GERTC-April 2023 Refresher tefers to companies and individuals en iness of construct (eer stat Sg no we age fonction a ies and execute most major construction projects. (spay ant mic rast re or mre ‘cons mn specialties, such as electrical work, plumbing, heating and ventilating or earthmoving, ‘Malor Divisions of the Construction Industry: ay [building Construction also called “vertical construction’, im e construction of buildings, 3) Heavy Construction - includes atrports, ralroads, bridges, canals harbors, dams, and other major public works, .a) bid solicitation ‘bid preparation Did submission contract award (2) contract administration project development proc .a) Recognizing the need for the project ‘b) Determining the technical and financial feasibility of the ject - ¥ a eplrgdetiled plans, pation cast esis forthe project <4) Obtaining approval fom regulatory agencies. a) Good work planning Carefully selecting and training workers and managers Efficiently scheduling labor, materials, and equipment. Properly organizing work .e) Using laborsaving techniques, such as prefabrication and reassembly Compilation of Terms - CONSTRUCTION METHODS “AY Minimizing rework through timely quality control '8) Preventing accidents through good safety procedures. SPSS oo seeecey 8) Project delays that increase labor and equipment cost and the cost of borrowed funds. sas 1 High matertl costs caused by poor purchasing procedures, inefficient handling, and/or loss, Inereited subcontractor “cost and poor contractor- Pipiinsa reine igh Insurance costs resulting from material and ‘equipment loss or damage ora poor safety record, ¢) Low profit margin ora loss on construction volume. feet oe ca eee technician certification, training; and Communication 8) Concrete formwora eo ore wor lacing conrts into formroh and fare of a bb) The erection of prefabricated trusses, precast concrete elements, and structural steel, construction of, ,9 The construction and operation of temporary facilities, ‘including scaffolding, construction plants, lifts, and storage facilities. 4) Working from elevated positions resulting in falls. ) Construction equipment operations. (parking - process of movingsoil.or-rock-fom-one ind processing it so that it meets construction requirements oflocation elevation, density, moisture content, and s0 on, Excavating Loading Hauling Placing (dumping and spreading) Sompactng * a) Finishing 1-CGDGERTC- April 2023 Refresher Pret inde ay apron eficeng ado Sisiiemaratcicseysr Sechrest Sipeced 0 beaded) pero RAR aaa meaare of hea exci em (gests (gobbes a moatder™ ackparacertarer tan (76m) material smaller cham gravel but If? Wi THe N@I200 (Siit- particles pass theNo:2o0steve bite lager than 0002 mm Gg. [Grganic soils} cootainpartally decomposed vegetablematter. | Peat isa hlghly organic sol having fibrous terre: shot wh bout 4 following: aocggaemincng {s identified as a bonk cuble yord (BCM) oF a bank cuble mas Oe SR SRST aha ct ‘cubic meter (LCM). Cees eae Rc es cube meter (CCM), excavation and = the reverse of:the”swell=phenomenon: It is 2 ‘phenomenon in which the sol is compacted forcingsome ofthe alr ‘outofthesol's vold spaces, (FR a tte vole untepeciedsthebasetorpayaenes fA? conversion tcrorused CF CSRVETIOSEEVORINEO RS gr rorrae (ila renee went peor mater stonginrelaton Compilation of Terms - CONSTRUCTION METHODS TSB RIG ceed enter i upd om ee, Urea tee ae dumped onto the pile. Tt varies with the soll's physical characteristics and its moisture content. ta le be eed et ‘rincinal categories: i eacvationg mal relay deep ecaaion such as one eared or bsccrents bod Dundes) ‘pce wo on Beaver relatively age areas (63) The vertical coordinate ofthe mass diagram corresponding to any location on the roadway profile represents the . Sumulative earthwork volume from the origin to that NE .o) wiehina cut the curve rises rom lett right. o€) Within ai he curve fs from ft ght. a -Avaliey (low point on the carve repretents point where © ‘Se esrhwots changes rom toca ‘A peak on the curvé represents 3 point where the ‘arthwork changes from cut tol. (6 Vnena orzo ine intersects the crv at two ot more ais pussansed leaet ations pote a Fibschatbrprentercbalvonboron be doghes ay Thelen and dracon