BILAL PG LAB 1-9

LABORATORY MANUAL
Electrical Engineering Department
For the complete fulfillment of the requirements for the lab course of
Power Generation
Submitted by
MUHAMMAD BILAL | 57651
Instructor
ENGR. HARIS SHAHBAZ

Lab Engineer, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Faculty of Information & Communication Technology, BUITEMS, Quetta.
Session fall – 2024

LAB POWER GENERATION Muhammad
MANUAL Bilal
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CERTIFICATE
This is certified that Mr. Muhammad Bilal bearing CMS ID #

57651 successfully completed the laboratory manual of
Power Generation in his 7th semester of BS (Electrical
Engineering), Batch Fall-2021 under the supervision of his lab
instructor Engr. Haris Shahbaz.
_________________ __________________
Lab Manual Marks Instructor
Signature
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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Sr. No Experiments
1 Introduction to Power Generation Equipment.
2 Analysis of No-Load Test of Synchronous Generator.
3 Analysis of Short-Circuit Test of Synchronous Generator.
4 Analysis of Synchronous Generator on Different Loads.
5 Regulation Performance Characteristics Analysis of Synchronous
Generator.
6 Analysis of Synchronization of Synchronous Generator with
Grid Supply.
7 Power Sharing Characteristics Analysis of Synchronous Generator.
8 Analysis of Starting of Synchronous Motor.
9 AC to DC Conversion Analysis by Synchronous Motor Generator Set.
10 Power Factor Correction Analysis Through Synchronous Motor.
11 Analysis of Power Generation by Stand-Alone Induction Motor.
12 Regulation Analysis of Stand-Alone Induction Motor.
13 Voltage and Frequency Control Analysis of Stand-Alone Induction
Generator (Open Ended Lab).
14 Analysis of Grid Connected Induction Generator.
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Table of Contents
CERTIFICATE...................................................................................................ii
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS....................................................................................iii
INTRODUCTION TO POWER GENERATION LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS.........1
Objective:..........................................................................................................1
Equipment:........................................................................................................1
Theory:..............................................................................................................1
Power system......................................................................................................1
Electric power system components..........................................................................1
Generation.........................................................................................................2
Types of Generation.............................................................................................3
Conclusion:......................................................................................................13
Rubrics:...........................................................................................................14
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LAB NO. 1
INTRODUCTION TO POWER GENERATION LABORATORY

EQUIPMENTS
Objective:
 To learn about the lab equipment which will be used in PG lab.
Equipment:
 Variable DC Power Supply
 3ϕ AC Power Constant Power Supply
 3ϕ Variable Power Supply
 Power Circuit Breaker
 Synchronization Indicator
 Synchronoscope
 Switchable Capacitor Battery
 Moving Coil Ammeter
 Moving Iron Voltmeter
 Double Frequency Meter
 Double Voltmeter
 3ϕ Synchronous Generator
 DC Motor
Theory:
Power Generation
Power generation is the process of producing electrical energy from various
energy sources. The generated electricity is then transmitted and distributed
to meet consumer demand.
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Power generation refers to the process of converting various forms of energy into electrical
energy, which is then transmitted and distributed to meet consumer demand. This process
involves the use of energy sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, or renewable sources like
solar, wind, or hydro energy. The energy source is utilized to produce mechanical energy, which
is then converted into electrical energy through the use of generators, turbines, and transformers.
The generated electricity is then increased in voltage for efficient transmission over long
distances, and subsequently decreased in voltage for safe distribution to consumers.
Figure 1.1: Electric Power System
Thermal Power Generation

Thermal power generation uses fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, or oil to produce steam,
which drives turbines to generate electricity. This type of power generation is widely used due to
its high capacity and reliability. However, it has environmental concerns such as emissions and
waste disposal. There are various types of thermal power plants, including coal-fired, gas-fired,
oil-fired, and nuclear power plants.
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Figure 1.2: Thermal Power System
Hydroelectric Power Generation

Hydroelectric power generation harnesses the energy of moving water to produce electricity.
This type of power generation is renewable and has low operating costs. It also provides flood
control and irrigation benefits. There are three main types of hydroelectric power plants:
impoundment, run-of-river, and pumped storage. Hydroelectric power generation is dependent
on water resources and has high upfront costs.
Figure 1.3: Hydroelectric Power System
Renewable Power Generation

Renewable power generation uses natural resources such as sunlight, wind, biomass, and
geothermal heat to produce electricity. This type of power generation is becoming increasingly
popular due to its sustainability and minimal environmental impact. Solar power generation uses
photovoltaic panels or solar thermal systems to produce electricity. Wind power generation uses
wind turbines to generate electricity. Biomass power generation uses organic matter to produce
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electricity. Geothermal power generation harnesses heat from the Earth's core to produce
electricity.
Figure 1.4: Renewable Power Generation

Nuclear Power Generation
Nuclear power generation uses nuclear reactions to produce steam, which drives turbines to
generate electricity. This type of power generation has high capacity and low operating costs.
However, it has safety concerns and nuclear waste disposal issues. There are various types of
nuclear power plants, including pressurized water reactors, boiling water reactors, and gas-
cooled reactors.
Figure 1.5: Nuclear Power System
Geothermal Power Generation
Geothermal power generation harnesses heat from the Earth's core to produce electricity. This
type of power generation is renewable and reliable. However, it has limited resources and high
upfront costs.
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Figure 1.6: Geothermal Power System
Variable DC Power Supply
A Variable DC Power Supply is a device that provides adjustable direct

current (DC) voltage and current to meet the specific needs of electronic
circuits and devices. It allows users to control output voltage and current
through knobs or digital controls, with modes like Constant Voltage (CV) and
Constant Current (CC) to maintain stable power levels. Commonly used in
labs, testing, and development environments, it features protection
mechanisms such as overvoltage, overcurrent, and short-circuit protection to
safeguard both the device and connected circuits.
Figure 1.7: Variable DC Power Supply
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3ϕ AC Power Constant Power Supply
A 3ϕ AC Power Constant Power Supply delivers stable three-phase

alternating current (AC) power for industrial applications, offering constant
voltage and current to maintain a consistent power output, regardless of
load changes. These power supplies are essential in environments where
reliable and balanced three-phase power is crucial, such as in motor drives,
heavy machinery, and large-scale electrical systems.
Figure 1.8: AC Power Constant Power Supply

