UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

AMACE REVIEWER
2023-2024

MATHEMATICS
SOLID MENSURATION

Fundamental Math Equations

Conversion of Units
Polygons
Triangles
Quadrilaterals
Circles, Ellipses, Parabolas
Polyhedrons

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS AMACE REVIEWER

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 2023-2024
SOLID MENSURATION

FORMULA SHEET:

A. BASIC MATH EQUATIONS

Pythagorean Theorem 2 2
𝑎 =𝑐 −𝑏
2

2 2 2
𝑏 =𝑐 −𝑎
2 2 2
𝑐 =𝑎 +𝑏

Distance Formula 2 2
𝑑 = (𝑥 2
− 𝑥 ) + (𝑦
1 2
− 𝑦 1)

SOH- CAH - TOA 𝑂

𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ = 𝐻
𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ = 𝐻
𝑂
𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ = 𝐴

Sine Law 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐵)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐶)

Cosine Law 2 2 2
𝑎 = 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 2𝑏𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴)
2 2 2
𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑐 − 2𝑎𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵)
2 2 2
𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐶)

B. CONVERSION OF UNITS

1. LINEAR MEASUREMENTS

LENGTH

1 km 0.621371 mile

1m 100 cm

1 inch 2.54 cm

1 foot 12 inches

1 yard 0.9144 m

CORONADO, 1AR8 Page 1

SOLID MENSURATION

1 yard 3 feet

AREA

1 hectare 10,000𝑚
2

1 hectare 0.01𝑘𝑚
2

1 acre 4,046.8564𝑚
2

1 acre 4,840𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑑
2

VOLUME
3 3
1𝑚 1,000,000𝑐𝑚 or cc

2. ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS

SYSTEM CONVERSION FACTORS

SI (Radian) 2π = 360
0 0
π = 180

Sexagesimal 0
1 = 60' = 3600"
1' = 60"

CORONADO, 1AR8 Page 2

SOLID MENSURATION

C. POLYGONS

GENERAL

Similar Polygons 𝑥 𝑦
1 1
𝑥
= 𝑦
2 2

𝑃 1
𝑥 1
𝑃
= 𝑥
2 2

2 2
𝐴 𝑥 𝑦
𝐴
1
= ⎡⎢ 𝑥 ⎤⎥ = ⎡⎢ 𝑦 ⎤⎥ 1 1

2 ⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ 2⎦
Number of Diagonals (d) 𝑛 (𝑛−3)
𝑑 = 2

where,
n = no. of sides

Sum of Interior Angles (S) 0

𝑆 = 180 (𝑛 − 2)
REGULAR POLYGONS

Interior Angle (α) 0

180 (𝑛−2) 0
0
360
α = 𝑛
= 180 − 𝑛

Exterior Angle (β) 0 360

0
β = 180 − α = 𝑛

Central Angle (θ) 360

0
θ = 𝑛

CORONADO, 1AR8 Page 3

SOLID MENSURATION

Apothem (a) 𝑏
𝑎 = 0
180
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝑛
)

where,
b = length of each side

Perimeter (P) 𝑃 = 𝑏𝑛
Area (A) 1 1
2
𝑏𝑛
𝐴 = 2
𝑏𝑛𝑎 = 2
𝑃𝑎 = 180
0
4 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝑛
)

CORONADO, 1AR8 Page 4

SOLID MENSURATION

D. TRIANGLES

GENERAL

Similar Triangles 𝑥 𝑦
1 1
- If their three interior angles are the
𝑥
= 𝑦
same 2 2

𝑃 1
𝑥 1
𝑃
= 𝑥
2 2

2 2
𝐴 𝑥 𝑦
𝐴
1
= ⎡⎢ 𝑥 1 ⎤⎥ = ⎡⎢ 𝑦 1 ⎤⎥
2 ⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ 2⎦
Perimeter 𝑃 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐
Area 1
𝐴 = 2
𝑏ℎ
where,
b = base h = height

1
𝐴 = 2
𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛(θ)
where,
a and b are sides of the triangle

CORONADO, 1AR8 Page 5

SOLID MENSURATION

Heron’s Formula:
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑠= 2

𝐴 = 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎) (𝑠 − 𝑏) (𝑠 − 𝑐)

where,
s = side perimeter
a,b and c are sides of the triangle

E. QUADRILATERALS

GENERAL

Perimeter 𝑃 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑
Diagonals 2 2
𝑑= 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠(θ)

where,
θ = angle opposite the diagonal being solved

Area 1
𝐴 = 2
𝑑 1𝑑 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛(θ )
𝑑

𝐴= (𝑠 − 𝑎) (𝑠 − 𝑏) (𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑) − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠

where :

