WEL COME ………

1
 CHARACTERISATION OF BUS TRANSIT
OPERATION AND MODE SHIFT ANALYSIS:
A CASE STUDY OF SURAT

Chetan R Patel Dr. G. J. Joshi

Assistant Professor, CED
Assistant Professor, CED
S.V.N.I.T
S.V.N.I.T

Civil Engineering Department

Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology,
2
Surat – 7, Gujarat (India)
 CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. STUDY AREA PROFILE: AN OVERVIEW

3. FIELD SURVEYS

4. BUS TRANSIT OPERATION

5. BUS USERS’ TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR

6. CONCLUSION

3
 1.0 Introduction
‰ The urban population in India has increased by 1.79 times in last two
decades. Number of metropolitan cities has increased from 12 in
1981 to 35 in 2001.

‰ Public transport systems; bus systems viable in cities having

population of more than 5 lakh.

‰ Growing travel demand, it is necessary to discourage personalized

modes of transport as they create congestion on roads with
undesirable implications like extended journey time, excessive
energy consumption and environmental pollution.

‰ Study is carried out for bus transit characterisation along with

assessment of mode shift behaviour, potential public transport
demand and assessment of existing level of service (L.O.S.).
2.0 Surat City Profile
Population Density
City agglomeration has
about 28.7 lakh
population (Census
2001) spread over
326.52 Sq. km. area after
it’s expansion from
112.28 Sq. Km in 2006 .
Surat City: Statistics of Demography
Total Density 100
Census Area in Low Grow th 94.65
Population (Person / 90 Medium Grow th
Year sq. km. 84.99
(In lakh) sq.km.) 80 High Grow th 69.48
75.34

Population (In Lakh)

`
70
1951 8.18 2.23 27,262 63.94
60
46.73 58.69
1961 8.18 2.88 35,208 50 44.99
40 43.25
1971 33.85 4.72 13,944 28.76
30
1981 55.56 7.76 13,967 14.99
20
7.76
4.72
10 1.19 1.15 1.17 0.99 1.71 2.23 2.88
1991 111.16 14.99 13,485
0
2001 112.28 24.34 21,678 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041
Year
2006 326.52 40.00* 12,251
*Approximate (Source: Surat Municipal Corporation) (Source: Surat CDP report)

Year Low Growth Medium Growth High Growth

Growth
Population Growth Population Growth Population
Rate
(In lakh) Rate (%) (In lakh) Rate (%) (In lakh)
(%)
2008 50.38 40.35 56.43 41.74 62.48 43.14
2011 50.38 43.25 56.43 44.99 62.48 46.73
2021 35.70 58.69 42.12 63.94 48.68 69.48
2031 28.37 75.34 32.92 84.99 36.23 94.65
(Source: Surat CDP report)
About 2, 10,000 and 81,000 passengers turn over was observed at the rail and bus terminals on day.
Travel Characteristics
‰ Mode Based Trip Rate
Mode Wise Household Trips
Mode Wise Average Weekly Trips / H.H. (%)
Total
Share Auto Bus Bicycle Car 2-W
(%)
23.33 7.97 6.99 16.19 45.52 100.00
Source: Joshi G.J., Katti B.K., Tailor Ravin (2005)

‰ Purpose Wise Trip Rate

General Trip Rate Observations (2004)
Compulsory (daily) Voluntary
Income Total
trips (non daily) trips
group
tphw tpcd tphw tpcd Tphw tpcd
CITY
35.8 1.44 5 0.17 40.8 1.61
LEVEL

*Tphw: trip per household per week; **Tpcd: trip per capita per day; (Source: Sangani M.)

‰ Trip Length
Income group wise Purpose Base Trip Length
Income Purpose wise Average Trip Length (Km)
group
Level Work Education Other