3ϕ Variable Power Supply
A 3-phase variable power supply is an electrical device that provides adjustable voltage and
current across three phases, commonly used in industrial settings, laboratories, and testing
environments. It allows precise control over the power delivered to equipment like motors and
large-scale machinery, making it essential for testing, development, and operation under varying
conditions.
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Figure 1.9: Variable Power Supply

Power Circuit Breaker
A power circuit breaker is an electrical device designed to protect an

electrical circuit from damage caused by overloads or short circuits by
automatically interrupting the flow of current when a fault is detected. It is
used in both residential and industrial settings to ensure the safety of
electrical systems and prevent equipment damage.
Figure 1.10: Power Circuit Breaker
Synchronization Indicator
A Synchronization Indicator is a device or system used to display or signal when two or more
systems (typically electrical) are synchronized in terms of parameters such as frequency, phase,
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and voltage. It's commonly used in applications like power generation, where generators need to
be synchronized with the grid before being connected.
Figure 1.11: Synchronization Indicator

Synchronoscope
A Synchronoscope is an instrument used to indicate the phase difference and

synchronization status between two AC power sources, typically between a
generator and an electrical grid. It consists of a dial with a needle that moves
according to the phase difference between the two systems. When the
needle points to the zero position (usually marked as 12 o'clock), it indicates
that the two systems are in phase and synchronized, allowing the generator
to be safely connected to the grid.
Figure 1.12: Synchronoscope
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Switchable Capacitor Battery
A Switchable Capacitor Battery refers to a hybrid energy storage system that

integrates capacitors and batteries, allowing the user to switch between
them based on the specific power or energy requirements. Capacitors are
ideal for delivering quick bursts of power due to their ability to charge and
discharge rapidly, while batteries provide longer-term, sustained energy
storage.
Figure 1.13: Switchable Capacitor Battery
Moving Coil Ammeter
A Moving Coil Ammeter is an instrument used to measure direct current (DC)

by utilizing a coil of wire that moves in response to the magnetic field
generated by the current flowing through it. The coil is suspended in a
permanent magnetic field, and when current passes through the coil, it
experiences a torque that causes it to move, deflecting a needle on a
calibrated scale to indicate the current.
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Figure 1.14: Moving Coil Ammeter
Moving Iron Voltmeter
A Moving Iron Voltmeter is an instrument used to measure both alternating current (AC) and
direct current (DC) voltages. It operates based on the principle that an iron piece inside the
device moves when exposed to a magnetic field generated by the current flowing through a coil.
As the voltage increases, the magnetic field strengthens, pulling the iron piece and causing the
pointer to deflect on a calibrated scale.
Figure 1.15: Moving Iron Voltmeter
Double Frequency Meter
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A Double Frequency Meter is an instrument designed to measure and display two different
frequency ranges or values in an electrical system, typically used in alternating current (AC)
circuits. It allows the monitoring of frequency fluctuations and ensures that the system operates
within desired frequency limits.
Figure 1.16: Double Frequency Meter
Double Voltmeter
A Double Voltmeter is an instrument designed to measure and display the voltage levels of two
different electrical sources or circuits simultaneously. It typically features two separate
measurement systems within a single unit, allowing users to monitor voltages in different phases,
systems, or points of a circuit at once. This type of voltmeter is commonly used in power
distribution systems, industrial applications, and electrical panels where comparing voltages
between different sources (such as two phases in a three-phase system) is important for
maintenance, troubleshooting, or synchronization purposes.
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Figure 1.17: Double Voltmeter
Conclusion:
In this lab we have learnt the power generation equipment, enhancing our
understanding of electrical power production. We gained practical
experience with transformers, generators, and power supplies, preparing us
for real-world applications.
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Rubrics:
Absent Student is Student can Student has Student has Student
unable to understand followed constructed perfectly
follow the the provided instructions the implemented a
provided laboratory to construct functional/ working
instructions instructions the working model/ logic/
properly. and familiar fundamental schematic/ circuit/ block
The student with the lab schematic/ model/ block diagram/ code
can name the environment block diagram/ and
hardware or (Trainer/ diagram/ code, and successfully
Demonstration
simulation software/ code/ model have executed the
platform, but IDE), but on the successfully lab objective
unable to cannot protoboard/ executed the in Realtime or
implement implement trainer/ program/ run in a
anything on the simulation circuit on simulation
practically or platform software. software environment
on the practically or platform and produced
software on the the desired
software results
Category Ungraded Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0
Date Total Marks Instructor’s Signature
Report Plagiarized Requireme Observati Appropriat Correctly

not content nts are ons are e drawn
submitte presented listed and recorded computati conclusion
d or experimen along with ons or with
Laboratory
incomplete tal detailed numerical exact
Reports
submission procedure procedure analysis is results and
is performed complete
presented report in all
respects
Category Ungrad Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent
ed
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.61 - 0.81 - 1.0
0.60 0.80
Date Total Instructor’s
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Marks Signature
LAB NO. 2
ANALYSIS OF NO-LOAD PERFORMANCE OF SYNCHRONOUS

GENERATOR
Objective:
 To determine the mechanical losses of alternator.
 Determine the iron loses of alternator.
 Recording and plotting the open circuit curve at various operational
speed of alternator.
Required Equipment:
 3-phase synchronous alternator
 Dc variable power supply
 Dc shunt motor
 Tachometer
 Excitation voltage regulator
 Ammeter
 Voltmeter
Theory:
Losses in Alternator
An alternator is an essential component in modern electrical systems,
converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. However, during this
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conversion process, some energy is lost due to various factors. These losses
not only reduce the alternator's efficiency but also generate heat, which can
affect its reliability and lifespan. Understanding the different types of losses
in an alternator is crucial for optimizing its performance and design.
Types of Losses
There are five primary types of losses in an alternator:
 Copper Losses
Copper losses, also known as I^2R losses, occur due to the resistance of the
windings in the alternator. When current flows through the windings, it
encounters resistance, resulting in heat generation. These losses are
proportional to the square of the current flowing through the windings and
the resistance of the windings
 Iron Losses (Core Losses)
Iron losses, or core losses, occur in the alternator's magnetic core. They
consist of hysteresis losses and eddy current losses. Hysteresis losses are
caused by the magnetic field reversal in the core material, while eddy
current losses result from the flow of induced currents in the core.
 Mechanical Losses
Mechanical losses include friction and windage losses. Friction losses occur
due to the rotation of the alternator's shaft and bearings, while windage
losses result from the airflow around the rotating components.
 Stray Load Losses
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Stray load losses occur due to the leakage of magnetic flux around the
windings and core. This leakage flux induces currents in nearby components,
resulting in energy loss.
 Brush Losses
Brush losses occur in alternators with slip rings and brushes. The brushes
contact the slip rings to transfer current, resulting in friction and wear. In
practical calculations, we take the stray load losses 1% of the full-load
losses.
List of Electrical circuit parameter:
IEM = Motor field excitation current.
IM = Motor current
PMm = Motor mechanical losses
IMo = Motor current when alternator is not excited
VMo = Motor voltage when alternator is not excited
IEmo = Motor excitation current when alternator is not excited
PMo = Motor and alternator no load losses
PGM = Alternator mechanical losses
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IeMe = Motor field current when alternator is excited
Ie = Alternator field excitation
IMe = Motor current when alternator is excited
VMe = Motor voltage when alternator is excited
PMe = Motor absorbed power when alternator is excited
PGFe = Alternator losses
PGo = Alternator no load losses
Circuit Diagram:
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Figure 2.1: Circuit Diagram
Procedure:
In order to perform the desire lab task, we must follow the procedure described below in points:
STEP 1
In first Scenario, Find the Mechanical Losses at DC Motor by following the additional steps
described below:
 Let the Synchronous Alternator be decoupled from DC Motor.