CORONADO, 1AR8 Page 6

SOLID MENSURATION

𝑑 1
𝑑 2
= length of the diagonals

θ 𝑑
= the angle between the diagonals

s = the semi-perimeter of the quadrilateral

θ 𝑎𝑣𝑒
= the average of 2 opposite angles

PARALLELOGRAM

Perimeter 𝑃 = 2𝑎 + 2𝑏
Diagonals 2 2
𝑑 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (θ)

where,
θ = the angle opposite the diagonal being
solved

Area 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (θ)

where,
θ = any interior angle

𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
RECTANGLES 𝑃 = 2𝑏 + 2ℎ

2 2
𝑑 = 𝑏 + ℎ

𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
SQUARE 𝑃 = 4𝑎

2 2
𝑑 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 = 𝑎 2
2
𝐴 = 𝑎
RHOMBUS 𝑃 = 4𝑏

CORONADO, 1AR8 Page 7

SOLID MENSURATION

2
𝑑 = 2𝑏 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ)
1 2
𝐴 = 2
𝑑 1
𝑑 2
= 𝑏ℎ = 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛(θ)

TRAPEZOID

Perimeter 𝑃 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑
Diagonals 2 2
𝑑1 = 𝑎 + 𝑐 − 2𝑎𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (θ1)

2 2
𝑑2 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 − 2𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (θ2)

where,
θ = the angle opposite the diagonal being
solved

Area ℎ
𝐴 = 2
(𝑎 + 𝑏)

KITE

Perimeter 𝑃 = 2𝑎 + 2𝑏
Diagonals 2 2
𝑑1 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (θ1)

2 2
𝑑2 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (θ2)

where,
θ = the angle opposite the diagonal being
solved

Area 1
𝐴 = 2
𝑑 1𝑑 2

TRAPEZIUM

CORONADO, 1AR8 Page 8

SOLID MENSURATION

Perimeter (P) 𝑃 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑
Diagonals (d) 2 2
𝑑1 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (θ1)

2 2
𝑑2 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 − 2𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (θ2)

where,
θ = the angle opposite the diagonal being
solved

Area (A) 1
𝐴 = 2
𝑑 1𝑑 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛(θ )
𝑑

𝐴= (𝑠 − 𝑎) (𝑠 − 𝑏) (𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑) − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠

, where :

𝑑 1
𝑑 2
= length of the diagonals

θ 𝑑
= the angle between the diagonals

s = the semi-perimeter of the quadrilateral

θ 𝑎𝑣𝑒
= the average of 2 opposite angles

F. CIRCLES, ELLIPTICAL, PARABOLIC

CIRCLE

Central Angle Angle measure of the intercepted arc

Inscribed Angle 1
2
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

Circumference (C) 𝐶 = 2π𝑟

CORONADO, 1AR8 Page 9

SOLID MENSURATION

where,
𝑟 = the radius of the circle

Arc Length (s) 𝑠 = 𝑟θ

where,
𝑟 = the radius of the circle
𝜃 = the central angle measured in radians

Length of Chord (L)

𝐿 = 𝑟 2(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ°)

where,
𝑟 = the radius of the circle
𝜃 = the central angle measured in degrees

Area (A) 2
𝐴 = π𝑟

Area of Sector (𝐴
𝑠𝑒𝑐
) 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐 =
1 2
𝑟θ =
1
𝑟𝑠
2 2

where,
𝑟 = the radius of the circle
𝜃 = the central angle measured in radians
𝑠 = the arclength

Area of Segment (𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑔) 1 1 2

𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑔 = 2
𝑟𝑠 − 2
𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ °

where,
𝑟 = the radius of the circle
𝜃 = the central angle measured in degrees
𝑠 = the arclength

Perimeter of Segment (𝑃𝑠𝑒𝑔) 𝑃 = 𝑠 + 𝐿

CORONADO, 1AR8 Page 10

SOLID MENSURATION

ELLIPTICAL SECTION

Perimeter (P) 1 2 2
𝑃 = 2π 2
(𝑎 + 𝑏 )
𝑏
RESTRICTION: 0.36 < < 2.94
𝑎

(5% maximum error)

where,
a = the semi-major axis
b = the semi-minor axis

Area (𝐴𝐸𝑆) 𝐴𝐸𝑆 = π𝑎𝑏

PARABOLIC SECTION

Perimeter (P) 2 2 2 2
(𝑏 +16ℎ ) 𝑏 4ℎ + (𝑏 +1
𝑃 = 2
+ 8ℎ
𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑏

