Name:...........................................

Class:...........................................

Applied Statistics and

Probability for Engineers
Exercise Book

Trần Trọng Huỳnh - 2021

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 Probability
Chapter 1: The Role of Statistics in Engineering
1. Explain the statistical terms as listed below:

1.1 Population - Sample

1.2 Parameter - Statistic

1.3 Observational study - Experiment - Case study

1.4 The type of observational study: Cross - sectional, Retrospective and Prospective

1.5 Quantitative data - Qualitative data

1.6 Discrete data - Continuous data

1.7 Mechanistic model - Empirical model - Probability models

1.8 Collecting data - Analysis data - Presentation data

1.9 Random sample - Random variable

2. The US government wants in know how American citizens feel about the war in Iraq.
They randomly select 500 citizens from each state and ask them about their feeling. What are
the population and the sample?

3. Determine whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter.

3.1 A sample of 120 employees of a company is selected, and the average is found to be 37
years.

3.2 After inspecting all of 55,000 kg of meat stored at the Wurst Sausage Company, it was
found that 45,000 kg of the meat was spoiled.

4. Is the study experimental or observational?

4.1 A marketing firm does a survey to find out how many people use a product. Of the one
hundred people contacted, fifteen said they use the product.

4.2 A clinic gives a drug to a group of ten patients and a placebo to another group of ten
patients to find out if the drug has an effect on the patients' illness.

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5. Identify the type of observational study.

5.1 A statistical analyst obtains data about ankle injuries by examining a hospital's records
from the past 3 years.

5.2 A researcher plans to obtain data by following those in cancer remission since January of
2015.

5.3 A town obtains current employment data by polling 10,000 of its citizens this month.

6. Identify the number as either continuous or discrete.

6.1 The total number of phone calls a sales representative makes in a month is 425.

6.2 The average height of all freshmen entering college in a certain year is 68.4 inches.

6.3 The number of stories in a Manhattan building is 22.

7. Classify each set of data as discrete or continuous.

7.1 The number of suitcases lost by an airline.

7.2 The height of corn plants.

7.3 The number of ears of corn produced.

7.4 The time it takes for a car battery to die.

8. Fill in the bank

8.1 Observational Study is a basic method of ...

8.2 Designed Study is a basic method of ...

8.3 Retrospective Study, observational study and designed experiment are three basis
methods of ...

8.4 A designed experiment is a method of ...

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Chapter 2: Probability
1. Each of the possible five outcomes of a random experiment is equally likely. The sample
space is {a, b, c, d, e}. Let A denote the event {a, b}, and let B denote the event {c, d, e}.
Determine the following:

a) P(A) b) P(B) c) P(A’) d) P(AB) e) P(A|B)

2. The sample space of a random experiment is {a, b, c, d, e} with probabilities 0.1, 0.1, 0.2,
0.4, and 0.2, respectively. Let A denote the event {a, b, c}, and let B denote the event {c, d,
e}. Determine the following:

a) P(A) b) P(B) c) P(A’) d) P(AB) e) P(A|B)

3. A part selected for testing is equally likely to have been produced on any one of six
cutting tools.

a) What is the sample space?

b) What is the probability that the part is from tool 1?

c) What is the probability that the part is from tool 3 or tool 5?

d) What is the probability that the part is not from tool 4?

4. The Ski Patrol at Criner Mountain Ski Resort has determined the following probability
distribution for the number of skiers that are injured each weekend:

Injured Skiers 0 1 2 3 4
Probability 0.05 0.15 0.4 0.3 0.1
What is the probability that the number of injuries per week is at most 3?

5. The probability of a New York teenager owning a skateboard is 0.37, of owning a bicycle
is 0.81 and of owning both is 0.36.

5.1 If a New York teenager is chosen at random, what is the probability that the teenager
owns a skateboard or a bicycle?

5.2 If a New York teenager is chosen at random, what is the probability that the teenager
owning a skateboard but not owning a bicycle.

5.3 Find the probability that the teenager owns a bicycle given that the teenager owns a
skateboard.

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6. Let P  A  0.4, P B  0.5 P  A  B  0.7 . Find
and

6.1
P 6.2 P  6.3 P  B | A
AB
AB

7. If the last digit of a weight measurement is equally likely to be any of the digits 0 through
9.

7.1 What is the probability that the last digit is 0?

7.2 What is the probability that the last digit is greater than or equal to 5?

8. Disks of polycarbonate plastic from a supplier are analyzed for scratch and shock
resistance. The results from 100 disks are summarized as follows:

Shock Resistance
High Low
Scratch Resistance High 70 9
Low 16 5
Let A denote the event that a disk has high shock resistance, and let B denote the event that a
disk has high scratch resistance. If a disk is selected at random, determine the following
probabilities:

8.1
P  A P 8.2 P  AB P A 8.3 P  A | and P  B | A
and B and B B

9. Samples of a cast aluminum part are classified on the basis of surface finish (in micro-
inches) and length measurements. The results of 100 parts are summarized as follows:

Length
Excellent Good
Surface Finish Excellent 80 2
Good 10 8
Let A denote the event that a sample has excellent surface finish, and let B denote the event
that a sample has excellent length. Determine:

9.1
P  A P 9.2 P  AB P A 9.3 P  A | and P  B | A
and B and B B

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10. A batch of 350 samples of rejuvenated mitochondria contains eight that are mutated (or
defective). Two are selected, at random, without replacement from the batch.

a) What is the probability that the second one selected is defective given that the first one
was defective?

b) What is the probability that both are defective?

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c) What is the probability that both are acceptable?

11. Suppose that A and B are independent events , P  A | B  0.4 P B  0.5 .
the following: and Determine

11.1
P  AB P  AB 11.2 P  A  and P  B | A
and B

12. Suppose 2% of cotton fabric rolls and 3% of nylon fabric rolls contain flaws. Of the rolls
used by a manufacturer, 70% are cotton and 30% are nylon. What is the probability that a
randomly selected roll used by the manufacturer contains flaws?

13. In the 2012 presidential election, exit polls from the critical state of Ohio provided the
following results:

Total Obama Romney

No college degree (60%) 52% 45%
College graduate (40%) 47% 51%
What is the probability a randomly selected respondent voted for Obama?

14. The probability that a lab specimen contains high levels of contamination is 0.1. Five
samples are checked, and the samples are independent.

14.1 What is the probability that none contain high levels of contamination?

14.2 What is the probability that exactly one contains high levels of contamination?

14.3 What is the probability that at least one contains high levels of contamination?

15. An e-mail filter is planned to separate valid e-mails from spam. The word free occurs in
60% of the spam messages and only 4% of the valid messages. Also, 20% of the messages
are spam. Determine the following probabilities:

15.1 The message contains free.

15.2 The message is spam given that it contains free.

15.3 The message is valid given that it does not contain free.

16. The sample space of a random experiment is {a,b,c,d,e} with probabilities 0.1; 0.2; 0.1;
0.4 and 0.2, respectively. Let A  a,b, d, B  b,c,e . Determine

16.1 P  A  P A
16. 16.3 P  A | B
B 2 B
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17. A lot of 30 ICs contains 5 that are defective. Two are selected randomly, without
replacement from the lot.

17.1 What is the probability that both are defective?

17.2 What is the probability that both are not defective?

18. An inspector working for a manufacturing company has a 99% chance of correctly
identifying defective items and a 0.5% chance of incorrectly classifying a good item as
defective. The company has evidence that its line produces 0.9% of nonconforming
items.

a) What is the probability that an item selected for inspection is classified as defective?

b) If an item selected at random is classified as non-defective, what is the probability that it

is indeed good?

