Fiber Optic Network Cabling
Fiber Optic Network Cabling

• Glass or plastic fiber that carries light (photons)

o High Bandwidth: Photons travel faster than electrons.
o Long Distances: Less attenuation.
o Immune to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
o Doesn’t Emanate Signals
• Two Types
o Multi-mode Fiber (MMF)
• Shorter Distances (LAN / Building-to-Building)
• Up to 2 Kilometers
o Single-mode Fiber (SMF)
• More expensive than multi-mode
• Longer Distances (WAN / Across Town)
• Up to 200 Kilometers

Informational Note: 9-micron Single-Mode Fiber can travel 75 miles at 400 Gbps
Fiber Optic Network Cabling

MMF versus SMF

Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF) Single-Mode Fiber (SMF)
• Many photons of light travel • A single direct photon of light
through the cable at once, and travels through the cable, which
bounce off the walls, which allows greater distances and
reduces the distance and speed. speed.
• Larger Core: 50 to 62.5 microns • Smaller Core: 8 to 10 microns

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Fiber Optic Network Cabling

Fiber Optic Cable Connectors

Lucent Connector (LC) Subscriber Connector (SC)
• Small form-factor design that has a flange on • Square connector that uses a push-pull
the top, similar to an RJ-45 connector. connector similar to A/V equipment.
• Commonly used in M M F & SMF gigabit and • Commonly used in M M F & SMF gigabit
10-gigabit Ethernet networks. Ethernet networks.

Straight Tip (ST) Mech. Transfer Register Jack (MTRJ)

• BNC style connector with a half-twist
bayonet locking mechanism. • Similar to the RJ-45 connector, and houses
two fiber optics cables.
• Was used in M M F networks but not
commonly used anymore. • Designed for M M F networks.
Why use Fiber?
 Why use Fiber?

• Fiber cable is more expensive than twisted pair, as is the equipment

• But you can perform much longer network cable runs with fiber.
o 100m versus up to 200 Kilometers
• So you have decreased network equipment costs
o Switches, routers, etc.
• Plus fiber is:
o Immune to EMI and signal emanations
o Has lower signal attenuation
o Making it more reliable and secure
• Costs are steadily decreasing as more people adopt fiber
Networking Cable
Selection Criteria
Networking Cable Selection Criteria

Cost Constraints
• What is your budget?

Transmission Speed Requirements

• How fast does your network need to be?
• 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps?

Distance Requirements
• Electrical signals degrade relatively quickly (100 meters)
• Fiber can transmit over long distances

Noise & Interference Immunity (Crosstalk, EMI, Security)

• Interference is all around us: power cables, microwaves, mobile phones, motors, etc.
Wireless
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