where,
b = base
h = height

Area (𝐴𝑃𝑆) 2
𝐴𝑃𝑆 = 3
𝑏ℎ

SPANDREL

Area (𝐴𝑆) 1
𝐴𝑆 = 3
𝑏ℎ

G. POLYHEDRONS

GENERAL

Similar Solids/ Polyhedrons 𝑥 𝑦

1 1
𝑥
= 𝑦
2 2

CORONADO, 1AR8 Page 11

SOLID MENSURATION

2
𝐴 𝑥 1
𝐴
1
= ⎢ 𝑥 ⎤⎥
⎡
2 ⎣ 2⎦
3
𝑉 𝑥
𝑉
1
= ⎡⎢ 𝑥 1 ⎤⎥
2 ⎣ 2⎦
REGULAR POLYHEDRONS

Number of Edges (e) 1

𝑒 = 2
𝑛𝑝

where,
p = number of polygons/faces
n = number of sides in each polygon/face

Number of Vertices (v) 𝑣 = 𝑒 − 𝑝 + 2

Total Surface Area (TSA) 𝑛𝑝𝑠
2
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 180
0
4 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝑛
)

where,
𝑝 = the number of polygons/faces enclosing
the polyhedron
𝑛 = the number of sides in each polygon/face
𝑠 = the length of one edge of a regular
polyhedron

Dihedral Angle (d) 180

0

−1 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑓
)
𝑑 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 180
0 )
𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑛
)

where,
𝑓 = the number of faces at one vertex
𝑛 = the number of sides in each polygon/face

CORONADO, 1AR8 Page 12

SOLID MENSURATION

Volume (V) 3
𝑛𝑝𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2 )
𝑑

𝑉 = 2 180
0
24 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝑛
)

where,
𝑝 = the number of polygons/faces enclosing
the polyhedron
𝑛 = the number of sides in each polygon/face
𝑠 = the length of one edge of a regular
polyhedron
𝑑 = the dihedral angle between any two
adjacent faces

Polyhedron Faces No. of Sides No. of Faces No. of Edges No. of

(n) (p) (e) Vertices (v)

Tetrahedron Triangle 3 4 6 4

Hexahedron Square 4 6 12 8

Octahedron Triangle 3 8 12 6

Dodecahedron Pentagon 5 12 30 20

Icosahedron Triangle 3 20 30 12

CORONADO, 1AR8 Page 13

SURVEYING

Fundamental Math Equations

Conversion of Units
Errors
Measures of Central Tendency
Sample Statistics for Dispersion
Probable Errors and Relative Precision
Pacing
Taping
Tacheometry
Photogrammetry
Electronic Distance Measurement

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS AMACE REVIEWER

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 2023-2024
SURVEYING

FORMULA SHEET:

A. BASIC MATH EQUATIONS

Pythagorean Theorem 2 2
𝑎 =𝑐 −𝑏
2

2 2 2
𝑏 =𝑐 −𝑎
2 2 2
𝑐 =𝑎 +𝑏

Distance Formula 2 2
𝑑 = (𝑥 2
− 𝑥 ) + (𝑦
1 2
− 𝑦 1)

SOH- CAH - TOA 𝑂

𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ = 𝐻
𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ = 𝐻
𝑂
𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ = 𝐴

Sine Law 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐵)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐶)

Cosine Law 2 2 2
𝑎 = 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 2𝑏𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴)
2 2 2
𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑐 − 2𝑎𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵)
2 2 2
𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐶)

B. CONVERSION OF UNITS

1. LINEAR MEASUREMENTS

LENGTH

1 km 0.621371 mile

1m 100 cm

1 inch 2.54 cm

1 foot 12 inches

1 yard 0.9144 m
SURVEYING

1 yard 3 feet

AREA

1 hectare 10,000𝑚
2

1 hectare 0.01𝑘𝑚
2

1 acre 4,046.8564𝑚
2

1 acre 4,840𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑑
2

VOLUME
3 3
1𝑚 1,000,000𝑐𝑚 or cc

2. ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS

SYSTEM CONVERSION FACTORS

SI (Radian) 2π = 360
0
π = 180
0

Sexagesimal 0
1 = 60' = 3600"
1' = 60"

C. ERRORS

Error ε= 𝑋− τ

Correction 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = τ − 𝑋

D. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Sample Mean/ Most Probable Value (MPV) 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠

𝑚𝑝𝑣 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠

Sample Median - middle of the arrayed data

Sample Midrange 𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 2
SURVEYING

Sample Mode - most frequent value

E. SAMPLE STATISTICS FOR DISPERSION

Range 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Variance 𝑛
2
∑ (𝑋𝑖−𝑋)
2 𝑖=1
𝑆 = 𝑛−1

