Assessing the Biodegradation of Bio-Plastics made from Cassava (Manihot esculenta)

Starch with Beeswax (Cera alba) as Alternatives to Traditional Plastics

A. Overview or The Background of the Study

Plastic pollution is a significant environmental issue, as traditional plastics made from

petroleum-based materials are non-biodegradable. They persist in the ecosystems for hundreds of

years, contributing to the degradation of land, waterways and marine environment. According to

Ocean Conservancy and McKinsey (2015), the Philippines is the third-ranking contributor to

plastic pollution in the world. In fact, the Philippines estimated plastic consumption every year is

0.75 million metric tons (World Bank Group, 2021).

The need for more sustainable alternatives has led to the development of bio-plastics,

which are made from natural and renewable resources. In this study, we will be using Cassava

Starch and Beeswax to make the Bio-Plastics and to assess its biodegradability. Cassava

(Manihot Esculenta) is known to be a good source of starch. A starch is a natural polymer

extracted from plants and can be used to produce biodegradable plastics due to its eco-

friendliness (Wahyuningtiyas N.E & Suryanto H., 2017). In fact, the Philippines is known as the

36th country producers of Cassava in the world. On the other hand, Beeswax is a natural wax

produced by honeybees. It has been widely used in cosmetics, candles, food packaging and as a

natural plasticizer.

Previous research by Wahyuningtiyas N.E & Suryanto H. (2017) explored the

biodegradation of bio-plastics made from cassava starch, using glycerol to accelerate microbial

degradation. Their study demonstrated that bio-plastics could completely degrade in 9 days when

glycerol was added. However, their research was limited to dry conditions due to glycerol’s
ability to attract moisture. This study aims to address this gap by investigating the use of

beeswax, which repels water and may enhance the performance of bio-plastics in various

environmental conditions.

B. Statement of the Problem

The study seeks to assess how bio-plastics made from cassava starch and beeswax

compare to traditional plastics in terms of biodegradation.

The research questions include:

1. How does the Biodegradation rate of Bio-plastics made from Cassava Starch and Beeswax

compare to that of traditional plastics in terms of:

1.1 Biodegradation speed

1.2 Impact on the environment (e.g. soil, water, etc.)

1.3 Extent of breakdown

1.4 Present of residues

2. Are there significant differences in the Biodegradation rates of Bio-plastics made from

Cassava Starch and Beeswax compare to that of traditional plastics with regards to:

1.1 Biodegradation speed

1.2 Impact on the environment (e.g. soil, water, etc.)

1.3 Extent of breakdown

1.4 Present of residues

C. Hypothesis
 There is significant difference in the biodegradation of Bio-plastics made from cassava

starch with beeswax compared to traditional plastics in terms of biodegradation speed, impact to

the environment, extent of breakdown and present residues.

D. Significance of the Study

The study on the biodegradation of bio-plastics made from cassava starch and beeswax

offers several benefits to different groups:

Environmental Organizations and Policymakers. The findings could guide efforts to

reduce plastic pollution and shape policies promoting the use of sustainable materials. It provides

data that can support environmental regulations and initiatives aimed at mitigating plastic waste.

Local Communities. Communities affected by plastic pollution, particularly those near

waterways and coastal areas, stand to benefit from reduced environmental impact. The use of

biodegradable alternatives could lead to cleaner and healthier living environments.

Agricultural Sector. Cassava farmers may benefit from increased demand for cassava

starch in bio-plastic production, potentially leading to economic opportunities and growth in the

agriculture sector.

Industry and Businesses. Companies involved in plastic production, packaging, and

waste management could find value in adopting bio-plastics as sustainable alternatives. This

could enhance their environmental credentials and appeal to eco-conscious consumers.

 Researchers and Academics. The study contributes to the body of knowledge on bio-

plastics and biodegradation, offering a basis for further research and development in the field of

sustainable materials.

General Public. Individuals who are concerned about environmental sustainability and

reducing plastic waste will benefit from the availability of eco-friendlier products, leading to a

more sustainable lifestyle.

E. Methodology

Research Design

This study will use an experimental approach to compare the biodegradation rates of bio-

plastics made from cassava starch and beeswax with those of traditional plastics. The research

will involve controlled experiments to assess biodegradation in various environmental

conditions.