19. Decide whether a discrete or continuous random variable is the best model for each of the
following variables:

19.1 The time until a projectile returns to earth.

19.2 The number of times a transistor in a computer memory changes state in one operation.

19.3 The volume of gasoline that is lost to evaporation during the filling of a gas tank.

19.4 The outside diameter of a machined shaft.

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 Chapter 3: Discrete Random Variables and Probability
Distributions
1. The sample space of a random experiment is {a, b, c, d, e, f}, and each outcome is equally
likely. A random variable is defined as follows:

Outcome a b c d e f
X 0 0 1.5 1.5 2 3
Use the probability mass function to determine the following probabilities:

1.1 P X  1.5
  1.2 P 0.5  X  2.7
1.3 P 0  X 
1.4 P  X  0 or X  2
2

2. Verify that the following functions are probability mass functions, and determine the
requested probabilities.
x -2 -1 0 1 2
f(x) 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.1
2.1 P X 2.2 P X 2.3 P 1  X or X  2
2 2

2.4 Calculate E X , V
   and  X
X

3. The thickness of wood paneling (in inches) that a customer orders is a random variable
with the following cumulative distribution function:

0 , x  1/ 8
0.2 ,1/ 8  x  1/ 4
F  x 
0.9 ,1/ 4  x  3 / 8

1 ,3/8x

Determine the following probabilities:

3.1  1  5
 X
P 3.2 P X
   
 4  16 

3.3
9
  1
P
X X
3.4 Calculate E  X  , V  and 
  X
 2

4. Verify that the following functions are probability mass functions, and determine the
requested probabilities.

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 4.1 8
f  x  0.5x , x  1, 2, 3
7

a) P  X 
b) P  X  c) Calculate E  X  , V  and  X
1 1 X

4.2 2x  1
f  x  , x  0,1, 2, 3, 4
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a) P  X  b) P 2  X  c) Calculate E  X  , V  and  X
1 4 X

5. Let the random variable X have a discrete uniform distribution on the integers 1  x  3 .
Determine the mean and variance of X.

6. Product codes of two, three, four, or five letters are equally likely. What is the mean and
standard deviation of the number of letters in the codes?

7. Let the random variable X have a discrete uniform distribution on the integers 0  x  99 .
Determine the mean and variance of X.

8. Thickness measurements of a coating process are made to the nearest hundredth of a

millimeter. The thickness measurements are uniformly distributed with values 0.15, 0.16,
0.17, 0.18, and 0.19. Determine the mean and variance of the coating thickness for this
process.

9. The random variable X has a binomial distribution with n = 10 and p = 0.5. Determine the
following probabilities:

9.1
P X 7.2 P  X  7.3 P  X  7
5 2

9.2 Determine the mean and variance of X.

10. The phone lines to an airline reservation system are occupied 40% of the time. Assume
that the events that the lines are occupied on successive calls are independent. Assume that
10 calls are placed to the airline.

10.1 What is the probability that for exactly three calls, the lines are occupied?

10.2 What is the probability that for at least one call, the lines are not occupied?
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10.3 What is the expected number of calls in which the lines are all occupied?

11. A multiple-choice test contains 25 questions, each with four answers. Assume that a
student just guesses on each question.

11.1 What is the probability that the student answers more than 20 questions correctly?

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11.2 What is the probability that the student answers fewer than 5 questions correctly?

12. Each sample of water has a 10% chance of containing a particular organic pollutant.
Assume that the samples are independent with regard to the presence of the pollutant. Find
the probability that in the next 18 samples, exactly 2 contain the pollutant.

13. Suppose that the random variable X has a geometric distribution with p = 0 5.

13.1 Determine the following probabilities: P X 

 P X P  X  3
4 , 5 ,

13.2 Determine the mean and variance of X.

14. Suppose that X is a negative binomial random variable with p = 0.2 and r = 4. Determine
the following:

14.1
E  X  and V  14.2 P  X  3 P X 14.3 P  X  5
X and 5

15. A batch of parts contains 100 from a local supplier of tubing and 200 from a supplier of
tubing in the next state. If four parts are selected randomly and without replacement.

15.1 What is the probability they are all from the local supplier?

15.2 What is the probability that two or more parts in the sample are from the local supplier?

16. Suppose that X has a hypergeometric distribution with N  100, n and K  20 .

Determine the following: 4

16.1
P  X  and P  X  6
4

16.2 P 4  X  7
  P  X  1
and

16.3 Mean and variance of X

17. A research study uses 800 men under the age of 55. Suppose that 30% carry a marker on
the male chromosome that indicates an increased risk for high blood pressure.

17.1 If 10 men are selected randomly and tested for the marker, what is the probability that
exactly 1 man has the marker?
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17.2 If 10 men are selected randomly and tested for the marker, what is the probability that
more than 1 has the marker?

18. The analysis of results from a leaf transmutation experiment (turning a leaf into a petal)
is summarized by the type of transformation completed:

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 Total Textural Transformation
Yes No
Total Color Transformation Yes 243 26
No 13 18
A naturalist randomly selects three leaves from this set without replacement. Determine the
following probabilities.

18.1 Exactly one has undergone both types of transformations.

18.2 At least one has undergone both transformations.

18.3 Exactly one has undergone one but not both transformations.

18.4 At least one has undergone at least one transformation.

19. On average, 3 traffic accidents per month occur at a certain intersection. What is the
probability that in any given month at this intersection?

19.1 Exactly 5 accidents will occur?

19.2 Fewer than 3 accidents will occur?

19.3 At least 2 accidents will occur?

20. On average, a textbook author makes two words processing errors per page on the first
draft of her textbook. What is the probability that on the next page she will make?

20.1 Four or more errors? 20.2 No errors?

21. Suppose that X has a Poisson distribution with a mean of 4. Determine the following
probabilities:

21.1
P  X  and P  X  21.2 P 3  X  5 P  X  3
0 4 and

22. The number of flaws in bolts of cloth in textile manufacturing is assumed to be Poisson
distributed with a mean of 0.1 flaw per square meter.

22.1 What is the probability that there are two flaws in one square meter of cloth?

22.2 What is the probability that there is one flaw in 10 square meters of cloth?

22.3 What is the probability that there are at least two flaws in 10 square meters of cloth?

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22.4 What is the probability that there are no flaws in 20 square meters of cloth?

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23. Let X denote the number of bits received in error in a digital communication channel,
and assume that X is a binomial random variable with p = 0.001. If 1000 bits are transmitted,
determine the following:

23.1
P  X  and P  X  23.2 Mean and variance of X
1 2

24. Messages arrive at a switchboard in a Poisson manner at an average rate of three per
hour. Let X be the number of messages arriving in any one. Find

24.1
P X  24.2 P  X  1
3

25. Suppose the probability that item produced by a certain machine will be defective is 0.4.
Find the probability that 12 items will contain at most one defective item. Assume that the
quality of successive items is independent.

26. A multiple choice test contains 40 questions, each with four answers. Assume a student
just guesses on each question. What is the probability that the student answers more than 9
questions correctly?

27. According to a college survey, 22% of all students work full time. Find the mean and the
standard deviation for the random variable X, the number of students who work full time in
samples of size 16.

28. Suppose the random variable X has a geometric distribution with a mean of 2.5.
Determine the following probabilities:
a)
PX  b)
PX c)
P 2  X  5
1
3

29. A trading company has eight computers that it uses to trade on the New York Stock
Exchange (NYSE). The probability of a computer failing in a day is 0.005, and the
computers fail independently. Computers are repaired in the evening and each day is
an independent trial.

a) What is the probability that all eight computers fail in a day?

b) What is the mean number of days until a specific computer fails?

c) What is the mean number of days until all eight computers fail in the same day?
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30. A batch contains 36 bacteria cells and 12 of the cells are not capable of cellular
replication. Suppose you examine three bacteria cells selected at random, without
replacement.

18
a) What is the probability mass function of the number of cells in the sample that
can replicate?

b) What are the mean and variance of the number of cells in the sample that can replicate?

c) What is the probability that at least one of the selected cells cannot replicate?