Standard Deviation
𝑛
2
∑ (𝑋𝑖−𝑋)
𝑖=1
𝑆 = 𝑛−1

where,
n = number of terms
X = individual measurement

𝑋= MPV of the quantity

F. PROBABLE ERRORS AND RELATIVE PRECISION

Residual 𝑣 = 𝑋−𝑋

where,
v = residual
X = individual measurement

𝑋= MPV of the quantity

SURVEYING

Probable Error of Single Measurement

2
∑𝑣
𝑃𝐸𝑠 = ± 0. 6745 𝑛−1

Probable Error of Mean

2
∑𝑣
𝑃𝐸𝑚 = ± 0. 6745 𝑛(𝑛−1)

*always 𝑃𝐸 < 𝑃𝐸𝑠

𝑚

Final Expression for Most Probable Length 𝑋 ± 𝑃 𝐸𝑚

Relative Error/ Precision 𝑃𝐸

𝑅𝑃 = 𝑀𝑃𝑉

*always round down

G. PACING

Stride and Pace 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 2 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠

𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑒 × 2

Mean Pace Factor 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑃𝐹 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠

Paced Distance 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 × 𝑃

Relative Precision 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟

𝑅𝑃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
SURVEYING

H. TAPING

I. TACHEOMETRY

Stadia Method 𝐷 = 𝐾𝑠 + 𝐶

where,
D = distance
K = stadia interval factor (100 usually)
s = stadia interval (UR - LR)
C = instrument constant; distance from center
of instrument to principal focus (0 if internal
focusing telescope)

J. PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Photogrammetry 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

K. ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

Distance 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 × 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑑 = 2
CALCULUS

Limits
Derivatives
Rules of Differentiation
Chain Rule, Higher Derivatives
Graphing Functions
Optimization
Definite Integrals
Centroid by Integration

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS AMACE REVIEWER

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 2023-2024
FORMULA SHEET:

A. LIMITS

One- sided Limits lim 𝑓( 𝑥 ) = lim 𝑓( 𝑥 ) = 𝐿

+ −
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

lim 𝑓( 𝑥 ) ≠ lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝐷𝑂𝐸𝑆 𝑁𝑂𝑇 𝐸

+ −
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Limit Properties lim 𝑐 = 𝑐

𝑥→𝑎

lim [𝑐 𝑓(𝑥 )] = 𝑐 lim 𝑓(𝑥 )

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

lim [𝑓(𝑥 ) ± 𝑔(𝑥 )] = lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) ± lim

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→

lim [𝑓(𝑥 ) • 𝑔(𝑥 )] = lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) • lim

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎
lim [ 𝑔(𝑥)
] = [ lim 𝑔(𝑥)
]
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

, provided lim 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0

𝑥→𝑎

𝑛 𝑛
lim [𝑓(𝑥 )] = [ lim 𝑓(𝑥 )]
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

LIMITS AT INFINITY

Limits at Infinity (Polynomials and lim 𝑥 = ∞

Constant)
𝑥→ ∞
lim 𝑥 = − ∞
𝑥→ −∞

𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛/ 𝑜𝑑𝑑
lim 𝑥 +𝑥+ 𝑐 = ∞
𝑥→ ∞
 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
lim 𝑥 +𝑥 +𝑐 = ∞
𝑥 → −∞

𝑜𝑑𝑑
lim 𝑥 +𝑥+𝑐 = − ∞
𝑥 → −∞

lim 𝑐 = 𝑐
𝑥 → ±∞

Limits at Infinity (Rational) For Deg N < Deg D,

𝑛
1 𝑥
lim ( 𝑛 ) = lim ( 𝑛+1 )
𝑥 → ±∞ 𝑥 𝑥 → ±∞ 𝑥

*if the highest degree of denominator

is greater than of numerator, it will
always be equal to 0
For Deg N = Deg D,
𝑛
𝑥
lim ( 𝑛 ) = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐
𝑥→ ∞ 𝑥

Ex.

𝑛
2𝑥 2 1
lim ( 𝑛 ) = 4
= 2
𝑥→ ∞ 4𝑥

For Deg N > Deg D,

𝑛+1
𝑥
lim ( 𝑛 ) = ∞ 𝑜𝑟 − ∞
𝑥 → ±∞ 𝑥

*depending on the ratio of the leading

coefficient

Limits at Infinity (Exponential and Sin) ±𝑥

lim 𝑒 = 0
𝑥 → ±∞
 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
lim 𝑥
= 0
𝑥 → ±∞

INFINITE LIMITS

For all n > 0, 1

lim ( 𝑛 ) = + ∞
𝑥→ 0
+ 𝑥

For all odd number n > 0, 1

lim ( 𝑛 ) = − ∞
𝑥→ 0
− 𝑥

For all even number n > 0, 1

lim ( 𝑛 ) = + ∞
𝑥→ 0
− 𝑥

B. DERIVATIVES

History of Derivative 𝑓 ( 𝑥 +ℎ ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
𝑚 𝑆𝐿
= ℎ

