Dr.
Mohammed El-Said
Professor of Electric power system
Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University
Electric Circuit:
An interconnection of electrical elements linked together
in a closed path so that electric current may flow.
Circuit Elements
There are two types of elements found in electric
circuits active elements and passive elements.
● Active elements can generate energy such as
batteries and generators.
• Passive elements can’t generate energy (but some
can store energy). Resistors, capacitors and
inductors are passive elements.
Sources
Independent sources Dependent sources
10i 6v
10V 5A
Independent Voltage Dependent Voltage
and Current Sources and Current Sources
Sources (Active elements)
Independent Voltage Source:
Two terminal element that maintains a specified voltage
between its terminals regardless of the current
through it.
Independent Current Source:
Two terminal element that maintains a specified current
flow regardless of the voltage across its terminals.
Dependent (controlled) Voltage Source:
Two terminal element that maintains a specified
voltage between its terminals that is determined by
another voltage or current elsewhere in the circuit.
Dependent (controlled) Current Source:
Two terminal element that maintains a specified
current flow that is determined by another current or
voltage elsewhere in the circuit.
Dependent sources are useful in modeling elements such
as transistors, operational amplifiers, and integrated
circuits. An example of a dependent voltage source is
shown on the right-hand side of the given figure, where
its voltage depends on the current i through element C
Example 1:
Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by each
element in Figure
Solution:
Supplied Power:
P1 =20x5= 100 W
P4=8x(0.2I)=8.(0.2x5)= 8 W
Absorbed Power:
P2=12x5= 60 W
P3=8x6=48 W
P1 +P4 = P2 +P3
The total power supplied equals the total power absorbed.
Assignment 1:
For the following circuit, calculate total absorbed
and supplied power.
Resistance:
The resistor is an element that
“resists” the flow of electricity.
R = ρ.L / A
Where:
R: resistance of conductor in Ohms (Ω).
ρ: conductor resistivity (Ω.m)
L: Conductor length (m).
A: Conductor cross section area (m2).
Conductance:
Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct
electric current; it is measured in mhos (℧) or
Siemens (S).
A resistor R has a conductance G=1/R.
R=V/I, G=I/V
Ohm's Law
A linear resistor shown in figure is an element
for which: V=I.R
Where the constant R is a resistance
V = I.R
I = V/R
R = V/I
Resistors absorb power:
V=I.R
P=I.V = V2/R = I2.R
Example 2:
A 50 Ω resistor is connected to a circuit which
causes a current of 2A to flow through it.
Calculate the voltage across the resistor and the
power it is dissipating.
Solution:
V =I.R = 2x50= 100 V
P = I2.R = (2)2(50) = 200 W
Also, P=V2/R= (100)2/50=200 W
Example 3:
If we wanted a higher power light bulb, should we have
a bigger resistance or a smaller resistance for the bulb?
Solution:
We have two relations for power that involve resistance:
P=I.V; V=I.R; this gives:
P = I2.R , or P = V2/R .
In this case, the voltage is being held constant due
to the nature of the batteries. This means that the
current will change as we change the resistance.
Thus, the P=V2/R would be the most straight-
forward equation to use. This means that as R goes
down, P goes up.
Open Circuit and Short Circuit
Electric current will only flow if the circuit is
completely closed.
An open circuit between terminals means:
• Very high resistance, R = ∞.
• Open circuit has a voltage.
• I=0, (I=V/R).
A short circuit between terminals means:
• Very low resistance, R = 0.
• Very high current , (I=V/R).
Nodes, Branches, and Loops
A branch represents a single
element such as a voltage or
current source or a resistor.
A node is the point of connection
between two or more branches.
A loop is any closed path in
a circuit.
Example 4:
Determine the number of branches, nodes and loops in
the circuit shown in Figure.
# of elements in the circuit =4
# of branches =4
# of nodes =3
# of loops=2
Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):
The algebraic sum of currents
entering a node is zero.
Or
The sum of the currents entering
a node is equal to the sum of the
currents leaving the node.
i1 + i3 + i4 – i2 – i5 =0, or
i1 + i3 + i4 = i2 + i5
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
The algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed
path (or loop) is zero.
Example 5 :
For the circuit shown in Figure, find voltages v1 , v2
Solution:
v1 = 2i, v2 = -3i
-20 + v1 – v2=0
i=4A
v1=8 V, v2= -12 V
Example 6 :
For the circuit shown in Figure, find i and v0
Solution:
Applying KVL and Ohms law:
-12+ 4i + 2v0 -4 –v0 =0
v0= -6i
16=10i - 12i=-2i
i = -8 A, v0= 48 V
Assignment 2:
For the circuit shown in Figure, find:
a- i0 and v0
b- Power delivered and absorbed in the circuit