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Chapter 4: Continuous Random Variables and
Probability Distributions
1. Suppose that f x 
  for x  0 . Determine the following:
ex

1.1 P X 
 and P  X  2 or X  1.2 P  X  and P 1  X  ln 5
1 3 2

1.3 Mean and variance of X 1.4 The cumulative distribution function F x

 
2. The probability density function of the weight of packages delivered by a post office is
f  x 70
for 1  x  70 pounds.
 69x2

2.1 Determine the mean and variance of weight.

2.2 If the shipping cost is $2.50 per pound, what is the average shipping cost of a package?

2.3 Determine the probability that the weight of a package exceeds 50 pounds

3. The diameter of a particle of contamination (in micrometers) is modeled with the probability
density function f  x 
for x > 1. Determine the following:
c

x3

3.1 c and P X 
 3.2 P X and P 2  X  8
2 4

3.3 Mean and variance of X 3.4 x such that P X  x  0.95

 

3.5 The cumulative distribution function F x

 
4. Suppose that X has a continuous uniform distribution over the interval1.5;5.5 .
Determine the following:

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4.1 Mean, variance, and standard deviation of X 4.2
P  X  2.5

5. Suppose X has a continuous uniform distribution over the interval 1;1. Determine the
following:

5.1 Mean, variance, and standard deviation of X

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 5.2 Value for x such that P  x  X  x  0.9

5.3 Cumulative distribution function

6. The thickness of a flange on an aircraft component is uniformly distributed between 0.95

and 1.05 millimeters. Determine the following:

6.1 Cumulative distribution function of flange thickness

6.2 Proportion of flanges that exceeds 1.02 millimeters

6.3 Thickness exceeded by 90% of the flanges

6.4 Mean and variance of flange thickness

7. Assume that Z has a standard normal distribution. Determine the following:

7.1 P Z 
P  Z  1.32 7.2 P  Z  and P 2  Z  1.2
and 3 2.15

7.3 P 1.96  Z 
 and P 0  Z  1
1.96

8. Assume that X is normally distributed with a mean of 10 and a standard deviation of 2.

Determine the following:

8.1 P X and P  X  8.2 P 6  X  and P 2  X  8

13 9 14

8.3 x such that P X  x  95%

 

9. Assume X is normally distributed with a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 4.

Determine the following:

a) P(X < 11) b) P(X > 0) c) P(3 < X < 7)

d) P(2 < X < 9) e) P(2 < X < 8)

10. The compressive strength of samples of cement can be modeled by a normal distribution
with a mean of 6000 kilograms per square centimeter and a standard deviation of 100
22
kilograms per square centimeter.

a) What is the probability that a sample’s strength is less than 6250 Kg/cm2?

b) What is the probability that a sample’s strength is between 5800 and 5900 Kg/cm2?

23
c) What strength is exceeded by 95% of the samples?

11. Assume that the current measurements in a strip of wire follow a normal distribution with
a mean of 10 mA and a variance of 4 (mA) 2. What is the probability that a measurement
exceeds 13 mA?

12. The fill volume of an automated filling machine used for filling cans of carbonated
beverage is normally distributed with a mean of 12.4 fluid ounces and a standard deviation of
0.1 fluid ounce.

12.1 What is the probability that a fill volume is less than 12 fluid ounces?

12.2 If all cans less than 12.1 or more than 12.6 ounces are scrapped, what proportion of cans
is scrapped?

12.3 Determine specifications that are symmetric about the mean that include 99% of all cans.

13. Suppose that X is a binomial random variable with n  and p  0.4 . Approximate the
following probabilities: 200

13.1
P X 13.2 P 70  X  13.3 P  X  80
70 90

14. Suppose that X is a Poisson random variable with λ = 6.

14.1 Compute the exact probability that X is less than four.

14.2 Approximate the probability that X is less than four and compare to the result in 12.2

14.3 Approximate the probability that 8  X 12

15. The manufacturing of semiconductor chips produces 2% defective chips. Assume that the
chips are independent and that a lot contains 1000 chips. Approximate the following
probabilities:

15.1 More than 25 chips are defective. 15.2 Between 20 and 30 chips are defective.

16. Suppose that X has an exponential distribution with λ = 2. Determine the following:

16.1 P X P 1  X  2
P  X  0 16.2 P  X  1
and 2 and

24
16.3 Find the value of x such that P X  x 
  16.4 P  X  5 | X  and P  X  3
0.95 2

25
17. Suppose that the counts recorded by a Geiger counter follow a Poisson process with an
average of two counts per minute.

17.1 What is the probability that there are no counts in a 30-second interval?

17.2 What is the probability that the first count occurs in less than 10 seconds?

17.3 What is the probability that the first count occurs between one and two minutes after
start- up?

18. Let X be a continuous uniform distribution over the interval [2.4; 5.2]. Find the mean and
standard deviation of X.

19. Let X be a normal distribution with a mean of 5 and standard deviation 1. Find

19. P  X  5 P 3  X  19.2 P  4  X  P  X  8
1 and 4 and

20. Suppose that the log-ons to a computer network follow a Poisson process with an average
of 10 counts per minute. Find the mean time between counts and the standard deviation of
the time between counts.

21. The time until a chemical reaction is complete (in milliseconds) is approximated by the
cumulative distribution function

1 e0.01x , x  0
F x 
 0 ,x0

a) Determine the probability density function of X.

b) What proportion of reactions is complete within 200 milliseconds?

c) Determine the mean and standard deviation of X.

26
Chapter 6: Random Sampling and Data Description
1. Explain the statistical jargons as listed below:

1.1 Sample size - Range - Midrange

1.2 Mean - Variance - Standard deviation

1.3 Median - Mode

1.4 Quartile - Interquartile range - Percentiles

1.5 Frequency Polygon - Ogive – Dot plots – Stem plots - Bar Graphs - Pareto Charts -
Scatterplots - Time Series Graph - Pie Charts - Boxplot

1.6 Outliers - z Score - Unusual Values

2. The lengths of time, in minutes, that 10 patients waited in a doctor’s office before
receiving treatment were recorded as follows: 5, 11, 9, 5, 10, 15, 6, 10, 5, and 10. Treating
the data as a random sample. Find:

2.1 The mean 2.2 The median 2.3 The mode 2.4 The range

2.5 The variance 2.6 The standard deviation.

3. A random sample of employees from a local manufacturing plant pledged the following
donations, in dollars, to the United Fund: 100, 40, 75, 15, 20, 100, 75, 50, 30, 10, 55, 75, 25,
50, 90, 80, 15, 25, 45, and 100. Calculate

3.1 The mean 3.2 The median 3.3 The mode 3.4 The range

3.5 The variance 3.6 The standard deviation.

4. Wayne Nelson presents the breakdown time of an insulating fluid between electrodes at 34
kV. The times, in minutes, are as follows: 0.19, 0.78, 0.96, 1.31, 2.78, 3.16, 4.15, 4.67, 4.85,
6.50, 7.35, 8.01, 8.27, 12.06, 31.75, 32.52, 33.91, 36.71, and 72.89.

4.1 Find the median and quartiles for the data

4.2 Find the interquartile range (IQR) and the outliers for data

4.3 Calculate the sample mean and sample standard deviation.

27
5. The lengths of time, in minutes, that 10 patients waited in a doctor’s office before
receiving treatment were recorded as follows: 11, 11, 9, 9, 10, 9, 8, 10, 12, and 10. Treating
the data as a random sample, find

5.1 The mean 5.2 The median

5.3 The mode. 5.4 Create a dot plot and box plot of the data

28
Chapter 7: Point Estimation of Parameters and
Sampling Distributions
1. An electronics company manufactures resistors that have a mean resistance of 100 ohms
and a standard deviation of 10 ohms. The distribution of resistance is normal. Find the
probability that a random sample of n = 25 resistors will have an average resistance of fewer
than 95 ohms.