𝑓 ( 𝑥 +ℎ ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
𝑚 𝑇𝐿
= lim ℎ
ℎ→0

Definition of Derivative 𝑓 ( 𝑥 +ℎ ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
𝑓'(𝑥) = lim ℎ
ℎ→0

THE FOUR- STEP RULE

The Four- Step Rule

1. 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ)

2. 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ( 𝑥 +ℎ ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
3. ℎ
 𝑓 ( 𝑥 +ℎ ) − 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
4. lim ℎ
ℎ→0

C. RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION

Constant Rule 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐

𝑓'(𝑥) = 0
Power Rule 𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

𝑛−1
𝑓'(𝑥) = 𝑛 𝑥
Product of a Constant and a Function Rule 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 • 𝑢(𝑥)

𝑓'(𝑥) = 𝑐 • 𝑢'(𝑥)
Sum and Difference of Two Functions Rule 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑢(𝑥) ± 𝑣(𝑥)

𝑓'(𝑥) = 𝑢'(𝑥) ± 𝑣'(𝑥)

Product Rule 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑢(𝑥) • 𝑣(𝑥)

𝑓'(𝑥) = 𝑢(𝑥) • 𝑣'(𝑥) + 𝑢'(𝑥) • 𝑣(𝑥

Quotient Rule 𝑢(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑣(𝑥)

𝑣(𝑥) • 𝑢'(𝑥) − 𝑣'(𝑥) • 𝑢(𝑥)

𝑓'(𝑥) = 2
[𝑣(𝑥)]

Rules on Trigonometric Functions 𝑑

𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)

𝑑 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑥)

𝑑
𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑠𝑐(𝑥) = − 𝑐𝑠𝑐(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥)

𝑑
𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥) = − 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥)

𝑑 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥) = − 𝑐𝑠𝑐 (𝑥)

Rules on Exponential Functions 𝑑 𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑥
𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑙𝑛(𝑎)

𝑑 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛(𝑒) = 𝑒

Rules on Logarithmic Functions 𝑑 1

𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑙𝑛(𝑏)

𝑑 1 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑙𝑛(𝑒)
= 𝑥

D. CHAIN RULE, HIGHER DERIVATIVES

CHAIN RULE

Chain Rule 𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑦' = 𝑓'(𝑔(𝑥)) • 𝑔'(𝑥)

Higher Order Derivatives

*first derivative = slope
*second derivative = rate change of slope

*if f(x) = position

*first derivative = velocity
*second derivative = acceleration
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES

Fundamental Math Equations

System of Units
Conversion of Units
Resultant Forces
Equilibrium of Concurrent Force Systems
Moment of Force
Equilibrium of Parallel and Non-concurrent Force Systems
Supports and Reactions
Trusses

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS AMACE REVIEWER

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 2023-2024
ENGINEERING SCIENCE 1

FORMULA SHEET:

A. FUNDAMENTAL MATH EQUATIONS

Pythagorean Theorem 2 2
𝑎 =𝑐 −𝑏
2

2 2 2
𝑏 =𝑐 −𝑎
2 2 2
𝑐 =𝑎 +𝑏

Distance Formula 2 2
𝑑 = (𝑥 2
− 𝑥 1
) + (𝑦 2
− 𝑦 1)

SOH- CAH - TOA 𝑂

𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ = 𝐻
𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ = 𝐻
𝑂
𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ = 𝐴

Sine Law 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐵)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐶)

Cosine Law 2 2 2
𝑎 = 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 2𝑏𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴)
2 2 2
𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑐 − 2𝑎𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵)
2 2 2
𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐶)

B. SYSTEM OF UNITS

Name Length Time Mass Force

International Meter (m) Second (s) Kilogram (kg) Newton

System of Units 𝑘𝑔 • 𝑚
(N) or ( 2 )
𝑠

US. Customary Foot (ft) Second (s) 𝑙𝑏 • 𝑠

2 Pound (lb)
FPS Slug (
𝑓𝑡
)

CORONADO, 3AR8 Page 1

ENGINEERING SCIENCE 1

C. CONVERSION OF UNITS

1 ft 12 in

5280 ft 1 mi.