Materials to be Use:

Cassava starch

Beeswax

Water (for mixing)

Glycerol (optional, for comparison with prior studies)

Testing Materials

Soil samples (for soil biodegradation testing)

Water samples (for aquatic biodegradation testing)

Compost (for composting biodegradation testing)

Plastic molds (for shaping bio-plastics)

Analytical balance (for measuring sample weight)

pH meter and chemical analysis kits (for environmental impact assessment)

Microscopes or visual inspection tools (for breakdown extent observation)

Containers or test tubes (for testing environments)

Stirring rods

Measuring cups

Mixing glass

Procedures

Bio-Plastics Production

Preparation. The researcher will prepare all necessary ingredients and equipment to be

use.

Measurement. The researchers will measure the right amount of ingredients needed and

will control the heat until they get it perfectly.

Mixing. The researcher will dissolve cassava starch in water and heat until it forms a gel-

like consistency. Melt beeswax separately and mix it into the starch. Optionally, add glycerol to

the mixture.
 Molding. The researcher will then pour the mixture into plastic molds.

Drying. Allow it to cool and solidify into bio-plastic samples.

Traditional Plastics

The researcher will cut or shape the traditional plastic samples into uniform pieces for

testing.

Experimental Setup

Controlled Environments. The researchers will set test environments that simulate real-

world conditions, including soil, water, and compost. Each environment will contain samples of

both bio-plastics and traditional plastics.

Biodegradation Testing. The researchers will monitor and record the degradation of the

samples over a specified period. Measurements will include weight loss, physical changes, and

breakdown.

Data Collection and Analysis

Data Collection

Biodegradation Speed. The researchers will track the rate of weight loss and physical

breakdown of the bio-plastic and traditional plastic samples at regular intervals.

Environmental Impact. The researchers assess changes in soil and water quality,

including chemical composition and possible contamination.

 Extent of Breakdown. The researchers perform visual inspections and use analytical

techniques to determine how completely the materials break down.

Presence of Residues. The researchers will analyze the environment for any residual

materials left by the bio-plastics and traditional plastics.

Data Analysis

Statistical Analysis. Utilize statistical methods to compare the biodegradation rates of

the bio-plastics and traditional plastics. Analyze the environmental impact, breakdown extent,

and residue presence.

Comparative Analysis. Interpret the results to determine the effectiveness of bio-plastics

compared to traditional plastics in terms of biodegradation.

Potential Challenges or Limitations

Environmental Conditions. Variability in experimental conditions such as temperature,

moisture, and microbial activity could influence biodegradation rates.

Measurement Accuracy. Ensuring precise measurement and accurate data collection

may be challenging and require careful control of experimental conditions.

Expected Outcomes

Anticipated Results

Biodegradation Speed. Bio-plastics made from cassava starch and beeswax are expected

to degrade faster than traditional plastics.

Environmental Impact. Anticipated to show less negative impact on soil and water

quality compared to traditional plastics.

Extent of Breakdown. Bio-plastics are likely to achieve a more complete breakdown,

leaving fewer residues.

Residues. Expect bio-plastics to result in fewer residual materials compared to traditional

plastics.

Contribution to the Field of Environmental Science

Sustainable Alternatives. The study will provide evidence on the efficacy of bio-plastics

as an alternative to traditional plastics, supporting the development of more sustainable

materials.

Environmental Benefits. Offers potential solutions for reducing plastic pollution and

mitigating environmental damage.

Research Advancement. Contributes to the understanding of biodegradable materials

and their practical applications in environmental management.

F. Ethical Considerations
 Environmental Impact. Evaluate and minimize any potential environmental harm from

the research, including proper disposal of materials and avoiding contamination.

Material Safety. Follow safety protocols for handling chemicals and plastics to prevent

harm to researchers and the environment. Implement proper waste disposal methods.

Animal Welfare. Ensure that the research does not involve any harm to animals. If

animal testing or observations are required, adhere to ethical guidelines and obtain necessary

approvals. Utilize humane practices and consider alternative methods to avoid animal use

whenever possible.

G. Conclusion

Summary of Research Proposal

This research aims to evaluate the biodegradation of bio-plastics made from cassava

starch and beeswax in comparison to traditional plastics. The study will assess biodegradation

rates, environmental impact, and the extent of breakdown to determine the effectiveness of these

bio-plastics as sustainable alternatives.

Significance and Potential Impact

The findings will offer insights into the viability of bio-plastics in reducing plastic

pollution and mitigating environmental damage. By demonstrating the advantages of bio-

plastics, the research could influence policy decisions, promote sustainable materials, and

contribute valuable knowledge to the field of environmental science. The project highlights the

importance of finding practical solutions to environmental challenges and has the potential to

drive positive changes in both industry and community practices.