2. A synthetic fiber used in manufacturing carpet has tensile strength that is normally
distributed with mean 75.5 psi and standard deviation 3.5 psi.

2.1 Find the probability that a random sample of n = 6 fiber specimens will have sample
mean tensile strength that exceeds 75.75 psi.

2.2 How is the standard deviation of the sample mean changed when the sample size is
increased from n = 6 to n = 49?

3. The compressive strength of concrete is normally distributed with μ = 2500 psi and σ = 50
psi. Find the probability that a random sample of n = 5 specimens will have a sample mean
diameter that falls in the interval from 2499 psi to 2510 psi.

4. Data on pull-off force (pounds) for connectors used in an automobile engine application
are as follows: 79.3, 75.1, 78.2, 74.1, 73.9, 75.0, 77.6, 77.3, 73.8, 74.6, 75.5, 74.0, 74.7, 75.9,
72.9,
73.8, 74.2, 78.1, 75.4, 76.3, 75.3, 76.2, 74.9, 78.0, 75.1, 76.8.

4.1 Calculate a point estimate of the mean pull-off force of all connectors in the population.

4.2 Calculate point estimates of the population variance and the population standard deviation.

4.3 Calculate a point estimate of the proportion of all connectors in the population whose
pull- off force is less than 73 pounds.

5. The compressive strength of concrete is normally distributed with mean µ = 250 psi and
standard deviation σ = 5 psi. Find the probability that a random sample n = 100 specimens
will have a sample mean diameter that falls in the interval from 240 psi to 255 psi.

6. A normal population has mean 10 and variance 2. How large must be the random sample
be if we want the standard error of the sample mean to be 1.2.

29
Chapter 8: Statistical Intervals for a Single Sample

1. An electrical firm manufactures light bulbs that have a length of life that is approximately
normally distributed with a standard deviation of 40 hours.

1.1 If a sample of 30 bulbs has an average life of 780 hours, find a 96% confidence interval
for the population mean of all bulbs produced by this firm.

1.2 How large a sample is needed if we wish to be 96% confident that our sample mean will
be within 10 hours of the true mean.

2. The heights of a random sample of 50 college students showed a mean of 174.5

centimeters and a standard deviation of 6.9 centimeters. Construct a 98% confidence interval
for the mean height of all college students.

3. A random sample of 100 automobile owners in the state of Virginia shows that an
automobile is driven on average 23,500 kilometers per year with a standard deviation of
3,900 kilometers. Assume the distribution of measurements to be approximately normal.
Construct a 99% confidence interval for the average number of kilometers an automobile is
driven annually in Virginia.

4. An efficiency expert wishes to determine the average time that it takes to drill three holes
in a certain metal clamp. How large a sample will she need to be 95% confident that her
sample mean will be within 15 seconds of the true mean? Assume that it is known from
previous studies that σ = 40 seconds.

5. A random sample of 10 chocolate energy bars of a certain brand has, on average, 230
calories per bar, with a standard deviation of 15 calories. Construct a 99% confidence
interval for the true mean calorie content of this brand of energy bar. Assume that the
distribution of the calorie content is approximately normal.

6. The following measurements were recorded for the drying time, in hours, of a certain
brand of latex paint: 3.4 2.5 4.8 2.9 3.6 2.8 3.3 5.6 3.7 2.8 4.4 4.0 5.2 3.0 4.8. Assuming that
the measurements represent a random sample from a normal population, find a 95%
confidence interval for the mean of the drying time.

7. Past experience has indicated that the breaking strength of yarn used in manufacturing
drapery material is normally distributed and that σ = 2 psi. A random sample of nine
specimens
30
is tested, and the average breaking strength is found to be 98 psi. Find a 95% two-sided
confidence interval on the true mean breaking strength.

8. A manufacturer produces piston rings for an automobile engine. It is known that ring
diameter is normally distributed with σ = 0.1 millimeters. A random sample of 15 rings has a
mean diameter of x  74.1 millimeters.

8.1 Construct a 99% two-sided confidence interval on the mean piston ring diameter.

8.2 Construct a 99% lower-confidence bound on the mean piston ring diameter.

9. An Izod impact test was performed on 20 specimens of PVC pipe. The sample mean is
x  1.25 and the sample standard deviation is s = 0.25. Find a 99% lower confidence bound
on the true mean.

10. The fraction of defective integrated circuits produced in a photolithography process is

being studied. A random sample of 300 circuits is tested, revealing 13 defectives.

11.1 Calculate a 95% two-sided CI on the fraction of defective circuits produced by this
particular tool.

11.2 Calculate a 95% upper confidence bound on the fraction of defective circuits.

12. Of 1000 randomly selected cases of lung cancer, 823 resulted in death within 10 years.

12.1 Calculate a 95% two-sided confidence interval on the death rate from lung cancer.

12.2 Using the point estimate of p obtained from the preliminary sample, what sample size is
needed to be 95% confident that the error in estimating the true value of p is less than 0.03?

12.3 How large must the sample be if you wish to be at least 95% confident that the error in
estimating p is less than 0.03, regardless of the true value of p?

31
Chapter 9: Tests of Hypotheses for a Single Sample
1. State the null and alternative hypothesis in each case.

1.1 A hypothesis test will be used to potentially provide evidence that the population mean is
more than 10.

1.2 A hypothesis test will be used to potentially provide evidence that the population mean is
not equal to 7.

1.3 A hypothesis test will be used to potentially provide evidence that the population mean is
less than 5.

2. A hypothesis will be used to test that a population mean equals 7 against the alternative
that the population mean does not equal 7 with known variance σ. What are the critical
values for the test statistic Z0 for the following significance levels?

2.1 0.01 2.2 0.05 2.3 0.10

3. For the hypothesis test H0: μ = 7 against H1: μ ≠ 7 and variance known, calculate the P-
value for each of the following test statistics.

3.1 z0 = 2.05 3.2 z0 = -1.84 3.3 z0 = 0.4

4. For the hypothesis test H0: μ = 10 against H1: μ > 10 and variance known, calculate the P-
value for each of the following test statistics.

4.1 z0 = 2.05 4.2 z0 = -1.84 4.3 z0 = 0.4

5. For the hypothesis test H0: μ = 5 against H1: μ < 5 and variance known, calculate the P-
value for each of the following test statistics.

5.1 z0 = 2.05 5.2 z0 = -1.84 5.3 z0 = 0.4

6. Output from a software package follows:

One-Sample Z:

Test of mu = 35 vs not = 35

The assumed standard deviation = 1.8

32
 Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean Z P

x 25 35.710 1.475 ? ? ?

6.1 Fill in the missing items. What conclusions would you draw?

6.2 Use the normal table and the preceding data to construct a 95% two-sided CI on the mean.

6.4 What would the P-value be if the alternative hypothesis is H1: μ > 35?

7. Output from a software package follows:

One-Sample Z:

Test of mu = 20 vs > 20

The assumed standard deviation = 0.75

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean Z P

x 10 19.889 0.851 0.237 ? ?

7.1 Fill in the missing items. What conclusions would you draw?

7.2 Use the normal table and the preceding data to construct a 95% two-sided CI on the mean.

7.3 What would the P-value be if the alternative hypothesis is H1: μ ≠ 20?

8. The mean water temperature downstream from a discharge pipe at a power plant cooling
tower should be no more than 100°F. Past experience has indicated that the standard
deviation of temperature is 2°F. The water temperature is measured on nine randomly chosen
days, and the average temperature is found to be 98°F.

8.1 Is there evidence that the water temperature is acceptable at α = 0.05?

8.2 What is the P-value for this test?

9. A hypothesis will be used to test that a population mean equals 7 against the alternative
that the population mean does not equal 7 with unknown variance. What are the critical
values for the test statistic T0 for the following significance levels and sample sizes?

