MARKS)

SECTION A (40
COMPULSORY QUESTION

the nephron. The nephron

is done by
products which different
other waste
of urea and the kidney along
different regions of
Excretion
are either added
or
along the Ci and k")
and salts i.e.(Na,
transverses
water
substances like urea,

on a variety of factors.
depending
removed
concentration
within the glomerular filtrate
1.below: shows
the variation ofl
Fig duct. Study it carefully.
the nephron and the collecting
along Collecting duct

Inner medulla regic

1200 of the kidney
tration
m/l

1000

800
Outer medulla
nephron
600

400

Cortex
200 10

10 15 20 25 30

Distance/mm
Questions
 c) The vasarecta a blood vessel surrounding the
nephron has both ascending
and descending loops transversing the kidney.
The Osmolality of the interstitial fluid flowing per litre with in the
vasarecta was measured at intervals.

Fig. 2 below, shows the Osmolality of interstitial fluid (mOsm/c) within

the vasarecta.

1200+
Medulla Kidney
Osmolality 800+ Region
of
intersititial 600
fluid Outer medulla
(mOsm/1)
400t
200 cortex

Time/mins

) With reference to the curve for collecting duct fig. 1 and curve in
fig. 2. state the similarities between the concentration in fluids
flowing within the Vasa recta and the collecting duct. (3 marks)

(i) Explain the observed similarities. (3 marks)

(iii) Mention any other function performed by the kidney apart from
those discussed above. (2 marks)

SECTION B (60 MARKS)

Answer three questions from this section

a) Write dovn the similarities and differences between angiosterms and

ymnosperms. (8 marks)
b i) Describe the life eycle of a virulent bacteriophage. (6 marks)
ii) L.ist the importance of bacteria. (6 marks)
3. a) Describe the structure and function of the followin
i) Areolar tissue. (8 marks)
ii) Striated muscle tissue. (8 marks)
b) How does the structure ofproteins permit the wide variety of the functions
of proteins? (4 marks)
 4. a) What is meant by a receptor? (3 marks)

b) Describe the general features common to all receptors. (5 marks)

Using the mammalian ear as an example show how a receptor organ

c)
functions. (12 marks)

5. a) Describe the formation of vascular tissues in a herbaceous dicotyledonous

stem. (12 marks)

b) i) What is linkage? (2 marks)

ii) A population of human beings will contain many more colour

blind individuals than haemophilliacs although the genes are
transmitted in the same way. Explain. (6 marks)

6. a) Discuss the different ways in which man has influenced natural habitats
to suit his style of living. (12 marks)
b) What is the long term effect of the following?
i) Pesticide application. (4 marks)
ii) Global warming (4 marks)

END
 WAKISSHA JOINT MOCK EXAMINATIONS
MARKING GUIDE CoRbINME
Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education
BIOLOGY P530/2 EuIDE Y IO0ASADU

Qn 1. a) (i) Corte2,sn 300mOsm/l to 400mOsml

Fromto
pin,the concentration, increase slightty.from
mudula iin
h the cortex;

mgtulla
Culv
ínnur
From Smm to 12.5pm, the concentration of the glomerular increase rapidly from
400mOsm/l to 1200mOsm/l in the outer megulla,
r

Sm
UMm w

D
U w h o nu
t nis
mR2. inCeeroes
From 12.5mm to 24pmm the concentration ofthe glomerular filtrate remains/almost
ys
d
Mowk
A constant at a psekeof 1200mOsri/¢sin the inner médulla
drscrphy mmK Canikahindaovesaas jndatlylsnshft
mciulla
m 20mm
RViaho%hAues/ange
all
l u r s
From to
24mar the glomerular filtrate concentration
outer medyha from 1200mOsm/e to 400mOsm/c.
decreasçSPpidly,in the
s
From 24mm to 30mOsm/c; the glomerular filtrate concentration decreases
1
f gradualy;from 400mOsm/l tó 100mOsm/c withinthe cortex.
ahn
R o Cunsidex 20 2 2 som r inw medulw1 incd 10 marks
d e y
2a 24 o r cuuk mudula oCK
tKallas
(ii) Collecting duct;
h e initially at >hm the concentration is low at300mPsm/ with the cortex.

Berween 3mmtoSmn theuid oncentration nCreskbdidtrom300mOSm

to 1200mOsm/l, the rapid increase rapid in concentration occurs in the outer
medulla. on 7 Sodh ilmn tonaokekin ttin r m a l NEaRs
humhm lGnn {he toncuahon noreiaes ually ta wn nnw
Between 15Smm to 30mm thé fuid in the collecting duct reaches it highest at
1200mOsm/l and remains constant which occurs within the inner medulla.
from lbm mn im&nlahn manc almoei tuppnt
b) Explanation:
The concentration increa_es slightly due to the loss of
water from the glomerular fitrate at
this region the nephron is permeable to waterbut salts.