 Provide DC Motor with a DC Supply and increase the RPM of Motor to 3000 RPM.
 Note down the values of 𝐼𝑀, 𝐼𝐸𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑀.
Calculate the Mechanical Loss by using the formula:
𝑷𝑴𝒎 = 𝑽𝑴(𝑰𝑴 − 𝑰𝑬𝑴)
STEP 2
In second Scenario, Find the Mechanical Losses at Alternator by following the additional steps
described below:
 Let the Synchronous Alternator be coupled with DC Motor.

 Let Alternator be un-excited.
 Note down the values of 𝐼𝑀𝑂, 𝐼𝐸𝑀𝑂 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑀𝑂.
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Calculate the No-Load loss of Alternator by using the Formula:

𝑷𝑴𝑶 = 𝑽𝑴𝑶(𝑰𝑴𝑶 − 𝑰𝑬𝑴𝑶)
Calculate the Alternator Mechanical Loss by subtracting No-Load loss at Alternator (𝑷𝑴) from
Mechanical Loss at Motor (𝑷𝑴), using the formula:
𝑷𝑮𝑴 = 𝑷𝑴𝑶 − 𝑷𝑴𝒎
STEP 3
In third Scenario, Find the Iron Losses and total No-Load loss at Alternator by following the
additional steps described below:
 Let the Synchronous Alternator be coupled with DC Motor.
 Let Alternator be excited and set to 380V.
 Note down the values of 𝐼𝑀𝑒, 𝐼𝑒, 𝐼𝐸𝑀𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑀𝑒.
Calculate the Total Power absorbed by Motor using the Formula:
𝑷𝑴𝒆 = 𝑽𝑴𝒆(𝑰𝑴𝒆 − 𝑰𝑬𝑴𝒆)
Calculate the Alternator Iron Losses by subtracting total power absorbed by Motor (𝑷𝑴) from
No-Load loss at Alternator (𝑷𝑴𝒆), using the formula:
𝑷𝑮𝑭𝒆 = 𝑷𝑴𝒆 − 𝑷𝑴𝑶
Now, add Iron losses (𝑷𝑮𝑴) and Mechanical losses at Alternator (𝑷𝑮𝑭?) to obtain total No-Load
loss:
𝑷𝑮𝑶 = 𝑷𝑮𝑴 + 𝑷𝑮𝑭𝒆
Readings and Measurement:
Speed 3000 rpm 2500 rpm 2000 rpm
Current Ie Vs (V) Vs (V) Vs (V)
50 120 102 82
100 221 183 153
150 310 250 209
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200 373 315 259
250 423 357 294
300 467 395 320
Graph:
Figure 2.2: The Vs vs Ie curve
Hardware Implementation:
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Figure 2.3: Hardware implementation of circuit
Conclusion:
In this lab we learn about different losses in alternator and open circuit curve
and find mechanical and iron losses of alternator by analyzing the generator
on no-load test.
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Rubrics:
Demonstration
software results
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0

Laboratory
Reports
respects
ed
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.61 - 0.81 - 1.0
0.60 0.80
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Marks Signature
LAB NO. 3
ANALYSIS OF SHORT CIRCUIT TEST OF SYNCHRONOUS

GENERATOR
Objective:
 Determine the ohmic and stray losses of alternator.
 Recording the short circuit curve at various speeds.
 Calculating the synchronous reactance.
Equipment:
 3ϕ Synchronous Alternator
 DC Variable Power Supply
 DC Shunt Motor
 Tachometer
 Excitation Voltage Regulator
 Ammeter
 Voltmeter
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Theory:
Short Circuit Test of a Synchronous Generator:
The short circuit test of a synchronous generator is an essential procedure that assesses the
machine's behavior under fault conditions. This test is primarily conducted to determine the
synchronous reactance, which is crucial for understanding how the generator will perform during
short circuit events. By simulating a short circuit, engineers can evaluate the maximum short-
circuit current the generator can produce and assess its thermal limits. The insights gained from
this test are vital for designing protection schemes and ensuring the generator's stability and
reliability in power systems.
Figure 3.1: Short Circuit Diagram of Synchronous Generator
To perform the short circuit test, the generator is first isolated from the electrical grid and all
connected loads. Proper safety measures must be in place to protect both personnel and
equipment. The test begins with the generator terminals connected to a load bank, which
simulates a short circuit condition. Initial measurements of the no-load terminal voltage are
recorded, followed by the application of the short circuit. As the short circuit is applied, the
current flowing through the generator is monitored and recorded until steady-state conditions are
achieved. This data is crucial for evaluating the machine’s performance.
Once the test is complete, the data collected is analyzed to calculate the synchronous reactance
using the formula \(X_s = \frac{V}{I_{sc}}\), where \(V\) is the terminal voltage and \(I_{sc}\)
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is the short-circuit current. This calculation provides valuable information about the generator's
voltage regulation and fault current capabilities. Additionally, the thermal effects of the short
circuit on the generator windings are evaluated to ensure that the generator can withstand such
conditions without damage. The assessment also includes understanding the generator's recovery
after the fault is cleared, which is critical for stability analysis.
The implications of the short circuit test are far-reaching. The results inform the design of
protection devices, helping to set appropriate settings for circuit breakers and relays.
Furthermore, they guide operational practices, ensuring that the generator operates within safe
limits. Regular short circuit testing can also help identify potential issues or degradation in the
generator’s performance, allowing for proactive maintenance and minimizing the risk of failure.
Ultimately, this test is a fundamental aspect of maintaining the reliability and safety of
synchronous generators in power generation systems.
List of electrical circuit parameters