City Level 5.95 3.97 4.05

Source: Sangani M. (2003)
 3.0 Field Surveys
Secondary Surveys: Inventory Data
Study Area Delineation ‰
‰
Population Density
Land Use Pattern
‰ Road Network Details
Primary Survey: Bus User ‰ Vehicle Growth Details
Sr. Area Density‰ Existing Bus Route Detail
Sector Population
No. (sq.km.) Total (ppha)‰ Existing Bus Route Network
Sr. Area Population Zone
‰1 Segment
No Bus
CentralUsers
(CBD) Characteristics
(sq.km) (In lakh) 370,709 Survey
8.18 No. of
Zone
Nos.‰
454.00 (BUCS):Existing Bus trip Detail
2 Socio
North
- - (Katargam)
Economic 34.85
Characteristics: 408,184
Travel 117.12 ‰
Characteristics:
Fare Structure of Existing City Bus Service
1 Walled City 8.18 3.71 5 1-4
‰3 Occupation
East -(Varachha) 40.65 ‰ trip ‰
Mode wise188.22
765,059
Past Planning Report and Maps
2 Inner Area 104.10 20.63 18 5-22
‰ FamilySouth
income
– East ‰ Purpose wise trip
34
‰ Outersize
Family Area 214.24 19.092.86 ‰
250,149 131.07
12 length
Trip 23-
23-34
(Limbayat)
‰ Vehicle ownership
External ‰ Travel pattern
45 South - (Udhana)
N.A. 56.33N.A. 406,5641 72.18
35
Cordon Area ‰ Mode Used before PT
South - west -
‰6 116.05
Bus User Reaction
Total
(Athwa) 326.5227.19 274,58735 23.66
Survey (BURS):
N.A.

West -(Rander-
(Rander-
7 51.28 287,074 55.99
‰ Access walking time
Adajan) ‰ Number of stoppage
‰8 Access waiting
Outertime N.A. ‰N.A.It is touching
N.A.to destination?
‰ Bus stand facility ‰ Fare structure
Total of Study Area 326.52 27,19,498 83.28
‰ Comfort in bus ‰ Time to journey Base Map of Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZs)
‰ Reasons for using bus ‰ Time schedule and punctuality
‰ Bus frequency ‰ Changing buses during trip Field
Sector wise Area andSurvey
Population
5.0 City Bus Service: A Review
Fixed Facility of System
‰ Bus Terminals
‰ Bus Stop Types
‰ Bus Stop Spacing
Cumulative Frequency Bus Station Intervals
Bus Station Interval
<200 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 >1000
(mt)
Cumulative
0.6 10.2 36.6 60.8 77.0 84.5 90.1 94.4 95.3 98.6 100.0
Percentage (%)
120.0
A Panoramic
–Header Sign
View
only
of Railway Station Bus
B- Bus-stop Depot
94.4 95.3 Shelter without Updated
98.6 100.0
100.0 90.1
84.5
77.0
Percentage(%)

80.0
60.8
60.0
36.6
40.0

20.0 10.2
0.6
0.0
0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00 1200.00
Bus-Stop Interval Distance (MT)

Cumulative Frequency of Bus Stop Spacing

77% of bus station interval Passenger
lessC-
than 500 Mt,
Bus-stop which
Shelter
Amenities
is very reasonable distance.
at Depot
 Bus Route Analysis
‰ Bus Bus Route Kilo-meter
‰ Bus Route Coverage
• The total route length of network is 433.40 km on 119.15 km of road length.
• The maximum route length from Rail way station to Dumas Nani bazar and
length is 22 km.
•• Average walking time
The minimum routeis length
6.05 minutes.
from Rail way station to Godadara and length is 7.0
So
kmaverage
. walking length is 402 Mt.

• Total area covers by busDepot Wise

service is Bus Route Length in km
88.31 sq. km (27.08%).
No. of Route
Sr. No. Depot Name Route-km.
• The remaining is 237.84 sq.km Cover
1 uncovered
(72.92%), which largely Railwayby
Station 31 343.30
system. 2 Kohinoor Cafe 6 45.30
3 Chowk 3 44.80
Total 39 433.40

Catchments Area of Bus Service in Study Area

4.0 Bus User’s Travel Behaviour
Socio-Economic Profile
Low Income
HouseGroup
w ife : LIG - ≤ Rs. 5000
‰ Income Structure Middle Income7% Group : MIG - Rs. 5001Services
to Rs. 15000
High Income Group :Services
HIG - ≥ Rs. 15001
‰ Occupation Pattern Student 36%
Business
HIG
32% Self employed
‰ Family Size 9% LIG
26% Student
‰ Vehicle Ownership
120
Pattern Self employed Business
LIG
9%Center(CBD) MIG House w ife
16%
100 18
Cum. Frequency(%)