9.1 α = 0.01 and n = 20 9.2 α = 0.05 and n = 12 9.3 α = 0.10 and n = 15

33
10. For the hypothesis test H0: μ = 7 against H1: μ ≠ 7 with variance unknown and n = 20,
approximate the P-value for each of the following test statistics (using R)

10.1 t0 = 2.05 10.2 t0 = − 1.84 10.3 t0 = 0.4

11. Output from a software package follows:

One-Sample Z:

Test of mu = 91 vs > 91

95%
Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean Lower T P
Bound

x 20 92.379 0.717 0.237 ? ? ?

11.1 Fill in the missing values. You may calculate bounds on the P-value. What conclusions
would you draw?

11.2 If the hypothesis had been H0: μ = 90 versus H1: μ > 90, would your conclusions change?

12. Complete the missing items in the following computer output:

Test and Cl for One Proportion

Test of p = 0.4 vs p not = 0.4

X N Sample p 95% CI Z-Value P-Value

98 275 ? (0.299759, 0.412968) ? ?

13. Suppose that of 1000 customers surveyed, 850 are satisfied or very satisfied with a
corporation’s products and services.

13.1 Test the hypothesis H0: p = 0.9 against H1: p ≠ 0.9 at α = 0.05 using the Z-test.

13.2 Find the P-value.

14. Suppose that 500 parts are tested in manufacturing and 10 are rejected.

14.1 Test the hypothesis H0: p = 0.03 against H1: p < 0.03 at α = 0.05 using the Z-test
34
14.2 Find the P-value.

15. An engineer who is studying the tensile strength of a steel alloy intended for use in golf
club shafts knows that tensile strength is approximately normally distributed with standard
deviation 50 psi. A random sample of 16 specimens has a mean tensile strength of 3450 psi.
Test the hypothesis that mean strength is 3500 psi

16. A professor claims that the average score on a recent exam was 83. Suppose you want to
test whether the professor's statement is correct. Assume that the test scores are normally
distributed. You ask some people in class how they did, and record the following scores: 82,
77, 85, 76, 81, 91, 70, and 82.

16.1 What are the null and alternative hypotheses?

16.2 What is the appropriate decision rule?

16.3 Find the p-value.

17. An alcohol brewery firm claims that the proportion of alcohol in their new drink is at
most 10 percent. A random sample of 100 bottles of the drink were selected and found to
consist of 9 percent alcohol.

17.1 What is the value of test statistic for this sample?

17.2 What is the p-value for this test?

18. A hydraulic press is operating correctly when the standard deviation of the pressure is
less than 120 psi. Suppose you take a random sample of 15 measurements throughout the day
of the psi and find the standard deviation to be 148. Suppose you want to test whether the
press is operating correctly.

18.1 What are the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses?

18.2 What is the decision rule for this test?

19. Various temperature measurements are recorded at different times for a particular city.
The mean of 20oC is obtained for 40 temperatures on 40 different days. Assuming that σ =
1.5oC. Test the claim that the population mean is 22oC, use a 0.05 significant level.

20. A simple random sample of 15-year-old boys from one city is obtained and their weights
are listed below. Use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim that these sample weights
come from a population with a mean smaller than 150. Assume that the standard deviation
of the

35
weights of all 15-year-old boys in the city is known to be 16.7 and population has normal
distribution.

Data: 150, 38, 158, 151, 134, 189, 157, 144, 175, 127, 164

21. Test the claim that for the population of female college students, the mean weight is
given by µ = 132 lb. Sample data are summarized as n = 20, sample mean = 137, and s =
14.2 lb. Use a significance level of α = 0.1. Assume that sample has been selected from a
normally distributed population.

22. In tests of a computer component, it is found that the mean time between failures is 520
hours. A modification is made which is supposed to increase the time between failures. Test
on a random sample of 10 modified components resulted in the following times (in hours)
between failures: 518, 548, 561, 523, 536, 499, 538, 557, 528, 563. At the 0.05 significance
level, test the claim that for the modified components, the mean time between failures is
greater than 520 hours.

23. A machine which manufactures black polythene dustbin bags is known to produce 3%
defective bags. Following a major breakdown of the machine, extensive repair work is
carried out which may result in a change in the percentage of defective bags produced. To
investigate this possibility, a random sample of 200 bags is taken from the machine’s
production and a count reveals 12 defective bags. What may be concluded? Use α = 0.03.

36
Chapter 10: Statistical Inference for Two Samples
1. Consider the hypothesis test H :    H1 : 1  2 with known variances
0 1 2
against
1  10 and  2  5 . Suppose that sample sizes n1 = 10 and n2 = 15 and
x1  4.7 and
that
x2  7.8 . Use   0.05 .

(a) Test the hypothesis and find the P-value.

(b) Explain how the test could be conducted with a confidence interval.

(c) What is the power of the test in part (a) for a true difference in means of 3?

(d) Assuming equal sample sizes, what sample size should be used to obtain   0.05 if the
true difference in means is 3? Assume that   0.05 .
2. Consider the hypothesis test
H0 :  1  against H1 : 1  with known variances
2 2
1  10 and  2  5 . Suppose that sample sizes n1 = 10 and n2 = 15 and
x1  14.2 and
that
x2  19.7 . Use   0.05 .

(a) Test the hypothesis and find the P-value.

(b) Explain how the test could be conducted with a confidence interval.

(c) What is the power of the test in part (a) if  is 4 units less than  ?
1 2

(d) Assuming equal sample sizes, what sample size should be used to obtain   0.05 if 
1

is 4 units less than 2 ? Assume that   0.05 .

3. Consider the hypothesis test H :  

0 1 against H1 : 1  2 with known variances
2
1  10 and  2  5 . Suppose that sample sizes n1 = 10 and n2 = 15 and (b) Explain how
that the test could
be conducted
x2  21.3 . Use   0.01. with a
confidence
(a) Test the hypothesis and find the P-value.
37
 interval.
x1  24.5 and

(c) What is the power of the test in part (a) 1 is 2 units greater than 2 ?
if

(d) Assuming equal sample sizes, what sample size should be used to obtain   0.05 if 1
is 2 units greater than 2 ? Assume that   0.05 .

38
4. Consider the computer output below

(a) Fill in the missing values. Is this a one-sided or a two-sided test? Use lower and upper
bounds for the P-value.

(b) What are your conclusions if α = 0.05? What if α = 0.01?

(c) This test was done assuming that the two population variances were equal. Does this
seem reasonable?

(d) Suppose that the hypothesis had

H0 :  1  versus H1 : 1  2 . What would your
been conclusions be if α = 0.05? 2
5. Consider the hypothesis test H :  
0 1 against H1 : 1  2 . Suppose that sample sizes
2
are n1 = 15 and n2 = 15, that s2  4 s2  6.25. Assume
x1  4.7 x2  7.8 , and
and that and
1 2
that  2   2 and that the data are drawn from normal distributions. Use   0.05 .
1 2

(a) Test the hypothesis.

(b) Explain how the test could be conducted with a confidence interval.

(c) Test the hypothesis if  12  2 2 .

6. Consider the computer output below.

39
(a) Is this a one-sided or a two-sided test?

(b) Fill in the missing values.

(c) Can the null hypothesis be rejected?

(d) Construct an approximate 90% CI for the difference in the two proportions.

7. Consider the computer output below.

(a) Is this a one-sided or a two-sided test?

(b) Fill in the missing values

(c) Can the null hypothesis be rejected if α = 0.10? What if α = 0.05?

8. An article in Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy (2005, Vol. 13, pp. 273–
279), considered arthroscopic meniscal repair with an absorbable screw. Results showed that
for tears greater than 25 millimeters, 14 of 18 (78%) repairs were successful while for shorter
tears, 22 of 30 (73%) repairs were successful.