IMK = 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 at Short Circuit
IEMK = 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 Current at Short Circuit
VMK = 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 at Short Circuit
PMK = 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 Power Losses at Short Circuit
IEK = Alternator Field current at Short Circuit
PGK = 𝐴𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 Power
PKm = 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 Mechanical Losses
PGCu = 𝐴𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 Copper L𝑜𝑠𝑠es
PGM = 𝐴𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 L𝑜𝑠𝑠es
PSCu = Stator Copper Losses
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Pad = Stray Losses
Circuit Diagram:
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Procedure:
STEP 1
First step to find losses of alternator.
DC Supply is supplied to motor and run at 3000rpm.
Excite the field of alternator so that short circuit current does not exceed 1.67A.
Note down the values of IMK, IEMK, and VMK.
DC Motor:
IEMK = 0.4A
IMK = 2.1A
VMK = 230V
Calculate power absorbed by motor:
PMK = VMK (IMK – IEMK) = 391W
Exciter field current of generator at nominal short circuit stator current:
IEK = 0.4A
Calculate short circuit power of generator:
PGK = PMK – PMm = 391 - 207 = 184W
Calculate copper losses:
PGCu = PGK – PGM = 184 – 115 = 69W
Calculate stator ohmic losses:
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PSCu = 3(In)2 Rs = 3 x (1.67)2 (4.5) = 37.65W
Stray Losses:
Pad = PGCu – PSCu = 69 – 37.65 = 31.35W
Stray Resistance:
Rad = Pad / I2n = 31.35 / (1.67)2 = 11.24Ω
Total stator equal resistance at 750C:
R75 = 3Rs75 + Rad = 3(4.5) + 11.24 = 24.74Ω
PCu75 = R75 x I2n = 24.74 x (1.67)2 = 68.99Ω
STEP 2
Record short circuit curve at various speeds.
No Load exciter current:
IEO = IKo = 0.21A
Calculate short circuit ratio = Kk = IEo / IEK = 0.21 / 0.4 = 0.5A
Synchronous Reactance:
VN
X d=
√ 3 I Ko
Xd = 380 / √ 3 (0.21) = 877.5Ω
Results and Calculations:

Speed (rpm) 3000 2500 2000
S. No Exciter Current (Ie) Stator Current Is (A) Is (A)
1 50 0.21 0.2 0.22
2 100 0.42 0.42 0.44
3 150 0.64 0.64 0.67
4 200 0.9 0.9 0.9
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Graph:
Figure 3.3: The Is vs Ie curve
Figure 3.4: Hardware Implementation
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Conclusion:
In this lab we discus about the ohmic and stray losses in alternator and short
circuit curve and also learn the synchronous reactance and calculate the
ohmic and stray losses with the help of previous lab values.
Rubrics:
Demonstration Absent Student is Student can Student has Student has Student
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software results
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0
Report not Plagiarized Requirements Observations Appropriate Correctly

submitted content are listed and are recorded computations drawn
presented or experimental along with or numerical conclusion
Laboratory incomplete procedure is detailed analysis is with
Reports submission presented procedure performed exact results
and complete
report in all
respects
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0
LAB NO. 4
ANALYSIS OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR ON DIFFERENTS

LOADS
Objective:
 Recording the response of the alternator operating with excitation & speed kept constant
under different kinds of load.
Equipments:
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 3 phase synchronous alternator

 Variable DC power supply
 DC shunt motor
 Tachometer
 Excitation voltage controller
 PCB
 Resistive load
 Inductive load
 Capacitive load
 Ammeter
 Voltage meter
Theory:
Synchronous generator:
A synchronous generator, also known as an alternator, is a type of electrical machine that
converts mechanical energy into electrical energy using the principle of electromagnetic
induction. Unlike other generators, a synchronous generator operates at a constant speed, known
as synchronous speed, which is directly related to the frequency of the electrical output and the
number of poles in the machine.
The key components of a synchronous generator include the rotor, which is the rotating part, and
the stator, which is the stationary part. The rotor can be either a salient-pole or non-salient-pole
design, depending on the application and speed requirements. As the rotor spins, it creates a
rotating magnetic field that induces an alternating current (AC) in the stator windings. The
frequency of the generated electricity is determined by the formula f=P⋅n120f = \frac{P \cdot n}
{120}f=120P⋅n, where fff is the frequency in hertz, PPP is the number of poles, and nnn is the
rotor speed in revolutions per minute (RPM).
Synchronous generators are commonly used in power plants for electricity generation,
particularly in hydroelectric and thermal power stations. One of their advantages is the ability to
maintain a stable output voltage and frequency, making them suitable for grid applications.
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Additionally, they can operate in parallel with other generators, contributing to overall system
reliability.
However, synchronous generators require an external source of excitation to produce the
necessary magnetic field. This is typically achieved using either a rotating exciter or a static
excitation system. Proper synchronization with the grid is essential when connecting
synchronous generators, as it ensures that the voltage and frequency match those of the electrical
grid, preventing potential damage to equipment and instability in the power system.
Figure 4.1: Synchronous Generator
Circuit Diagram:
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Fig.4.2: circuit diagram
Procedure:
 Set the rotation of shunt motor at the speed of 3000 RPM.
 Then we provide the Nominal Excitation.
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 We provide the excitation till the terminal voltage become the 380v.
 After that we check the behavior of current and voltage on resistive, inductive and
capacitive loads.
Observation and calculation:
N = 3000 RPM V = 380 V IEo = 0.2 A

R Is (A) Vs (V) L Is (A) Vs (V) C Is (A) Vs (V)
R0 0 380 L0 0 380 C0 0 380
R1 0.19 364 L1 0.12 341 C1 0.19 415
R2 0.27 355 L2 0.16 327 C2 0.25 4332
R3 0.43 328 L3 0.25 294 C3 0.44 468
R4 0.56 293 L4 0.33 265 C4 0.85 523

R5 0.68 251 L5 0.41 230 C5 1.17 558
Graph:
Fig.4.3: graph between Is & Vs
Hardware implementation:
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Fig.4.4: Hardware implementation
Conclusion:
In this lab, we learn about the synchronous generator and its working principal and analyze the
response of synchronous generator on different loads i.e. resistive load, capacitive load and
inductive load. And also discuss the lagging and leading of load while capacitive or inductive
load are connected to circuit.
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Rubrics:

