The preprocessors are the directives, which give instructions to the compiler to preprocess the information before actual compilation starts.
All preprocessor directives begin with #, and only white-space characters may appear before a preprocessor directive on a line. Preprocessor directives are not C++ statements, so they do not end in a semicolon (;).
You already have seen a #include directive in all the examples. This macro is used to include a header file into the source file.
There are number of preprocessor directives supported by C++ like #include, #define, #if, #else, #line, etc. Let us see important directives:
The #define Preprocessor
The #define preprocessor directive creates symbolic constants. The symbolic constant is called a macro and the general form of the directive is:
#define macro-name replacement-text
When this line appears in a file, all subsequent occurrences of macro in that file will be replaced by replacement-text before the program is compiled. For example:
#include <iostream> using namespace std;
#define PI 3.14159
int main () {
cout << "Value of PI :" << PI << endl;
return 0; }
Now, let us do the preprocessing of this code to see the result assuming we have the source code file. So let us compile it with -E option and redirect the result to test.p. Now, if you check test.p, it will have lots of information and at the bottom, you will find the value replaced as follows:
$gcc -E test.cpp > test.p
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... int main () {
cout << "Value of PI :" << 3.14159 << endl;
return 0; }
Function-Like Macros You can use #define to define a macro which will take argument as follows:
#include <iostream> using namespace std;
#define MIN(a,b) (((a)<(b)) ? a : b)
int main () { int i, j; i = 100; j = 30; cout <<"The minimum is " << MIN(i, j) << endl;
return 0; }
If we compile and run above code, this would produce the following result:
The minimum is 30
Conditional Compilation There are several directives, which can be used to compile selective portions of your program's source code. This process is called conditional compilation.
The conditional preprocessor construct is much like the ‘if’ selection structure. Consider the following preprocessor code:
#ifndef NULL #define NULL 0 244 C++
#endif
You can compile a program for debugging purpose. You can also turn on or off the debugging using a single macro as follows:
#ifdef DEBUG cerr <<"Variable x = " << x << endl; #endif
This causes the cerr statement to be compiled in the program if the symbolic constant DEBUG has been defined before directive #ifdef DEBUG. You can use #if 0 statement to comment out a portion of the program as follows:
#if 0 code prevented from compiling #endif
Let us try the following example:
#include <iostream> using namespace std; #define DEBUG
#define MIN(a,b) (((a)<(b)) ? a : b)
int main () { int i, j; i = 100; j = 30; #ifdef DEBUG cerr <<"Trace: Inside main function" << endl; #endif
#if 0 /* This is commented part */ cout << MKSTR(HELLO C++) << endl; #endif
cout <<"The minimum is " << MIN(i, j) << endl;
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#ifdef DEBUG cerr <<"Trace: Coming out of main function" << endl; #endif return 0; }
If we compile and run above code, this would produce the following result:
Trace: Inside main function
The minimum is 30 Trace: Coming out of main function
The # and # # Operators
The # and ## preprocessor operators are available in C++ and ANSI/ISO C. The # operator causes a replacement-text token to be converted to a string surrounded by quotes.
Consider the following macro definition:
#include <iostream> using namespace std;
#define MKSTR( x ) #x
int main () { cout << MKSTR(HELLO C++) << endl;
return 0; }
If we compile and run above code, this would produce the following result:
HELLO C++
Let us see how it worked. It is simple to understand that the C++ preprocessor turns the line:
cout << MKSTR(HELLO C++) << endl;
Above line will be turned into the following line:
cout << "HELLO C++" << endl;
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The ## operator is used to concatenate two tokens. Here is an example:
#define CONCAT( x, y ) x ## y
When CONCAT appears in the program, its arguments are concatenated and used to replace the macro. For example, CONCAT(HELLO, C++) is replaced by "HELLO C++" in the program as follows.
#include <iostream> using namespace std;
#define concat(a, b) a ## b int main() { int xy = 100;
cout << concat(x, y);
return 0; }
If we compile and run above code, this would produce the following result:
100
Let us see how it worked. It is simple to understand that the C++ preprocessor transforms:
cout << concat(x, y);
Above line will be transformed into the following line:
cout << xy;
Predefined C++ Macros
C++ provides a number of predefined macros mentioned below:
Macro Description
__LINE__ This contains the current line number of the program when it is being compiled.
__FILE__ This contains the current file name of the program when it is being compiled.
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__DATE__ This contains a string of the form month/day/year that is the
date of the translation of the source file into object code.
__TIME__ This contains a string of the form hour:minute:second that is
the time at which the program was compiled.
Let us see an example for all the above macros:
#include <iostream> using namespace std;
int main () { cout << "Value of __LINE__ : " << __LINE__ << endl; cout << "Value of __FILE__ : " << __FILE__ << endl; cout << "Value of __DATE__ : " << __DATE__ << endl; cout << "Value of __TIME__ : " << __TIME__ << endl;
return 0; }
If we compile and run above code, this would produce the following result:
Value of __LINE__ : 6 Value of __FILE__ : test.cpp Value of __DATE__ : Feb 28 2011 Value of __TIME__ : 18:52:48