1000 lb 1 kip

2000 lb 1 ton

CORONADO, 3AR8 Page 2

ENGINEERING SCIENCE 1

D. RESULTANT FORCES (SUM OF FORCES)

1. Graphical Method

Steps Formula

Construct a Parallelogram with same direction

and lengths in proportion

Use Law of Cosines to find Resultant Magnitude 2 2 2

Force (R) 𝑎 = 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 2𝑏𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴)
2 2 2
𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑐 − 2𝑎𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵)
2 2 2
𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐶)
Use Law of Sines to find Angle of Direction (θ) 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐵)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐶)

2. Component Method

Steps Formula

Make a Table of Fx and Fy

CORONADO, 3AR8 Page 3

ENGINEERING SCIENCE 1

Formula for Given Rise and Run Triangle:

−1 𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑒
θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑅𝑢𝑛

Determine the components of the resultant by

Adding the Corresponding Force 𝑅𝑥 = 𝑃𝑥 + 𝑄𝑥 + 𝑆𝑥 = Σ𝐹𝑥
Components

𝑅𝑦 = 𝑃𝑦 + 𝑄𝑦 + 𝑆𝑦 = Σ𝐹𝑦

Find the Resultant Magnitude

2 2
𝑅 = (𝑅𝑥) + (𝑅𝑦)

Find the Angle of Direction

−1 𝑅𝑦
θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑅𝑥

E. EQUILIBRIUM OF CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEMS

1. Using Horizontal and Vertical Axes

Steps Formula

Take the X and Y Components of the Forces

Get the summation of each component and

equate them to 0 Σ𝑋 = 0 𝑃𝑥 + 𝑄𝑥 = 𝐶
Σ𝑌 = 0 𝑃𝑦 + 𝑄𝑦 = 𝐶

Find the missing Component Forces In Calculator (depends on calcu):

- Mode
- Equation ax +by = c
- Type the corresponding coefficient
- Equate

CORONADO, 3AR8 Page 4

ENGINEERING SCIENCE 1

F. MOMENT OF A FORCE

Magnitude of Moment 𝑀 = 𝐹𝑑

where,
M = Moment
F = Force
D = moment arm perpendicular to line of
action of Force F

G. EQUILIBRIUM OF PARALLEL AND NON-CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEMS

Steps Formula

Know the Forces needed to be solved

Use Equilibrium Equations

Get the summation of forces for each

Equilibrium Equations Σ𝑋 = 0
𝑃𝑥 + 𝑄𝑥 + 𝑆𝑥 = 0

Σ𝑌 = 0
𝑃𝑦 + 𝑄𝑦 + 𝑆𝑦 = 0

Σ𝑀 = 0
𝐹𝑑𝑃 + 𝐹𝑑𝑄 + 𝐹𝑑𝑆 =0

*Note:

CW = POSITIVE

CCW = NEGATIVE

Solve for the Forces

CORONADO, 3AR8 Page 5

 —--------------- MODULE 3 —--------------- Support Types and Reactions (2D)

SUPPORTS AND REACTIONS:

SUPPORT TYPES # Force
Developed
Statics
- Deals primarily with the calculations Cables 1 Tensional Force
of external forces which act on rigid
bodies in equilibrium
Rigid Body
- Combination of a large number of
particles occupying fixed position
Contacting 1 Normal Force
with respect to each other
Surface (Smooth) (Perpendicular;
- Non-deforming Along y)
- Not moving

Conditions for Rigid Body Equilibrium

- Concurrent Forces
- Forces acting on a particle
- In this case, rotation is not a Contacting 2 Force x and
concern, so equilibrium could Surface (Rough) Force y
be satisfy by:
- Σ𝐹 = 0 (no translation)
- Not moving along x
and y

- Non-concurrent forces
- We are also concerned that
Roller Support 1 Normal Force
the rigid body does not rotate
(Perpendicular;
- In order for a rigid body to be Along y)
in equilibrium, the net force,
as well as the net moment
about any arbitrary point O,
must be equal to zero.
- Σ𝐹 = 0 (no translation)
- Σ𝑀 = 0 (no rotation) Pin Support 2 Force x and
Force y (Allow
Support Reactions rotation so no
- If a support prevents the translation moment)
of a body in a given direction, then a
force is developed on the body in
that direction.
- If rotation is prevented, a couple
moment is exerted on the body.

CORONADO, REIZEN F. 3AR-8

Slider/ 1 Normal Force direction
Constrained Pin (Perpendicular;
Along y) Partially
Constrained

Fixed Support 3 Force x and y;

Moment
developed

Ex. Cantilever
Beam

- 2 rollers
- Constraints are
not sufficient to
Equations of Equilibrium: keep the body
from moving
- Σ𝐹 = 0 - Structure will still
𝑥
move
- sums of x
components Statically
- Σ𝐹 = 0 Determinate
𝑦
-sums of y
components
- Σ𝑀 = 0
- sums of couple
moments
components

Reactions and Constraints:

Completely
Constrained
- Can be solved
by three
equations of
equilibrium

- 2 pins
- will not definitely
move along any

CORONADO, REIZEN F. 3AR-8

 Statically
Indeterminate Plane Truss
- a structure made up of a number of
straight and slender bars that are
joined together at the joints only to
form a pattern of triangles (e.g.
bridge & roof truss).