of hl within balanced section, P)Theaveragelengh haul foraalanced section 09° The location and amount of boirow (material hauled in ffoma borrow pt) and waste (material hauled sway toa waste area forthe projet. (EST tne = NY A) Rydraue excavators ‘) Members of the cable - operated crane ~ shovel family: ‘shovel draglines hoes and camshels.GERTC- April 2023 Refresher Plate ing Capacity oi he bucket vue comged within he lowing the outline ofthe bucket sides. {s the bucket capacity when the load is struck off ‘lush with the bucket sides. Hine | assumes a level of material flush with the Towest edge of the bucket. (Reape vate maximum vm canbe ace n Socket tot spllogebared ons speahsdanglc repose fr ‘the material in the bucket. os if the fo |and most:common.form of Its also called a hydraulic hoe ot ydraulic excavator ~ backhoe. Saag. an excavator" designe! priniatly Yor excavation’ -Teemalor factors controlling shovel praguction: “@ Swing Angle. B) Lost time during the production cyele i een oer family. egee 1~ a kind of excavator when the crane shovel is equipped )a crane boom and clamshell ore: ‘Process that involves foreing’pipe horizontally Pipe {Existing pipe and enlarge the opening. (Ganes2are primarily used for lifting, lowering, and transporting | erating Ralls =the msor ator controling head thatmay safely lifted by a crane It s also the horizontal distance from the center of rotation tothe hook rossi (Tower Crane - 3 spncalcpesocrane tat Is wldely used on ulding constriction projects of ts wide operating radius and almost unlimited hefght capability. ‘MajoctunesofTower Cranes: (itso) Ws oF sil 5 crane) bLaingboom cranes 6) Articulated jb cranes to shatter the Compilation of Terms - CONSTRUCTION METHODS ‘Tunes of tower crane by method of mounting: a) Statle (Fixed mount) Tower cranes by Rall - mounted tower cranes ©) Mobile tower cranes 4) Climbing cranes Drop Hammer - the simplest form of pile driver which uses a similar action to drive piles. Fixed time - represents those components of cycle time other than travel time, \Varlable time = represents the travel time required for a unit ‘haul matertal to the unloading site and return. Rolling resistance ~ is primarily due to tre flexing and penetration ofthe travel surface. Grade resistance - represents that component of vehicle weight ‘which acts parallel to an inclined surface, Derating factor ~ a factor that manufacturers use to express Bercentage of reduction In rated’ vile power at various allitudes. me Rimpall - is the pull avalable atthe rim of the driving wheels under rated conditions. Drawbar pull -the power availableatthe hitch fa crawler tractor ‘operating under standard conditions. Performance chart - indicates the maximum speed that a vehicle ‘an maintain under rated conditions while overcoming.a specied, total resistance. Retarder chart - indicates the maximum speed at which a vehicle ‘an descend a slope when the total resistance is negative without Using brakes. Dozer or bulldozer ~ a tractor equipped with front - mounted earthmoving blade, Hydrostatic transmalssions - utilize individual hydraulic motors, todrive each track. Loader - also called front ~ end loader or bucket loader. Its a tractor equipped with a front = end bucket. ‘Tool carriers - are similar to wheel loaders but are more versatile ‘because they are equipped with coupling devices to accommodate ‘a wide range of attachments or tools. Skid - steer loader ~ isa small loader having rig axles, ‘Two ane or overhung scrapers -utlze a tractor having only one axle, ‘Three~axle scrapers - itis pulled by a conventional four ~ wheel tractor. ‘All - wheel - drive scrapers - asthe name Implies, utilizes drive ‘wheels on both the tractor and the scraper, Elevating scrapers - utlize a ladder ~ type elevator to assist in cutting and lifting material into the scraper bowl. 3-CGDCompilation of Terms - CONSTRUCTION METHODS “Auger scrapers — are self - loading scrapers that use a rotating auger located inthe center ofthe scraper bowl to help lit material {nto the bow Push-pull or twin ~ hitch scraj all — wheel - drive ‘scrapers equipped with coupling devices that enable two scrapers toassist each other In loading. Pull scrapers - utilize one or more scraper pans towed by a tractor, ‘Wagons ~ are earthmoving trailers pulled by tractors or truck - tractors, ‘Some other techniques for maximizing haul unit production inclde the following: 4) Ifpossible, stagger starting and quitting times so that haul units do notbunch up at the beginning and end ofthe shift. 