Concentration increase rapidly because the surrounding fluid is more

the glomerular fitrate hence there is exercise loss
concentrated-than
of water from the fitratezincreas+ng the
concentration of the filtrate; 1g1 nupvon umoe evbd {o ioa
In the inner medulla, the
surrounding fluid is very concentrated thus there is much loss of
water from the glomerular fitrate-the nephron is also impermeable to salts:
From 20mm to 24mm the glomerular filtrate
concentration decrease rapidly because is
the region the nephron is
impermeableto flow of water;but permeable to the flow of salts
thus the loss of salts lowers the concentration of the
glomerular fitrate
The more lost from the glomerular
outer
filtrate the lower the concentration of the fitrate in the 0R
medulla and the cortex.

CVAKISSHA Joit Mock

Exanminations2 Page 1 of 5
n E Kn d outr N u l í R Sondunn u m u e Cuncunhg S Aaes a

ab lost o m e Glehg duet AuR SontudNRAS

(ii) Collecting duct es no lo of frm e CT

In the cortex, the surrounding fluid, is less concentrated so there is little loss of water
from the fluid as the duct more thus the outer medulla, the surrounding fluid
concentrated increase so more water flows out of the collecting duct inereasing the
concentration. In the inner medulla the surrounding fluid is much concentrated causing
much loss of water by osmoisis of the surrounding tissue.

(c) (1) Similarities between concentrations in fluids in vasorecta and collecting duct.
In the cortex both concentration are low.
-

In the inner medulla, concentrations is highest.| NaKumum

-

c j e c beaK
In both, concentration of fluids increase up to a maximum and then decrease.
moK
ii) Explanation for the observed similarities.
The vasorecta ensues that the concentration gradient in the different regions of the
kidney is maintainedby not removing/ taking away any salt from any of the region
which facilitate continuous exchange ofmaterials,between the nephron, collecting
duct and the kidney tissues.
imowk
ii) Other functions performed by the kidney Toa Bimies
Protein shynthesis e.g. aquaporins
-

Selective secretion.
Regulating blood volume. Iressu
GAlahon bloud PH ny rek
Secrehán ohomnS e renn
2. a) Similarities Ta 4D maks
Embryo sac enclosed in the ovule
Sporophyte is dorminant and gamelöphyle reduced
Separate male and female spores
Pollen tube present
Any
Fertilized embryo sac develops into a seed. | Sekua mowk
Xylem and phloem present
whveuchm

Differences bouid (sbilkcakTh cQleeyklhsadnin

Angiosperm Gymnosperm
Ovule protected in ovary - ovule unprotected shdent uaed
Stigma and style present absent. aserspeaent, maK
Cones absent. - Cones present. but yech o{ okur pot
Fruits formed after fertilization no fruits formed ConCCeed s Rowers
-

Compainion cells present in phloem no companion cells.

Xylem has,tracheids and vessels -

only tracheids in xylem, no vessels.

Sees paksd ogent
b) ) The virus becomes attached onto the surface of the bacteria via tail fibes
The viral DNA is provided into the bacterium
Viral DNA incorporates itself into bacterial DNA strand.
Bacterial DNA appliaten ceases
Viral DNA component synthesis begins.
Host enzyme and synthetic systems are used
Coats
to produce viral proteins
Viral DNA cause host
systems to produce lysis enzymes to break down
host cell wall,
releasing new viruses.
 (11) Importance of bacteria
Decomposition and recycling of plant and animal remains
Symbiotic relationships eo cuk, * a
Foodproduction e.g. cheese, yoghurt, tea. s ard
Manufacture of leather, linen, soap powder
Antibiotie production
Research and study
Cause diseases

3. Structure and function

ork
Ahat- tonlkArColar
Scceb Arcolrtissue
tissue.
arvezian canal
canal contains
cojtains blood vessels for nounshment and never fibres
ve

Nup g
acbtqg
y Canaliculus contains osteocyles
lae cail. Sete ndosteum for strength and support.
aaCt - slive
S fat s Volkman canal links haversian canal to circumferential lamellae
a . f e

edPeriosteum, a dense connective tissue for strength and support

eloake hl»es
Interstitials lamella for strength and suppot.
Lacum contains osteocyles
Schafer fibre, a collagen fibre holding periosteum to underlying bone.
Outer circum ferential lamellae
Haversian system containing harvezian canal.