Demonstration
software results
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0

Laboratory
Reports
respects
ed
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.61 - 0.81 - 1.0
0.60 0.80
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Marks Signature
LAB NO. 5
REGULATION PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS OF

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
Objective:
 Recording the regulation characteristics at different power factors.
Equipment:
 DC Shunt Motor
 Tachometer
 Excitation Voltage Controller
 3ϕ Power Circuit Breaker
 Resistive Load
 Inductive Load
 Capacitive Load
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Theory:
Regulation Performance
The regulation performance of a synchronous generator refers to its ability to maintain a constant
terminal voltage and frequency under varying load conditions. The "regulation performance
characteristics" analysis is essentially an evaluation of how well a synchronous generator
performs under different operational conditions, such as load changes and variations in system
parameters. This includes examining how the generator’s output voltage, current, and power
output vary when the generator is subjected to changes in mechanical input (torque) and
electrical load.
1. Basic Concepts of Synchronous Generator Regulation
A synchronous generator is designed to operate at a fixed speed (synchronous speed) in relation

to the power grid frequency, and its output is typically used to supply electrical power to a grid
or load. The regulation characteristics can be analyzed in terms of:
 Voltage Regulation: The ability of the synchronous generator to maintain a constant

terminal voltage as the load varies.
 Frequency Regulation: The ability to maintain the grid frequency when the load
changes or when there is a variation in the prime mover input.
 Load Regulation: The ability of the generator to adjust its output in response to changes
in load while keeping voltage and frequency within acceptable limits.
2. Voltage Regulation
Voltage regulation is one of the primary performance metrics for synchronous generators and is
defined as the percentage change in terminal voltage when the generator switches from no-load
(open circuit) to full-load conditions, while keeping the field excitation constant.
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3. Excitation and its Impact on Voltage Regulation
The synchronous generator’s excitation system plays a critical role in regulating its output
voltage. The excitation system controls the amount of field current in the rotor, which directly
influences the magnetic flux and the generated voltage. If the load increases, the voltage tends to
drop due to increased armature reaction, and the excitation system must increase field current to
maintain voltage stability. This process is known as voltage regulation via excitation control.
 Under-Excited Operation: In this condition, the generator produces a voltage lower

than the rated value, which is typically observed when supplying inductive loads (e.g.,
motors).
 Over-Excited Operation: In this condition, the generator produces a voltage higher than
the rated value, which occurs when supplying capacitive loads or when the excitation
current is too high.
4. Frequency Regulation
In a grid-connected system, synchronous generators are typically required to operate at a fixed

frequency (e.g., 50 Hz or 60 Hz), determined by the system. However, variations in load can
cause frequency deviations, and generators must have a means of adjusting their output to
maintain frequency.
 Governor Control: The frequency regulation is primarily managed by the governor,

which adjusts the mechanical input to the generator to match the changes in load. When
the load increases, the generator may slow down slightly, but the governor will increase
the fuel input to the prime mover to restore the desired speed, thus maintaining the
frequency.
 Droop Control: In some cases, frequency regulation is achieved using droop control,
where the generator's output frequency slightly decreases as the load increases. This
allows multiple generators to share the load evenly in a power system.
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Circuit Diagram:
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Procedure:
 Set the rotation of shunt motor at the speed of 3000 RPM and set the V L-L = 150v and
VL-N = 250v.
 Then we provide the Nominal Excitation.
 We provide the excitation till the terminal voltage become the 380v.
 Adjust the excitation system to maintain constant voltage as the load changes and observe
the generator's response.
 Plot the load-voltage curve to determine how the terminal voltage varies with changing
load and excitation levels
 After that we check the behavior of current and voltage on resistive, inductive and
capacitive loads and different power factors.
 Monitor the generator's response to load changes and adjust the mechanical input (via
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governor control) to maintain a stable frequency.
Results and Calculations:

N = 3000 rpm V = 220V/ 380V
R IS (A) IE(A) R-L IS (A) IE (A) R-C IS (A) IE (A)
R1 0.19 0.2 R1 – L1 0.25 0.25 R1 – C1 0.27 0.18
R2 0.29 0.22 R2 – L2 0.35 0.26 R2 – C2 0.37 0.17
R3 0.50 0.25 R3 – L3 0.61 0.32 R3 – C3 0.62 0.18
R4 0.72 0.29 R4 – L4 0.88 0.38 R4 – C4 0.95 0.2
R5 1.0 0.34 R5 – L5 1.27 0.48 R5 – C5 1.3 0.25
R6 1.46 0.42 R6 – L6 1.7 0.52 R6 – C6 1.8 0.35
Pf = 1 Pf = cos θ L = 0.8 (lagging) Pf = cos θ C = 0.8 (leading)
Graph:
Figure 5.2: The IE vs Is curve
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Conclusion:
In this lab we have learn about the synchronous generator voltage regulation. We analyzed that
power factor plays an important role in the voltage regulation because the angle between the
current and the voltage define the better regulation of voltage at receiving end. Terminal voltage
will increase with the increase in the excitation voltage.
Rubrics:
Demonstration Absent Student is Student can Student has Student has Student
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software results
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0

Laboratory
Reports
respects
ed
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.61 - 0.81 - 1.0
0.60 0.80

Marks Signature
LAB NO. 6
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ANALYSIS OF SYNCHRONIZATION OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