'b) Donot overload haul units ©) Maintain haul roads in good condition to reduce travel time ‘and minimize equipment wear, 4) Develop an efctent rae pater for loading hauling and jumping. 9 Roads must be wide enough to permit safe tvel at maim peau £) Provide standby units (about 20% of flet size) to replace units that break down or fll to perform adequately. &) Donot permit speeding. ‘Overhaul - is a payment for movement of sol ar rock from cut to fill that exceeds a specified distance. Compaction the proces of increasing the dena of sal hy sechanically forcing the soll particles together, thereby expelling alrfrom the vold spaces in the sal. otic Consolidation - is an increase in soil density of a cohesive soil resulting from the expulsion of water from the sol’ void spaces, Impact or tamping - involves blows delivered at low frequencies, usually about 10 cycles per second (Hz), and Is mast effective in plastic sofls. Vibration - involves higher frequ cycles per second (Hz) or more. cies, which may extend to 80 Liguld tests - measure the volume of material removed by measuring the volume of liquid required to fil the hole. ‘Sand tests - involve filling both the hole and an inverted funnel placed over the hole witha uniform fine sand, Nuclear density devices - measure the amount of radioactivity froma calibrated source that is reflected back from the compacted material to determine both material density and moisture content. Nonnuclear density gauges ~ also, measures asphalt density, temperature, and molsture content and claim to be as accurate as nuclear devices. Tamping foot rollers - wlize compaction drum equlpped with anumber of protruding fet. Grid or mesh rollers ~ utilize a compactor drum made up of a ‘heavy steel mesh. Vibratory compactors - are available ina wide range of sizes and \ypes. By type they include plate compactors, smooth drum rollers, and tamping foot rollers, ‘Steel wheel or smooth drum rollers - are used for compacting {granular bases, asphaltic bases, and asphalt pavements, Rubber - tired or pneumatic rollers - are available as light to ‘medium - weight multitired rollers and heavy pneumatic rollers. Segment pad rollers - are somewhat similar to tamping foot rollers except that they utilize pads shaped as segments ofa circle Instead of fet onthe roller drum. Raminers or tampers ~are small impact type compactors which are primarily used for compaction n confined areas, Compaction wheels - are small compactors similar n design to tamping foot rollers. Vibratory plate attachments - are small vibratory plate compactors which are powered by the hydraulic system of the ‘equipment to which they are attached, Ground modification or sol stabilization the process of giving natural sofls enough abrasive resistance and shear strength to ‘accommodate traffic or design loads. Dynamic compaction or deep compaction - involves dropping a heavy weight from a crane onto the ground surface to achieve soll densification. Vibratory compaction - also called vibroflotation and vibrocompaction. Its the process of denstying cohestonless soils by inserting a vibratory probe into the sll. Surcharglig~ refers to placing additional welght on the soll Surface thas long been used to densly cohesive sols, Blectroosmosis ~ employs electrical current to speed up the drainage of cohesive sols. ‘Stone column construction - also called) vibro ~ replacement, is a technique for stre soll, replacementor ening cohesive Soil stabilization ~ refers to the improvement ofthe engineering Droperties ofa soil by use of physical or chemical admixtures. Grading ~ is the process of bringing earthwork to the desired shape and elevation. Finish grading - or simply finishing, Involves smoothing slopes, shaping etches, and bringing earthwork to the elevation required by the plans and specification. Balancing - the process of cutting down high spots and filing in low spots ofeach roadway layer. ‘Trimming - isthe process of bringing each roadway layer to its final grade. Motor grader -Isone ofthe most versatile items of earth -moving equipment. Grade excavators or trimmers - are machines that are capable of finishing roadway and airfield subgrades and bases faster and ‘more accurately than can motor graders. 