Plane Truss Assumptions

1. The weight of the members is

negligible.
2. All joints are smooth pins.
- When there are 3. The applied forces act at the joints.
more unknowns
than equilibrium Bolted or welded connections are
equations assumed to be pinned together. Forces
acting at the member ends reduce to a
single force and no couple. Only two-
● For purposes of ES1. we want our force members are considered.
structure (rigid bodies) to be
completely constrained and When forces tend to pull the member apart,
statically determinate! it is in tension. When the forces tend to
compress the member, it is in
---------------------------------------------------------- compression.

MODULE 4 Members of a truss are slender and not

capable of supporting large lateral loads.
A truss is a structure composed of slender Loads must be applied at the joints.
members joined together at their endpoints.
Members of a truss are slender and not
The members commonly used in capable of supporting large lateral loads.
construction consist of wooden struts or Loads must be applied at the joints.
metal bars.
Tension
Planar trusses lie in a single plane and are - member reaction due to pulling
often used to support roofs and bridges. forces at both ends and is denoted
by (T); lengthening force
Truss members are connected at their
extremities only; thus no member is
continuous through a joints.
-

Compression
Plane Structures:

CORONADO, REIZEN F. 3AR-8

 - member reaction due to pushing 1. Determine all external forces and
forces at both ends denoted by (C); support reactions.
shortening force 2. Solve for axial forces/bar forces by
isolating the FBD of the joint where
bar force is required by applying
- equilibrium equations.
3. Apply sign convention. If the
computed bar force is towards the
joint in the FBD, the bar is in
compression. If the computed bar
force is pointing away from the joint
in the FBD, the bar is in tension.

----------------------------------------------------------
MODULE 5

DETERMINACY OF TRUSSES:
- Statically Determinant
- m=2n-3
- where,
- m= number of
members
- n= number of joints
- Statically Indeterminant
- m>2n-3
- Contains a redundant
member

ZERO FORCE MEMBERS:

Methods of Truss Analysis
- Has only two non-collinear members
and there is no external load or
- Method of Joints
support reaction at that joint, then
- To calculate the forces in the
those two members are zero force
members of a truss, the
members
equilibrium equations are
applied to individual joints (or
pins) of the truss.
- The resulting FBDs of the
joints will be a concurrent
force system. Thus,
- ΣFX = 0
- ΣFy = 0

General Procedure: -

CORONADO, REIZEN F. 3AR-8

 - If three members form a truss joint
for which two of the members are
collinear and there is no external
load or reaction at that joint, then the
third non-collinear member is a zero
force member

Method of Sections
- Cutting a truss into two sections at a
point where the bar force is required

—--------- NOTHING FOLLOWS —---------

CORONADO, REIZEN F. 3AR-8

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Moment of Inertia and Radius of Gyration

Shear and Moment in Beams
Stresses in Beams

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS AMACE REVIEWER

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 2023-2024
 —----------------------------------------- MODULE 4 —-----------------------------------------
MOMENT OF INERTIA AND RADIUS OF GYRATION

Term Definition Formula/ Graphic

Moment of Inertia product of area and the 𝑦2

(Second Moment of Area) square of its moment arm 2
𝐼𝑥 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴
about a reference axis
𝑦1
𝑥2
2
𝐼𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝐴
𝑥1

Polar Moment of Inertia the moment of inertia about 𝐽 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼

the z-axis. 𝑦

Radius of Gyration distance from an axis at

𝐼
which the mass of a body 𝑘= 𝐴
may be assumed to be
concentrated 𝐼𝑥
𝑘𝑥 = 𝐴

𝐼𝑦
𝑘𝑦 = 𝐴

𝐽
𝑘𝑧 = 𝐴

Transfer Formula for 2

Moment of Inertia 𝐼 = 𝐼 + 𝐴𝑑
where,
x’ = centroidal axis
x = any axis parallel to the
centroidal axis

CORONADO, 3AR-4
 I = moment of inertia about
the x-axis
𝐼 = centroidal moment of
inertia
A = area of the section
d = distance between x and x’

—----------------------------------------- MODULE 5 —-----------------------------------------

SHEAR AND MOMENT IN BEAMS

Term Definition Formula/ Graphic

Beam a slender structural member

designed to support loads
applied at various points
perpendicular to their
longitudinal axis. According to
determinacy, a beam may be
determinate or indeterminate

Statically Determinate those beams in which the Σ𝐹𝑥 = Σ𝐹𝑦 (no translation)
Beams reactions of the supports may
be determined using the
equations of static equilibrium
Σ𝑀0 = 0 (no rotation)
(3 available equations).

