Infiltration
Module 5
Hydrologic WATER
Precipitation CYCLE
Water Cycle
Watersheds and Focus for
Land Resources this lecture
Evapo-Transpiration
Surface
Runoff
and
Rivers
Infiltration
Water Sources
Ground Rivers, Lakes,
• Water Supply Stormwater
Water Seas, Wetlands,
• Irrigation
Wastewater and Open Areas
• Hydropower
Infiltration
The flow of water into the ground through the earth surface.
Factors Affecting Infiltration Rate:
• Type & extent of vegetal cover
• Condition of surface crust
• Temperature
• Rainfall intensity
• Soil properties
• Water quality
Infiltration
Infiltration Mechanisms
Infiltration Storage Transmissivity Percolation Macropore Perched Flow Perched Flow
capacity Flow (impervious layer) (soil bedrock)
Jan Seibert (2012): Soil Information in Hydrologic Models: Hard Data, Soft Data, and the Dialog between Experimentalists and Modelers, Journal of Hydropedology
Infiltration Mechanisms
If infiltration or storage capacity of the soil is exceeded,
A. Transmissivity: level of lateral flow increases as groundwater table rises
B. Percolation: level of vertical movement in the soil through coarse texture and
permeable bedrock (groundwater table tends to be low)
C. Macropore Flow: flow towards the nearest river and subsurface runoff
D. Perched Flow: concentrated lateral flow due to water-restricting layer exists
within
❑ soil-profile or
❑ soil–bedrock interface
Factors in Infiltration
Infiltration Movement
Infiltration Movement
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEecN7nA-js
Infiltration
• Infiltration rate f (t )
• Rate at which water enters the soil
at the surface (in/hr or cm/hr)
dF (t ) i (t )
f (t ) =
dt
• Cumulative infiltration i (t ) f (t )
• Accumulated depth of water
infiltrating during given time period
t
(t) = f ( )d
Fi (t
0
Infiltrometers
Single Ring Double Ring
Infiltration Measurement
Infiltrometer: set-up used to measure infiltration properties of soil.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ne6swsyEh24
ASTM Tests related to Infiltration
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by Auger Borings
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil
and Rock by Mass
D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedures)
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or
Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
D3385 Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring
Infiltrometer
D5093 Test Method for Field Measurement of Infiltration Rate Using Double-Ring
Infiltrometer with Sealed-Inner Ring
Infiltration Basin
Infiltration Equations
Infiltration Equations
Lewis-Kostiakov Equation
Lewis-Kostiakov Equation
Infiltration Equations
Horton Equation
Horton Equation
Horton Equation
Horton Equation
Infiltration Equations
Philips Equation
Example
We will use this data to estimate
PARAMETERS (Philips)
1. Determine the infiltration rate in mm/hr
at time step t = 3.0 hr
2. Using Philip's Method, estimate the
parameter S or sorptivity at t=3hr and its
precedent time step.
3. Using Philip's Method, estimate the
parameter A or gravity term at t=3hr and
its precedent time step.
4. Estimate the infiltration rate in mm/hr
using the solved parameter S and A for
time t=5min.
5. Estimate the time elapsed in hours using
the solved parameter S and A for
infiltration rate that approaches zero.
Answer
1. Infiltration rate: time h=3hr
=(153-97)/(3.0-2.5)
= 112 mm/hr
Answer
Answer 2. Parameter S f1 = 148 mm/hr
f2 = 112 mm/hr
t1 = 2.5 hr
t2 = 3.0 hr
S = 1306.59
mm/hr-1/2
Answer 3. Parameter A f2 = 112 mm/hr
t2 = 3.0 hr
S = 1306.59
By substitution
A = -265.18 mm/hr
Answer 4. infiltration rate for time t=5min
S = 1306.59
A = -265.18
t = 5/60 hr
f = 1997.9 mm/hr
Answer 5. time elapsed for zero infiltration rate.
f=0
S = 1306.59
A = -265.18
t = 6.07 hr