WITH GRID
Objective:
 To become familiar with synchronization.
 To connect a synchronous generator in parallel to a constant voltage, constant frequency
system.
Equipment:
 DC Shunt Motor
 Tachometer
 Excitation Voltage Controller
 3ϕ Power Circuit Breaker
 Resistive Load
 Inductive Load
 Capacitive Load
Theory:
Synchronization
The synchronization of a synchronous generator with the power grid is a critical process in
ensuring stable operation and efficient power delivery. When a synchronous generator is
connected to the grid, it must operate at the same frequency, phase, and voltage as the grid to
avoid disturbances or equipment damage. The analysis of this synchronization process involves
understanding the key parameters and control mechanisms that ensure smooth connection
between the generator and the grid.
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1. Key Parameters for Synchronization
To synchronize a synchronous generator with the power grid, the following parameters must
match between the generator and the grid:
 Voltage Magnitude: The generator’s output voltage must match the grid voltage to avoid
a large voltage difference at the point of connection.
 Frequency: The generator's speed (and thus its frequency) must match the grid frequency
(typically 50 Hz or 60 Hz, depending on the region). This ensures that the generator’s
rotor speed is in sync with the grid frequency.
 Phase Angle: The phase of the generator’s output must be in sync with the grid's phase.
Any phase difference will result in a sudden power transfer, which could cause electrical
and mechanical stresses on both the generator and the grid.
2. Synchronization Process
The synchronization process involves gradually matching the generator's output to the grid
conditions. This is typically done using a synchronizing device (e.g., a synchroscope) or
automatic synchronizer, which monitors the three key parameters: voltage, frequency, and phase.
The basic steps of the synchronization process are:
1. Voltage Matching: The generator’s terminal voltage is adjusted to match the grid
voltage. This is typically done by adjusting the generator's excitation (field current) to
control the voltage output.
2. Frequency Matching: The frequency of the generator is adjusted to match the grid
frequency. This is done by regulating the speed of the prime mover driving the generator.
The generator’s governor system automatically controls the speed to bring the frequency
in sync with the grid.
3. Phase Matching: The phase angle between the generator’s output voltage and the grid
voltage must be made to align. This is typically monitored using a synchroscope, which
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indicates the phase difference between the two. The generator's rotor is gradually brought
into alignment with the grid phase.
4. Connection: Once the voltage, frequency, and phase are matched, the generator is
connected to the grid using a circuit breaker or synchronizing switch. At this point, the
generator and the grid operate in parallel, and the generator can begin to supply power to
the grid or receive power from the grid, depending on the system’s requirements.
Circuit Diagram:
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MANUAL Bilal
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Figure 6.1: Circuit Diagra
Procedure:
 Set excitation current of generator to get output 380 line to line and 220 line to neutral.
 Connect the grid supply unit to the system.
 Compare the voltages and frequency of both sides using double voltmeter and frequency
meter.
 Synchronization of phase sequence with synchronization indication to match phase
sequences. In case of same phase sequence all lights will blink at same phase. In case of
different phase sequence, the light will not blink at same time and follow some other
pattern. If phase sequence is not same adjust it by changing any two phases of alternator
after setting excitation current = 0.
 To match phase angle, use synchronous-scope. The green light indicates both phase angle
is same at that particular moment. The direction of rotation of red lights shows which side
has higher phase angle. It rotates in the direction where the higher phase is.
 Keep the voltage, frequency and phase angle of the generator very slightly higher than
grid such that rotation speed of synchronous generator is very low in anticlockwise
direction. As soon as green light turns on the synchronoscope close the power circuit
breaker.
 Synchronization is done.
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Conclusion:
In this lab we discuss the synchronous generator synchronization with grid supply demonstrated
that the generator successfully achieved synchronization, keeping continuous frequency and
voltage alignment with the grid. This flawless synchronization facilitates the generator's seamless
integration into the power grid, exhibiting the synchronous generator's dependability and
stability in contributing to the entire electrical system.
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Rubrics:
Demonstration
software results
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0

Laboratory
Reports
respects
ed
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.61 - 0.81 - 1.0
0.60 0.80

Marks Signature
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LAB NO. 7
POWER SHARING CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS OF

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
Objective:
 Synchronization of synchronous generator with grid supply.

 Control of active power supply with synchronous generator
 Control of reactive power with synchronous generator.
Required Equipment:

 DC shunt motor
 3 phase synchronous generator
 3 phase constant power supply
 Double frequency meter
 Synchronoscope
 PCB
 Synchronization indicator
 Power meter
 Tachometer
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Theory:
A synchronous generator (also known as an alternator) is a type of AC (alternating current)

generator that operates at a constant speed, synchronized with the frequency of the electrical grid
or system it is connected to. Unlike asynchronous (induction) generators, the rotor of a
synchronous generator rotates at a speed directly proportional to the supply frequency, which is
determined by the grid
Power Sharing
Power sharing in a system with multiple synchronous generators refers to the distribution of
electrical load among the generators connected to a grid. Proper power sharing ensures that no
generator is overloaded and that the system operates efficiently. The analysis of power sharing
characteristics of synchronous generators involves understanding how they share the total load
based on their individual capabilities and control mechanisms.
Frequency and Voltage Regulation:
 Frequency Regulation: Synchronous generators work together to maintain system

frequency. When load increases, the frequency typically drops, and each generator
adjusts its power output to restore balance. The governor settings and droop
characteristics determine how much power each generator contributes.
 Voltage Regulation: Each generator adjusts its field excitation to control the output
voltage. When reactive power demand changes, the excitation control system of each
generator responds to share the reactive load and maintain voltage stability.
DC Excitation:
DC excitation is the process of supplying direct current (DC) to the field

winding of generators or synchronous motors. This DC current establishes a
magnetic field in the rotor, essential for power generation or motor
operation. The strength of the magnetic field, controlled by the amount of
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MANUAL Bilal
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DC excitation, influences voltage regulation in generators. DC excitation is

often provided by a separate DC source or, in some cases, permanent
magnets. Modern systems use automatic voltage regulators to monitor and
adjust DC excitation, ensuring stable and desired voltage levels.
Circuit Diagram:
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MANUAL Bilal
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Procedure:
 Set excitation current of generator to get output 380 line to line and 220 line to neutral.
 Connect the grid supply unit to the system.
 Compare the voltages and frequency of both sides using double voltmeter and frequency
meter.
 Synchronization of phase sequence with synchronization indication to match phase
sequences. In case of same phase sequence all lights will blink at same phase. In case of
different phase sequence, the light will not blink at same time and follow some other
pattern. If phase sequence is not same adjust it by changing any two phases of alternator
after setting excitation current = 0.
 To match phase angle, use synchronous-scope. The green light indicates both phase angle
is same at that particular moment. The direction of rotation of red lights shows which side
has higher phase angle. It rotates in the direction where the higher phase is.
 Keep the voltage, frequency and phase angle of the generator very slightly higher than
grid such that rotation speed of synchronous generator is very low in anticlockwise
direction. As soon as green light turns on the synchrono-scope close the power circuit
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MANUAL Bilal
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breaker.
 Synchronization is done and keep excitation of generator constant.
 Vary mechanical input (dc excitation of dc motor) take ready when it connect with grid
so (no change f, v) so it will maintained all time.
 Constant mechanical excitation of generator vary and take readings.
Readings and Calculation:

Step 1.
IE = 240MA Constant
Sno. PDC Power Q (VAR)
(W)
1 280 40 - 50
2 300 43 - 50
3 345 54 - 50
4 390 100 - 50
Step 2.
PDC motor = 400 watt constant
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Sno. IE (mA) Power (W) Q (VAR)
1 230 77 -60
2 250 78 -50
3 270 77 -30
4 320 74 12
Conclusions:
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MANUAL Bilal
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In this lab we learn about the synchronous generator power-sharing features revealed that the
generator displayed effective load-sharing capabilities across parallel-connected units. The
synchronized operation produced a balanced distribution of power, ensuring the overall stability
and reliability of the power system. This highlights synchronous generators' applicability for
applications needing coordinated power generation and distribution, demonstrating their ability
to smoothly share loads while assuring consistent and synchronized performance.
Rubrics
Demonstra Absent Student is Student Student Student Student
tion unable to can has has perfectly
follow the understan followed constructe implement
provided d the instructio d the ed a
instructions provided ns to functional/ working
properly. laboratory construct working model/
The instructio the schematic logic/
student can ns and fundamen / model/ circuit/
name the familiar tal block block
hardware with the schematic diagram/ diagram/
or lab / block code, and code and
simulation environm diagram/ have successfull
platform, ent code/ successful y executed
but unable (Trainer/ model on ly the lab
to software/ the executed objective in
implement IDE), but protoboar the Realtime or
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MANUAL Bilal
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anything cannot d/ trainer/ program/ in a

practically implemen simulation run circuit simulation
or on the t on the software. on environme
software platform software nt and
practically platform produced
or on the the desired
software results
ed
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.41 - 0.61 - 0.81 - 1.0
0.40 0.60 0.80

Marks Signature
Report not Plagiarized Requirements Observations Appropriate Correctly

submitted content are listed and are recorded computations drawn
Laboratory incomplete procedure is detailed analysis is with
Reports submission presented procedure performed exact results
and complete
report in all
respects
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0
LAB NO. 8
ANALYSIS OF STARTING OF THE SYNCHRORNOUS MOTOR
Objective:
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MANUAL Bilal
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 Parallel operation of synchronous generator with grid supply

 Get familiar with different starting methods of synchronous motor.
 Recording V Curves of the synchronous the motor.
Required Equipment:

 DC shunt motor
 3 phase synchronous generator
 3 phase constant power supply
 Double frequency meter
 Synchronoscope
 PCB
 Synchronization indicator
 Power meter
 Tachometer
Theory:
Synchronous motor:
Synchronous motor and induction motor are the most widely used types of AC motor.
Construction of a synchronous motor is similar to an alternator (AC generator). A
same synchronous machine can be used as a synchronous motor or as an alternator. Synchronous
motors are available in a wide range, generally rated between 150kW to 15MW with speeds
ranging from 150 to 1800 rpm.
Starting methods of synchronous motor:
Reduced frequency method:
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MANUAL Bilal
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In the reduced frequency starting method for synchronous generators, the initial connection
involves a deliberately lowered frequency to reduce reactance. This facilitates the
synchronization process, allowing the generator to smoothly align with the power grid.
Subsequently, the frequency is gradually increased back to the standard operating frequency,
ensuring a controlled and stable startup. This method helps minimize starting torque
requirements and stresses on the generator during the initiation phase.
Starting with external driver Circuit:
Starting a synchronous generator with an external driver circuit involves connecting an auxiliary
driver, such as a motor, to initiate rotor rotation. The external driver imparts initial mechanical
energy, facilitating the approach to synchronous speed. After synchronization with the power
grid is achieved, the external driver is typically disengaged, and the generator continues
operation independently, maintaining synchronization.
Using Damper windings:
Utilizing damper windings in a synchronous generator involves incorporating additional

windings in the rotor. These windings, also known as amortisseur windings, help dampen
oscillations and improve stability during sudden changes in load or disturbances. The damper
windings contribute to the machine's ability to maintain synchronization and enhance its overall
performance in dynamic operating conditions.
Slip ring induction motor:
A slip ring induction motor is a type of AC motor with additional external conductive rings and
brushes connected to the rotor windings. Unlike the more common squirrel-cage rotor design,
slip ring motors allow for external electrical connections, enabling features like variable speed
control and improved starting torque. The slip rings facilitate the transfer of electrical energy to
and from the rotor, making these motors suitable for applications requiring adjustable speed and
enhanced performance.
Circuit Diagram:
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Readings:
IE 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
(mA) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
IA (A) 1. 1.0 0. 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.
2 5 9 5 7 1 2 6 2 2
Graph:
Figure 8.2: Graph vs Ie and Ia
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Conclusion:
In this lab we discuss about synchronous motor and reveals that the initiation process is
important for successful power grid synchronization. Various starting approaches, such as the
decreased frequency method or external driver circuits, play an important role in providing the
motor with initial rotational energy. The conclusion emphasizes the significance of a controlled
and synchronized startup, providing seamless integration with the power system and
emphasizing the suitability of certain starting techniques based on the motor's design and
application requirements.
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Rubrics
Absent Student is Student Student Student Student
unable to can has has perfectly
Demonstra
tion
software results
ed
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.41 - 0.61 - 0.81 - 1.0
0.40 0.60 0.80

Marks Signature
Laboratory Report not Plagiarized Requirements Observations Appropriate Correctly

Reports submitted content are listed and are recorded computations drawn
incomplete procedure is detailed analysis is with
submission presented procedure performed
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exact results
and complete
report in all
respects
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0
LAB NO. 9
AC-DC CONVERSION ANALYSIS USING SYNCHRORNOUS MOTOR
Objective:
 Parallel operation using as a synchronoscope.