CORONADO, 3AR-4
Statically Indeterminate the number of reactions
Beams exerted upon a beam
exceeds the number of
equations in static equilibrium

Transfer Formula for 2

Moment of Inertia 𝐼 = 𝐼 + 𝐴𝑑
where,
x’ = centroidal axis
x = any axis parallel to the
centroidal axis
I = moment of inertia about
the x-axis
𝐼 = centroidal moment of
inertia
A = area of the section
d = distance between x and x’

CORONADO, 3AR-4
 a. Uniform Load
- LOAD: Get the area of the rectangle 𝑏ℎ
- where,
- b = length of uniformly triangle load acting on beam
- h = w(N/m)
b. Uniformly Varying (Triangle)
1
- LOAD: Get the area of the triangle 2
𝑏ℎ
- where,
- b = length of uniformly triangle load acting on beam
- h = w(N/m)
1
- LOCATION: Get the centroid of the triangle 3
𝑏
- where,
- b = length of uniformly triangle load acting on beam

CORONADO, 3AR-4
 A. SOLUTION 1 (SEGMENT METHOD)
1. Draw the beam and axes
2. Solve for the missing reactions
3. Write the equations for Shear and Moment in each segment
4. Draw the Shear Diagram
5. Get Moment values depending on the value of x
6. Plot Moment Diagram
7. Get Maximum Shear (Vmax) and Maximum Moment (Mmax)

B. SOLUTION 2 (DRAWING ONLY METHOD)

1. Draw the beam and axes
2. Solve for the missing reactions
3. Draw Shear Diagram
4. For the moment diagram, get the areas of the respective shear

Area Formulas:

Square 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
where,
b = base h = height

Triangle 1
𝐴 = 2
𝑏ℎ

Parabolic Section 2
𝐴𝑃𝑆 = 3
𝑏ℎ

Spandrel 1
𝐴𝑆 = 3
𝑏ℎ

CORONADO, 3AR-4
 Ratio and Proportion (R&P)

Similar Triangles 𝑥1 𝑥2
𝑦1
= 𝑦2

Squared Property of Parabola (𝑥1)

2
(𝑥2)
2

𝑦1
= 𝑦2

5. Get Maximum Shear (Vmax) and Maximum Moment (Mmax)

CORONADO, 3AR-4
 —---------—------------------------------- MODULE 6 —---------—-------------------------------
STRESSES IN BEAMS

Term Definition Formula/ Graphic

Flexure Formula (Bending Stresses caused by the 𝑀𝑦

Stress) bending moment are known 𝑓𝑏 = 𝐼
as flexural or bending
stresses. where,
fb = Flexural stress
M = Bending Moment in
𝑁 · 𝑚𝑚 or 𝑙𝑏 · 𝑖𝑛
1kn = 1000 N
1m = 1000 mm
1ft = 12 in
y = Distance from the Neutral
Axis to any fiber (mm or in)
I = Centroidal Moment of
4 4
Inertia (𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 )

Maximum Flexure Formula 𝑀𝑐

(𝑓𝑏) = 𝐼
𝑚𝑎𝑥

where,
fb = Flexural stress
M = Bending Moment in
𝑁 · 𝑚𝑚 or 𝑙𝑏 · 𝑖𝑛
1kn = 1000 N

CORONADO, 3AR-4
 1m = 1000 mm
1ft = 12 in
c = Distance from the Neutral
Axis to the outermost fiber
(mm or in)
I = Centroidal Moment of
4 4
Inertia (𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 )

Moment of Inertia for Beam Sections

https://skyciv.com/docs/tutorials/equations-and-summaries/moment-of-inertia-for
mula-and-equations/

SOLUTION:

1. Determine the Maximum Moment

2. Convert units to the required units
3. Compute the maximum flexure formula: (𝑓𝑏)
𝑚𝑎𝑥
4. To compute for the bending stress at a certain location, check the moment diagram and
locate the value of the moment at that certain location.
5. Type of Stress:
a. Positive Moments = Positive Bending (Sagging)

CORONADO, 3AR-4
 i. Top of Neutral Axis (“from the top”) = Compression
ii. Bottom of Neutral Axis (“from the top”) = Tension
b. Negative Moments = Negative Bending (Hogging)
i. Top of Neutral Axis (“from the top”) = Top
ii. Bottom of Neutral Axis (“from the top”) = Bottom

ECONOMIC SECTION:

OTHER REFERENCES:

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/engineering-mechanics/moment-inertia-and-radius-gyrati
on

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/mechanics-and-strength-of-materials/chapter-4-shear-and
-moment-in-beams

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/mechanics-and-strength-of-materials/shear-and-moment-
diagrams

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/mechanics-and-strength-of-materials/flexure-formula

CORONADO, 3AR-4