(11) Striated Muscle.

Elongate fibres allow considerable contraction
Parallel fibres Give maximum contractile effect hurehm
Fibre ends tapered and interwoven provide strength.
Large number of mitochondria provide ATP.
Actin and myosin arrangement in
hcture
sarcomere -allows contraction byjescphm
filament slight over each other.
Rich supply of blood vessels provide-

adequate supply of oxygen and

glucose.
Myoglobin present - a store of oxygen.
Motor end plates allows stimulation of muscle. a make,
-

Fibre arranged in nmolor units -

it allows variable degree of contraction.

mumu&eaktd \orce ta etechue mucd ihPa, 4 *,2°4
Variety of function of proteins is due to
variety of structure-which is also due
the infinite arrangement to
of amino acids in a protein chain and the different means
of folding in the protein chain; eg dlMidd, loni S«tt
, likage
4. a) A receptor is a hsSue gn alet
group by cells (one cell);that transforms-various form of
into action potentials; informs the energy Samul
CNS;of external-and internal changes
b) Features of a receptor
transformsenergy into action potential hansduchon
specialized in structure and funetion.
Creates generator potential.
Has a threshold value of stimulation. /all v
nof
Becomes adapted.
Sensitive to low intensity stimulation.
ecisior An 5
WAKISSHA Joint Mock Examinations 2
Imok
Page 3 of 5
Nax Smak
 Sound energy hits the tympanic membrane afier being collected6y pinna.
Lympanicmembrane vibrátes,
Ear ossicles maleus, incus _tápes amplify vibtations aithe oval window.
Vibrations transmited across orgaofcorti in the inner ear.
Different sound frequencies take different
ctn routes n
hLedi
Endolymph in the organ corti vibrates i.e. cochlearcanal, vestibular and
l j m p
tympanic canal
Codo
Sensory cells between basilar and tectorial membranes are stimulated.
ACtion potentials generated in the sensory haia andinto the cochlea nerve which
forms the auditory nerve. wwK
inpuses Aalkon bvoinVra aucd tow Canal Aov inwpreoTon
5. a) Formation of vascular
tissues,
Menstemate cells form rSe
activdy dividing tissue which gives size to the cells required for
D. growth, the apical nmenstem is located at the stem-iup and other dividing cells forma
broken cylinder called the cambium situated inside the
stem.

The cells are small, regularly shaped, have dense cytoplasm and with thin elastic walls.
To form the xylem, newly formed cells elongate and vacoulate. They lose their
cytoplasm, their end walls
breakdown and ligin is deposited in the side walls either
through annual veticulate or whol. {nickenino oT2n Cel Loails
To form the phloem,
sieveplates are formed by partial break down of the conteitsare
retained companion cells are formed alongside the sieve tubes.
Max 12 marks
b) (i) Linkage is the association of two or more allels.so that they tend to be passed from
generation to generation as an inseparable unitand fail to separate
independent assortment; during
(2 marks)

(ii) The different frequencies

of the allels in the proceeding generation are as a result
of greater selection
againstthe haemophilliac allelethan the colour blind allele;
The haemophilliac allele is
less chance of surviving to sexual
potentiallty lethal; thus individual haemophilliac have
mólaritý ad less chance of passing it to their off
springs.
Some haemophilliacs carriers of disease choose not to have children incase their
offspring are affected
Colour blindness may however be
and the condition is not
passed on by carrier-and colour blnd females
as lethal as
haemophilia
6. a) Man's influence momk
on the habitat
-Population fluctuate in stable environment by because of
Covnckks

with nature causing populations topeaching,

alien species, introduction of
Increase in human
inderferez crash or use.
population resulting into encroachment in swamps and forests
Deforestation. rskot v
Over grazing
Mechanization of agriculture
-
Pollution.
Constructions.

Introduction of wild life animals. A Atrl duteuded

-N\wreS JAvtfrksveSee
)
WAKISSIHA Joint AMock Exauinatiaas ?
noiK
b) (i) effect of
long term use of pesticide.
Overall decrease in
Increase in number ofyields becet
-

odadq|Datn
pests. bes
Increase in different kinds usaen Anageudvaaw
of pests.
Ineffectiveness of the pesticides -leccSel fevh Iy
omac rtolkun eftrs Polutin (clLoelues
i) long term effect of Ater al H
global warming
Melting of snow ice caps.
Avalanches ofthe floods.
Increase in sea level.
Unstable soil structure
resulting into landslides.
Increase in local
temperatures.
Increase in diseases. uihK do duatt
END

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bsetcalso
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