(a) Is there evidence that the success rate is greater for longer tears? Use α = 0.05. What is
the P-value?

40
(b) Calculate a one-sided 95% confidence bound on the difference in proportions that can be
used to answer the question in part (a).

9. In the 2004 presidential election, exit polls from the critical state of Ohio provided the
following results: For respondents with college degrees, 53% voted for Bush and 46%
voted for Kerry. There were 2020 respondents.

(a) Is there a significant difference in these proportions? Use α = 0.05. What is the P-value?

(b) Calculate a 95% confidence interval for the difference in the two proportions and
comment on the use of this interval to answer the question in part (a).

10. Two different types of injection-molding machines are used to form plastic parts. A part
is considered defective if it has excessive shrinkage or is discolored. Two random samples,
each of size 300, are selected, and 15 defective parts are found in the sample from machine 1
while 8 defective parts are found in the sample from machine 2.

(a) Is it reasonable to conclude that both machines produce the same fraction of defective
parts, using α = 0.05? Find the P-value for this test.

(b) Construct a 95% confidence interval on the difference in the two fractions defective

41
Chapter 11: Analysis of Simple Linear Regression and
Correlation

1. Use the given data to find the equation of the regression line and the value of the linear
correlation coefficient r.

1.1

x 2 4 5 6

y 7 11 13 20

1.2

Cost 9 2 3 4 2 5 9 10

Number 85 52 55 68 67 86 83 73

1.3

x -4 2 8 6 11 9 -2 -1 -4

y 3 6 12 10 10 7 7 2 3

2. Four pairs of data yield r = 0.942 and the regression equation y  3x . Also, y  12.75 .
What is the best predicted value of y for x = 2.5?

3. Suppose data is obtained from 27 pairs of (x, y) and the sample correlation coefficient is
0.85. Test the hypothesis that H0: ρ = 0 against H1: ρ ≠ 0 with α = 0.05.

4. Given a sample with r = 0.823, n=10 and α=0.05, determine the standardized test statistic t
necessary to test the claim ρ = 0

5. Suppose data is obtained from 20 pairs of (x, y) and the sample correlation coefficient is
0.85.

42
5.1 Test the hypothesis that H0: ρ = 0 versus H1: ρ ≠ 0 with α = 0.05.

5.2 Test the hypothesis that H0: ρ = 0.6 against H1: ρ > 0.6 with α = 0.05

6. A Company has just brought out an annual report in which the capital investment and
profits were given for the past few years.

Capital 10 16 18 24 36 48 57
Investment

Profits 12 14 13 18 26 38 62

6.1 Find the coefficient of correlation.

1 ̂ ̂) = 0.145.
6.2 Test H0: β1 = 1 using α = 0.01. Let S e ( 𝛽

6.3 Test H0: β0 = 0.5 using α = 0.05. Let Se( 𝛽0̂ ) = 4.95.

7. A study was conducted to find whether there is any relationship between the weight and
blood pressure of an individual. The following set of data was arrived at from a clinical
study.

weight 78 86 72 82 80 86 84 89 68 71

Blood pressure 140 160 134 144 180 176 174 178 128 132

7.1 Find the equation of estimated linear regression line of Blood pressure on weight.

7.2 Find the best predicted value of blood pressure of a person who weigh 90 kilograms.

7.3 Find the coefficient of determination and interpret the value

7.4 What does the coefficient in regression tell you?

8.

Years 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

Raw cotton import 42 60 112 98 118 132

Cotton manufacture exports 68 79 88 86 106 114

Based on sample, test for significance of regression using α = 0.05.

43
9. Which of the following are examples of positive correlation and negative correlation?

9.1 Heights and weights

9.2 Volume and pressure of perfect gas

9.3 Current and resistance (keeping the voltage constant)

9.4 Price and demand of goods

9.5 Household income and expenditure

9.6 Price and supply of commodities

9.7 Amount of rainfall and yield of crops

10. Let
n  20 ,   12.75,  y2  8.86 ,  1478,  x2  143215.8 , x y  1083.67
y
x
i i i i i i

Find the regression line and correlation coefficient.

44
 Review
Chapter 1

(Population, sample, parameter, statistics, observational study, Retrospective study,

experiment; quantitative data, qualitative data, discrete data, continuous data).

1. A city engineering wants to estimate the average weekly water consumption for single-
family dwelling units in the city. 50 single-families are chosen randomly. And it is found that
25 families use for 30m3 water per month. What is population and sample?

2. The population is :

a. A collection of observations.

b. A collection of methods for planning studies and experiments.

c. The complete collection of all elements.

d. A sub-collection of members drawn from a larger group.

3. Casualty data from the great flu epidemic of 1918 were collected for a study. This
represents what type of study?

A. Observational study

B. Retrospective.

C. An experiment.

D. Qualitative

Chapter 2-3

1. The Ski Patrol at Criner Mountain Ski Resort has determined the following probability
distribution for the number of skiers that are injured each weekend:

Injured Skiers Probability

0 0.05

1 0.15

45
2 0.40

3 0.30

4 0.10

Based on this information, what is the expected number of injuries per weekend?

A) 2.50 B) 1.00 C) 2.25 D) 3.50

2) The number of customers that arrive at a fast-food business during a one-hour period is
known to be Poisson distributed with a mean equal to 8.60. What is the probability that 2 or
3 customers will arrive in one hour?

A) 0.0263 B) 0.1023 C)0.0679 D) none of the other choices is true

3) The following probability distribution has been assessed for the number of accidents that
occur in a mid western city each day:

Accidents Probability

0 0.25

1 0.20

2 0.30

3 0.15

4 0.10

Based on this probability distribution, the standard deviation in the number of accidents per
day is:

A) None of the others. B) 2.65 C) 2 D) 0.12

4) Let X be a discrete uniform random variable on the interval [2; 20].

a) Find P(X <13).

b) Find the mean and standard deviation of X.

A) 0 & 30 B) 11 & 30 C) 11 & 5.477 D) None of the others

46
5) A total of 12 cells are replicated. Freshly-synthesized DNA cannot be replicated again
until mitosis is completed. Two control mechanisms have been identified- one positive and
one negative- that are used with equal probability. Assume that each cell independently uses
a control mechanism.

What is the mean and variance of the number of cells use a positive control mechanism?

A) 5 and 6 B) 5 and 4.64 C)6 and 3 D) 4 and 1.73

6) Bill Price is a sales rep in northern California representing a line of athletic socks. Each
day, he makes 10 sales calls. The chance of making sale on each call is thought to be 0.30.
What is the probability that he will make exactly two sales?.

A) 0.009 B) 0.5002 C) 0.300 D) 0.2335

7) Bill Price is a sales rep in northern California representing a line of athletic socks. Each
day, he makes 10 sales calls. The chance of making sale on each call is thought to be 0.30.
Find the probability that the first sale call is the fourth call.

A) 0.1029 B) 0.4116 C) 0.4570 D) None of the others.

8) The Ski Patrol at Criner Mountain Ski Resort has determined the following probability
distribution for the number of skiers that are injured each weekend:

Injured Skiers (X) Probability

0 0.05

1 0.15

2 0.40

3 0.30

4 0.10

Based on this information, find F(3).

A) 0.85 B) 0.55 C) 0.45 D) None of the others.

9) A clinical trial involves 30 patients. Ten of the 30 are diabetic. If a researcher selects 6
patients at random, what is the probability that three or more of the 6 are diabetic? (0.3064)

47
Chapter 4

1. The time it takes to assemble a children's bicycle by a parent has been shown to be
normally distributed with a mean equal to 295 minutes with a standard deviation equal to 45
minutes. Given this information, what is the probability that it will take a randomly selected
parent between 300 and 340 minutes?. Let P(Z < 0) = 0.5000, P(Z <0.11 ) = 0.5438, P(Z <1 )
= 0.8413

A) 0.0438 B) 0.2975 C) 0.3413 D) 1.000

2. Let X be a normal distribution with the mean of 4 and the variance of 9. Find the value of
x such that P(x < X < 7) = 0.5. Let P(Z < 0) = 0.5, P(Z < 1) = 0.8413, P(Z < -0.4) = 0.3413.