2W North(Katargam)HIG
80 Car East(Varachha)
49 South-East(Limbayat)
60 MIG Bicycle
South(Udhana)

40
28 65% South-West(Athawa)
Others
4 West(Adajan)

20 Outer(External)
City Level
0 Vehicle Ownership Pattern
1 2 3 4 5+
Family size

• The average family size of bus users at city level is 4.2 due to settlement of large number
of single labourers.
 Trip Characteristics of Bus Users:
Income Group Wise (%)
‰ Mode Used Before Bus Service Income Group 2W Auto Others
‰ Trip Purpose Analysis LIG 6 74 20
‰ Bus User Travel Frequency Analysis:
Purpose MIG
Based Bus Trip 24 58 19
‰ Trip Length
Bus User Travel Frequency HIG 28 41 31
Purpose Wise Bus Trip Share (%)
Sector Bus Travel Share in days per Week (%) Total 19 60 20
Sector Work School Shopping Recreation % Others
1 2 3 4 5-7 Sector5Wise (%)
City Level 44 37 7 7
City Level 21 25 Sector 11 Wise Bus
10 Trip33Length100
Mode Share (%)
Bus User’s Sector
Vehicle Ownership Wise Bus User Frequency
Bus User’s
2W Trip Auto Others
120 Sector Trip Sector
Length(km)
Person Travel By Bus
Length(km)
CBD base Origin –Destination Pattern
100
Center(CBD) 19 53 (In day)
28
100 Boundary base
Vehicle Origin –Destination
per Week Pattern
Cum. Freqency (%)

Center(CBD) 4.72 South(Udhana)

North(Katargam) 5.75 (%) 61
25 14
80 67
Ownership
South-
East(Varachha) 1 282 3 53 4 19
5-7
North(Katargam)
57 6.92 5.93
60 46 West(Athawa)
South-East(Limbayat)
2W 30 19
10 7 67 7 14
46
40 East(Varachha) 8.27 West(Adajan) 5.52
21 South(Udhana)
Car 29 17
21 0 70 0 13
50
20 South-
4.80 Outer(External)
South-West(Athawa)
Bicycle 8 6.39
17
40 16 65 16 17
21
East(Limbayat)
0
West(Adajan)
Others 19 541 15 80 14 15
12
0 1 2 City level
3 4 6.55
5 6
Person Travel by Bus (In day) perDay
Weekfor City Bus System
Outer(External) 6 52 42
Person Travel by Bus per Week (In Days) City Level 19 60 20
 Line Capacity
‰ Line Capacity: Spatial Profile

‰ Population Density and Line Capacity

12000 30

(Thousands)
10000 25
Line capacity (Seat/Day)

10000
Varachha road
8000 9000 20 Udhana road
Dumas road
Line capacity(Seat/Day)

8000
6000 Olpad road
15
7000

Line Capacity (ppd)

Amroli road
4000 6000 Ring road
10
5000 Main road
2000
5
4000
0
3000 0
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
2000 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
Distance from CBD(KM)
1000 Distance from CBD (km)

Distance from CBD to Line0 Capacity Line Capacity Profile along Corridors
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Population Density(PPHA)

Population Density and Line Capacity

Line Capacity Level of Present System

Productive Capacity
Productive Capacity = Line capacity x Average Journey Speed
450

(Thousands)
400

350 Varachha road

300 Udhana road

Productive Capacity (pkpdh)

Dumas road
250
Olpad road
200 Amroli road
Ring road
150
Main road
100

50

0
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00

Disstance From CBD (Km)