 AC to Dc conversion by synchronous motor and DC generator.
Required Equipment:
 Ammeter
 Voltmeter
 3ϕ power circuit breaker
 Synchronoscope
 DC shunt motor
 3ϕ Synchronous motor
 3ϕ power meter
 3ϕ grid power supply unit
 Resistive Load
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Theory:
AC-DC conversion is typically achieved using rectifiers, but an interesting alternative is the use
of a synchronous motor for this purpose. In such a system, the synchronous motor is employed
to indirectly convert AC into DC, often through its interaction with other components like a
rectifier or a rotating converter. Below is an analysis of this conversion process:
Basic Concept of AC-DC Conversion
In a typical AC-to-DC conversion system, AC power (alternating current) is transformed into DC

power (direct current). This can be done using rectifiers or by controlling the voltage waveform.
The conventional method is the use of diode rectifiers or thyristor rectifiers, but using a
synchronous motor in such systems introduces a unique mechanism.
The main idea behind using a synchronous motor in AC-DC conversion is that the synchronous
motor, when supplied with an AC input, rotates at a speed synchronized with the supply
frequency. In certain configurations, the motor’s operation can lead to the extraction of DC
power.
Working of a Synchronous Motor
A synchronous motor operates at a constant speed, synchronized with the AC supply frequency.
The motor’s rotor and stator magnetic fields rotate at the same frequency, and the motor works at
a constant speed (synchronous speed). This characteristic is key when using it for conversion.
 Stator: The stator of the motor is fed with AC voltage, producing a rotating magnetic
field.
 Rotor: The rotor is typically excited by a DC current (in the case of a separately excited
synchronous motor), creating its own magnetic field.
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AC-DC Conversion with a Synchronous Motor
The process of converting AC to DC using a synchronous motor often involves the following
steps:
 Motor as a Rectifier: In certain configurations, the synchronous motor is operated in

such a way that its output voltage can be controlled or rectified, often through the action
of a rotary converter or by controlling the excitation of the motor. The AC input power
to the motor is used to generate a mechanical output, and the mechanical power is
subsequently used to produce DC power in a separate converter stage.
 Excitation Control: The synchronous motor can be operated with variable excitation
(i.e., varying the DC excitation current supplied to the rotor) to control the output voltage
waveform. By adjusting the excitation of the rotor, the motor’s output can be modulated
to resemble a DC waveform, albeit with ripple or some level of fluctuation.
 Use of Rotating Converter: One common method to obtain DC from a synchronous
motor is to use a rotating converter. In a rotating converter, the motor’s mechanical
rotation is used to generate a DC output. Typically, this is achieved by combining the
motor with a commutator or a mechanical rectifier, which converts the AC voltage into
DC.
 Commutator-Based Conversion: The commutator switches the direction of current flow
in the motor's armature windings, effectively converting the AC input into a pulsating DC
output.
 Rotary Converter: In older systems, a rotary converter is used, where the motor's
rotational energy is harnessed to produce a DC output through mechanical means.
Advantages of Using a Synchronous Motor for AC-DC Conversion
 Smooth AC to DC Conversion: A synchronous motor can be part of a system that helps

to produce relatively smooth DC from AC, compared to simpler rectifier circuits, though
some ripple may still remain.
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 Regulation of Output: The excitation of the synchronous motor can be controlled to

regulate the output DC voltage to a degree, though it may not be as flexible or efficient as
modern solid-state converters.
 Mechanical Power Utilization: In systems where mechanical power is already being
generated (e.g., in certain industrial applications), using a synchronous motor to generate
DC power may be more efficient than using separate AC and DC power sources.
Circuit Diagram:
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Readings:
IE (mA) IS (A) IS (A) IS (A)
100 0.47 0.76 -
150 0.31 0.5 -
200 0.22 0.34 0.98
250 0.26 0.37 0.81
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300 0.40 0.49 0.80
350 0.56 0.64 0.86
400 0.74 0.79 0.91
450 0.92 0.99 1.10
P(W) 0 100 300
Graphs:
Figure 9.2: Graph
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MANUAL Bilal
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Figure 9.3: Graph
Hardware Implementation
Figure 9.4: Hardware Implementation circuit
Conclusion:
In this lab we have learned about the synchronous motor and also learn the conversion of ac to dc
conversion while operating the synchronous machine as a motor and energizing it through a grid.
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Rubrics
Absent Student is Student Student Student Student
unable to can has has perfectly
Demonstra
tion
software results
ed
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.41 - 0.61 - 0.81 - 1.0
0.40 0.60 0.80

Marks Signature
Laboratory Report not Plagiarized Requirements Observations Appropriate Correctly

Reports submitted content are listed and are recorded computations drawn
incomplete procedure is detailed analysis is with
submission presented procedure performed exact results
and complete
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MANUAL Bilal
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report in all
respects
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0
74

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LABORATORY MANUAL

Electrical Engineering Department

MUHAMMAD BILAL | 57651

ENGR. HARIS SHAHBAZ

Session fall – 2024

This is certified that Mr. Muhammad Bilal bearing CMS ID #

Lab Manual Marks Instructor

INTRODUCTION TO POWER GENERATION LABORATORY

Figure 1.1: Electric Power System

Thermal Power Generation

Figure 1.2: Thermal Power System

Hydroelectric Power Generation

Figure 1.3: Hydroelectric Power System

Renewable Power Generation

Figure 1.4: Renewable Power Generation

Figure 1.5: Nuclear Power System

Geothermal Power Generation

Figure 1.6: Geothermal Power System

Variable DC Power Supply

A Variable DC Power Supply is a device that provides adjustable direct

Figure 1.7: Variable DC Power Supply

3ϕ AC Power Constant Power Supply

A 3ϕ AC Power Constant Power Supply delivers stable three-phase

Figure 1.8: AC Power Constant Power Supply

Figure 1.9: Variable Power Supply

A power circuit breaker is an electrical device designed to protect an

Figure 1.10: Power Circuit Breaker

Figure 1.11: Synchronization Indicator

A Synchronoscope is an instrument used to indicate the phase difference and

Figure 1.12: Synchronoscope

Switchable Capacitor Battery

A Switchable Capacitor Battery refers to a hybrid energy storage system that

Figure 1.13: Switchable Capacitor Battery

Moving Coil Ammeter

A Moving Coil Ammeter is an instrument used to measure direct current (DC)

Figure 1.14: Moving Coil Ammeter

Moving Iron Voltmeter

Figure 1.15: Moving Iron Voltmeter

Double Frequency Meter

Figure 1.16: Double Frequency Meter

Figure 1.17: Double Voltmeter

Date Total Marks Instructor’s Signature

Report Plagiarized Requireme Observati Appropriat Correctly

Date Total Instructor’s

ANALYSIS OF NO-LOAD PERFORMANCE OF SYNCHRONOUS

 Iron Losses (Core Losses)

 Stray Load Losses

List of Electrical circuit parameter:

IEM = Motor field excitation current.

PMm = Motor mechanical losses

IMo = Motor current when alternator is not excited

VMo = Motor voltage when alternator is not excited

IEmo = Motor excitation current when alternator is not excited

PMo = Motor and alternator no load losses

PGM = Alternator mechanical losses

IeMe = Motor field current when alternator is excited

Ie = Alternator field excitation

IMe = Motor current when alternator is excited