A) 0 B) 2.8 C) 7 D) 4

3. If the time it takes for a customer to be served at a fast-food chain business is thought to be
uniformly distributed between 3 and 8 minutes, what is the probability that the time it takes
for a randomly selected customer will be less than 5 minutes?

A) 0.30 B) 0.80 C) 0.40 D) 0.20

b) Find the mean and standard deviation of the time it takes for a customer to be served.

4) The manager of a computer help desk operation has collected enough data to conclude that
the distribution of time per call is normally distributed with a mean equal to 8.21 minutes
and a standard deviation of 2.14 minutes. The manager has decided to have a signal system
attached to the phone so that after a certain period of time, a sound will occur on her
employees' phone if she exceeds the time limit. The manager wants to set the time limit at a
level such that it will sound on only 8 percent of all calls. Let P(Z < 1.41) = 0.92, P(Z < -
1.41) = 0.08, the time limit should be:

A) approximately 5.19 minutes B) about 14.58 minutes.

C) 10.35 minutes. D) about 11.23 minutes.

5) Let X be a continuous random variable with the probability density function

a  x, 1  x  0
f (x)  a  x, 0  x  .

1
5.1 Find a

48
A)1 B) ½ C) 2 D) None of the others

49
5.2 Find F(0.5).

5.3 Find the mean and standard deviation of X.

6) Suppose that a continuous random variable X has probability density function f(x) = 4x3 (0
< x < 1). Find E(X) & V(X)

A) 0.8 & 0.027 B) 0.2 & 0.16 C) 0.45&0.307 D) None of the others

7) Let be a cumulative distribution function of a continuous random variable X. Find P( X <

0.7).

A) 0.2401 B) 0.3560 D) 0.1207 E) None of the others.

8) Let X be a random variable that have exponential distribution with mean 3. Find P(X > 1).

A) 2.718 B) 3.504 C) 1.024 D) None of the others.

Chapter 6. (Descriptive Statistics)

1. Find the mean, variance, standard deviation, mode, median, Quartiles, Interquartile range,
lower whisker, upper whisker of the following sample 2, 3, 5, 3, 6, 8, 9, 20, 11, 4, 6.

2. You are given the following data: 23 34 11 40 25 47

Assuming that these data are a sample selected from a larger population, the median value for
these sample data is ..........

A) 34 B) 25.5 C) 29.5 D) 40

3) Suppose a study of houses that have sold recently in your community showed the
following frequency distribution for the number of bedrooms:

Bedrooms Frequency

1 1

2 18

3 140

4 57

5 11
50
Based on this information, determine the mode for the data.

A) 3 B) 140 C) 4 D) 57

4) The Good-Guys Car Dealership has tracked the number of used cars sold at its downtown
dealership. Consider the following data as representing the population of cars sold in each of
the 8 weeks that the dealership has been open. Data: 3, 5, 2, 7, 7, 7, 9, 0. What is the
population standard deviation approximately?

A) 3 cars B) 2.87 cars C) 2.50 cars D) 7 cars

5) You are given the following data: 23, 34, 11, 40, 25, 47

Assuming that the data reflect a sample from a larger population, what is the sample mean?

A) 30 B) 25 C) 22 D) 32

Chapter 7. (The central limit theorem)

1) if we select a sample with sample size 40 from a population with mean of 20 and standard
deviation of 5 then:

A) Sample mean will be approximately normally distributed with mean of 20 and standard
deviation of 5.

B) Sample mean will be approximately normally distributed with mean of 20 and standard
deviation of 0.79.

C) Sample mean will be exactly normally distributed with mean of 20 and standard deviation
of 5.

D) Sample mean will be exactly normally distributed with mean of 20 and standard deviation
of 0.79.

2) The monthly electrical utility bills of all customers for the Far East Power and Light
Company are known to be distributed as a normal distribution with mean equal to $87 a
month and standard deviation of $36. If a statistical sample of n = 100 customers is selected
at random, what is the probability that the mean bill for those sampled will exceed $75? Let
P(Z
< -3.33) = 0, P(Z < 0.33) = 0.63 and P(Z < -0.44) = 0.33.

A) 0.33 B) Approximately 0.63 C) About 1.00 D) None of the others.

51
Chapter 8: Confidence Interval on population parameters (µ; σ; p).

52
1) A major tire manufacturer wishes to estimate the mean tread life in miles for one of their
tires. They wish to develop a confidence interval estimate that would have a maximum
sampling error of 500 miles with 90 percent confidence. Let population standard deviation
equal to 4,000 miles. Based on this information and let z0.05 = 1.645, the required sample size
is:

A) 196. B) 124. C) 246. D) 174.

2) Given x = 15.3, s = 4.7, and n = 18, form a 99% confidence interval for σ2.

Let qchisq(0.005,17) = 5.697217 and qchisq(0.995,17) = 35.71847.

A) (13.61, 43.30) B) (10.51, 65.88) C) (2.24, 14.02) D) (11.13, 69.79)

3) In an application to estimate the mean number of miles that downtown employees

commute to work roundtrip each day, the following information is given: n = 20; x = 4.33; s
= 3.50. Based on this information and let t0.025,19 = 2.09, the upper limit for a 97.5% percent
confidence
interval estimate for the true population mean is:

A) about 5.97 miles. B) nearly 12.0 miles.

C) about 7.83 miles. D) None of the above.

4)

5) In an application to estimate the mean number of miles that downtown employees commute
to work roundtrip each day, the following information is given: n = 20; x = 4.33; s = 3.50;
the population is normally distributed. The Confidence Interval on the true population mean
with the confident level of 94% is:

A) (2.50; 5.56). B) (2.34; 5.12) C) (2.76; 5.90) D) None of the above.

53
Chapter 9: Test of hypothesis on population parameters

1. Your statistics instructor claims that 60 percent of the students who take her Elementary
Statistics class go through life feeling more enriched. For some reason that she can't quite
figure out, most people don't believe her. You decide to check this out on your own. You
randomly survey 64 of her past Elementary Statistics students and find that 34 feel more
enriched as a result of her class.

Assume that significance level of 0.05 (z0.025 = 1.96, z0.05 = 1.65). Which of the following
states is true?

A) The value of the test statistic is 1.123. There is sufficient evidence to support your
statistic instructor's claim

B) The value of the test statistic is -2.97. There is not sufficient evidence to support your
statistic instructor's claim

C) The value of the test statistic is -1.123. There is sufficient evidence to support your
statistic instructor's claim

D) The value of the test statistic is 2.97. There is not sufficient evidence to support your
statistic instructor's claim.

2. According to an article in Newsweek, the natural ratio of girls to boys is 100:105. In

Vietnam, the birth ratio is 100: 114 (46.7% girls). Suppose you don't believe the reported
figures of the percent of girls born in Vietnam. You think that the percent of girls born in
Vietnam is less than 46.7%. You conduct a study. In this study, you count the number of
girls and boys born in 150 randomly chosen recent births. There are 60 girls and 90 boys
born of the 150. Based on the results, draw your conclusion. Use α = 2% (z0.01 = 2.33 and
z0.02 = 2.05).

A) The percent of girls born in Vietnam is more than 46.7%

B) The percent of girls born in Vietnam is equal 46.7%

C) The percent of girls born in Vietnam is less than 46.7%

D) None of the others

3. When a new drug is created, the pharmaceutical company must subject it to testing before
receiving the necessary permission from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market
the drug. Suppose the null hypothesis is "the drug is unsafe." What is the Type II Error?
54
A) To claim the drug is safe when, in fact, it is unsafe

B) To claim the drug is unsafe when, in fact, it is unsafe

C) To claim the drug is safe when, in fact, it is safe

D) To claim the drug is unsafe when, in fact, it is safe.