Productive Capacity Profile Along Corridors

Level of Service
Level of
X1(Min.) X2(Min.) X3(Rs/Km.) X4
Service
Level A 5.00 5-10 1.0 Opt-
Opt-1
Level B 10.0 10-
10-15 1.5 Opt-
Opt-2
Level C 15.0 15-
15-20 2.0 Opt-
Opt-3
Observed Attribute Value
C.B.D. 6.53(A-
6.53(A-B) 2.72 (A) 0.75(A) Opt-
Opt-2(B)
Non CBD 5.74(A-
5.74(A-B) 12.44(B) 0.75(A) Opt-
Opt-2(B)
Income
6.07(A-B)
6.07(A- 8.00 (A) 0.75(A) Opt-
Opt-2(B)
Group(MIG)
Mode Shift Analysis
‰ Mode Shift : CBD and Non CBD
‰ Mode Shift: Income Groups
Mode Calculated shift
Actual Shift (by Survey)
‰ Calculated
UsedMode (by
Shift:shift
Trip Length
SPMSM-B
(%)
IncomeBefore(by SPMSM-B
Sr. model)
model) (%) Actual Shift (by Survey) (%)
NoGroup (%)
Public Non- Non-
Transport 2W CBD Auto 2WCBD Auto Total
Others
Income Group Wise Comparison
CBD of Mode CBDShift
1 LIG 2-W 59.39 41.30
Stage 167.04 5.95
32.81Stage 218.60 73.81 3 20.24
19.42
Stage 19.31
Percentage
Stage Share (%)
2 MIG Auto 41.71 (≤ 2 Km.)
46.08 59.39 (2 to 423.56
37.24 Km.)
53.49 (> 461.51
57.69 Km.) 18.75 (%)
60.44
2W3 HIG Other
19.31 10.53 --4.79 18.85 -- 9.5927.59
27.91 41.3819.07 31.03
85.62 100
20.25
Auto4 Income
60.44
Total Group
--6.67Wise Comparison
-- 12.64 100.00of Mode
100.00Shift100.00
80.69 100
41.38
Other 180
20.25 1.15 21.84 77.01 100
160
100 18.85

Total 100
140 4.20
46.08
10.53
14.69 81.11 100
80
Percentage(%)

120 HIG
Percentage(%)

57.69
100 31.03 MIG
60 41.71 59.39
37.24
80 27.59 61.51
53.49 LIG Auto
6040
40 59.39 67.04 73.81
18.75 2-W
41.30 32.81
2020 23.56
20.24
5.95 18.60 19.42
0
0 2W Auto 2W Auto Others
CBD Non-CBD CBD Non-CBD
Calculated shift shiftActual ShiftActual
Calculated (by Survey) (%)
Shift (by Survey)
(by(by
SPMSM-
SPM SM -B model)
Bmodel) (%)
Area Wise Comparison of Mode Shift to Bus
5 Conclusion …
‰ Operating characteristics, level of service and mode shift study for newly introduced bus
transit of Surat city is presented in the paper.

‰ Operating speed in CBD is found to be less than that in the Non-CBD area. Transit
coverage is quite low in terms of area and population.

‰ More than 80% of bus passenger trips are made for work and education purpose travel.

‰ Users reaction survey categorises the level of service of bus transit as A-B. Relatively
more mode shift is observed from three wheeler users compared to two wheeler users. As
expected more shift is observed from LIG households compared to MIG and HIG
households.

‰ Nearly 81% shift to bus system is from trips longer than 4 km.

‰ The study provides insight into line capacity and travel mode shift pattern which can be
used for re-planning of the bus transit route network and schedule designing for
attracting more travellers to the bus transit.
References …
• Aparna S. and Pandya R.J. (2007), “Planning for Urban Transport in SURAT”
SURAT”, National Conference on Sustainable Urban
Transportation: Issues and Management Strategies, S.V.N.I.T., Surat
Surat

• Dutta, R. N. (1995), “Bus Routing and Scheduling in Urban Areas”

Areas”, Reader’
Reader’s volume on transportation planning by ITPI, 31-
31-33. IIT,
Kharagkpur.

• Joshi G.J., Katti B. K. and Tailor R., (2005) “Spatial Trip Rate Patterns in Surat, Gujarat”
Gujarat”, ITPI Journal 2: 1 (2005) 28-
28-33.

• Joyce M. Dargay and Mark Hanly, (2002) “The Demand for Local Bus Services in England”
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Planning”, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi.

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Analysis for
Generation of Primary Bus Routes”
Routes” Indian Journal of Transport Management.

• Rashik Bavadia B. (2006), “Modal Shift behaviour Study with Stated Preference Data for Bus Choice in SURAT ”, MTRP Thesis,
S.V.N.I.T., Surat.

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Surat City”
City”, MTRP Thesis, S.V.N.I.T., Surat.

• Tailor R. M.,(2002), “Metropolitan Travel Behaviour Analysis: A Case Study of Surat City
City””, MTRP Thesis, S.V.N.I.T., Surat,
Thank You ……