4. An assembly line produces widgets with a mean weight of 10 and a standard deviation of
0.2. A new process supposedly will produce widgets with the same mean and a smaller
standard deviation. A sample of 20 widgets produced by the new method has a sample
standard deviation of 0.126. At a significance level of 10%, what is the value of the test
statistic?

A) 0.234 B)5.77 C) 7.54 D)none of them

5. The cost of a college education has increased at a much faster rate than costs in general
over the past twenty years. In order to compensate for this, many students work part- or
full-time in addition to attending classes. At one university, it is believed that the average
hours students work per week exceeds 20. To test this at a significance level of 0.05
(t0.025,19 = 2.09 and t0.05,19 = 1.73), a random sample of n = 20 students was selected and
the following values were observed:

Based on these sample data, the critical value:

A) is equal to 1.73.

B) cannot be determined without knowing the population standard deviation.

C) is approximately equal to 2.09.

D) None of the others.

6. A soft drink company has a filling machine that can be set at different levels to produce
different average fill amounts. The company sets the machine to provide a mean fill of 15
ounces. The standard deviation on the machine is known to be 0.20 ounces. Assuming that
the hypothesis test is to be performed using a random sample of n = 100 cans, which of the
55
following would be the correct formulation of the null and alternative?

56
A) H0: µ = 15, H1: µ ≠15 ounces

B) H0: µ ≠ 15, H1: µ > 15 ounces

C) H0: µ ≠ 15, H1: µ = 15 ounces

D) None of the others.

Chapter 11: Regression and Correlation

1) A bank is interested in determining whether their customers' checking balances are

linearly related to their savings balances. A sample of n = 20 customers was selected and the
correlation was calculated to be +0.40. If the bank is interested in testing to see whether
there is a significant linear relationship between the two variables using a significance level
of 0.05, what is the value of the test statistic?

A) 1.96 B) 1.8516 C) 1.645 D) 2.438

2) The following regression model has been computed based on a sample of twenty
observations: ŷ = 34.2 + 19.3x. The first observations in the sample for y and x were 300
and 18, respectively. Given this, the residual value for the first observation is approximately
….

A) 34.2 B) 381.6 C) -81.6 D) -300

3) State University recently randomly sampled seven students and analyzed grade point
average (GPA) and number of hours worked off-campus per week. The following data were
observed:

y-GPA : 3 2.8 3.7 2.5

x-Hours: 25 30 11 22

Find the simple linear regression equation based on these sample data.

A) y = 4.05 - 0.05x + e

B) y = 3.25 - 0.016x + e

C) y = 7.25 - 0.216x + e

D) None of them

57
4) Over a period of one year, a greengrocer sells tomatoes at six different prices (x pence per
kilogram). He calculates the average number of kilograms, y, sold per day at each of the six
different prices. From these data the following are calculated.

2
 xi  200;  yi  436;  xi yi  12515;  xi  7250;i  y 2  39234; n  6

Estimate the correlation coefficient.

A) 0.055 B) 0.962 C) -0.962 D) -0.055

58
 z x2
e 2
Cumulative Standard Normal Distribution:   z   P  Z  z  dx
2
  

z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
3.0 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990

59
Chi-Squared Distribution 2

n
 0.99 0.975 0.95 0.9 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.01
1 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.016 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635
2 0.020 0.051 0.103 0.211 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210
3 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.345
4 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.064 7.779 9.488 11.143 13.277
5 0.554 0.831 1.145 1.610 9.236 11.070 12.833 15.086
6 0.872 1.237 1.635 2.204 10.645 12.592 14.449 16.812
7 1.239 1.690 2.167 2.833 12.017 14.067 16.013 18.475
8 1.646 2.180 2.733 3.490 13.362 15.507 17.535 20.090
9 2.088 2.700 3.325 4.168 14.684 16.919 19.023 21.666
10 2.558 3.247 3.940 4.865 15.987 18.307 20.483 23.209
11 3.053 3.816 4.575 5.578 17.275 19.675 21.920 24.725
12 3.571 4.404 5.226 6.304 18.549 21.026 23.337 26.217
13 4.107 5.009 5.892 7.042 19.812 22.362 24.736 27.688
14 4.660 5.629 6.571 7.790 21.064 23.685 26.119 29.141
15 5.229 6.262 7.261 8.547 22.307 24.996 27.488 30.578
16 5.812 6.908 7.962 9.312 23.542 26.296 28.845 32.000
17 6.408 7.564 8.672 10.085 24.769 27.587 30.191 33.409
18 7.015 8.231 9.390 10.865 25.989 28.869 31.526 34.805
19 7.633 8.907 10.117 11.651 27.204 30.144 32.852 36.191
20 8.260 9.591 10.851 12.443 28.412 31.410 34.170 37.566
21 8.897 10.283 11.591 13.240 29.615 32.671 35.479 38.932
22 9.542 10.982 12.338 14.041 30.813 33.924 36.781 40.289
23 10.196 11.689 13.091 14.848 32.007 35.172 38.076 41.638
24 10.856 12.401 13.848 15.659 33.196 36.415 39.364 42.980
25 11.524 13.120 14.611 16.473 34.382 37.652 40.646 44.314
26 12.198 13.844 15.379 17.292 35.563 38.885 41.923 45.642
27 12.879 14.573 16.151 18.114 36.741 40.113 43.195 46.963
28 13.565 15.308 16.928 18.939 37.916 41.337 44.461 48.278
29 14.256 16.047 17.708 19.768 39.087 42.557 45.722 49.588
30 14.953 16.791 18.493 20.599 40.256 43.773 46.979 50.892
40 22.164 24.433 26.509 29.051 51.805 55.758 59.342 63.691
50 29.707 32.357 34.764 37.689 63.167 67.505 71.420 76.154
60 37.485 40.482 43.188 46.459 74.397 79.082 83.298 88.379
70 45.442 48.758 51.739 55.329 85.527 90.531 95.023 100.425
80 53.540 57.153 60.391 64.278 96.578 101.879 106.629 112.329

60
Student's t-distribution tn

n
 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.0005
1 0.325 0.727 1.376 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 636.619
2 0.289 0.617 1.061 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 31.599
3 0.277 0.584 0.978 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 12.924
4 0.271 0.569 0.941 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 8.610
5 0.267 0.559 0.920 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 6.869
6 0.265 0.553 0.906 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.959
7 0.263 0.549 0.896 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 5.408
8 0.262 0.546 0.889 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 5.041
9 0.261 0.543 0.883 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.781
10 0.260 0.542 0.879 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.587
11 0.260 0.540 0.876 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.437
12 0.259 0.539 0.873 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 4.318
13 0.259 0.538 0.870 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 4.221
14 0.258 0.537 0.868 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 4.140
15 0.258 0.536 0.866 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 4.073
16 0.258 0.535 0.865 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 4.015
17 0.257 0.534 0.863 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.965
18 0.257 0.534 0.862 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.922
19 0.257 0.533 0.861 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.883
20 0.257 0.533 0.860 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.850
21 0.257 0.532 0.859 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.819
22 0.256 0.532 0.858 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.792
23 0.256 0.532 0.858 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.768
24 0.256 0.531 0.857 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.745
25 0.256 0.531 0.856 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.725
26 0.256 0.531 0.856 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.707
27 0.256 0.531 0.855 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.690
28 0.256 0.530 0.855 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.674
29 0.256 0.530 0.854 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.659
30 0.256 0.530 0.854 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.646
40 0.255 0.529 0.851 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.551
60 0.254 0.527 0.848 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3.460
120 0.254 0.526 0.845 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 3.373

61