4-cGDGERTC- April 2023 Refresher ‘igneous rock - formed when the Earth's molten material cooled. ‘Sedimentary rock - was formed by the precipitation of material from water or alr. ‘Metamorphic rock - originated as igneous or sedimentary rock ‘but has been changed by heat, pressure, or chemical action into a different ype of rock, Percussion drill ~ penetrate rock by impact action alone. Rotarj drils-cutby tuingabitunder presse agalnsttherock Rotary - percussion drills - combine rotary and percussion cutting action to penetrate rock several times as fast as 2 comparable percussion dril Downhole drills - utilize a percussion drilling device mounted directly above the frill bit at the bottom of the hole. Ralse boring ~isa drilling technique in which the large - diameter hole is drilled upward from the bottom. Block holing - utilizes conventional drilling and blasting techniques to further fragment the rock. ‘Mud capping - utilizes an explosive charge placed on the surface ofthe rock and tamped with an inert material such a mud, Rock splitters - are hydraulically powered devices which are expanded inside a drilled hole to shatter the rock, Percussion hammers - available for fragmenting rock include peumatc handheld paving breakers and larger hyéraulically Powered wunits that may be attached to backhoes or other Impact rippers — utilize 2 hydraulic mechanism to impart a hammering action toa single shank ripper. Jaw crushers ~ itilize a fixed plate and a moving plate to crush stone between the two jaws. Impact crushers - use breakers or hammers rotating at high speed to fracture the input stone. Cone or gyratory crushers - use an eccentricaly rotating head to crush stone between the rotating head and the crusher body. Roll crushers - produce fracturing of stone by passing the aateril between two or more closely spaced rollers. ‘Limemills - are similar to hammermills but are designed to producea fine product from limestone, Feeders - are used to supply gravel or stone toa crusher. ‘Apron feeder ~ consists ofa hopper box mounted above a plate feeder which operates like a conveyor to fed stone into a crusher. Grizzly is simply a setof widely spaced bars or rods which serve toremove oversized material which might jam the crusher, Reciprocating plate feeder - is somewhat similar to an apron feeder but is smaller and used malnly to feed secondary or tertiary crushers. ‘ibrating feeder - uses vibratory action to mave materal from the recelving hopper into the crusher. Compilation of Terms - CONSTRUCTION METHODS Belt feeders - combine a receiving hopper with a conveyor beltto ‘move material tothe crusher. Scalping screen - simply a seen used to remove ovetsaed particles from the aggregate stream, Scrubber drums - consis ofan inclined revolving drum equipped ‘with agitator fins and water spray nozzles. Wet screens - are essentially vibrating screens equipped with water spray bars to remove undesirable material as the aggregate Issereened. Log washers - utilize revolving auger paddles immersed in a tub ‘of water to wash off undesirable material as the aggregate is ‘moved through the tub by the auger blades. Sand dehydratots - consist of rotating auger screws mounted in aninclined trough. Classifying tanks ~ are essentially settling tanks which float off undesirable material while allowing clean aggregate to settle to the tank bottom where it can be removed. Normal = wight concrete ~ erly weigh rom 2243 ~ 2563 Structural lightweight concrete - has a unit wei 1922 kg/m? Legh nsbtig concen weg rom 240-1442 Im ‘Mass concrete = is concrete used in structure such as a dam in wich the weight ofthe concrete provides most ofthe strength of, Heavyweight ~is concrete made with heavy aggregates such a¢, barite, magnetite, and steel punchings; itis used primarily for nuclear radiation shielding. Novslump concrete is concrete having slump of in. 25 em) Refractory concrete - is concrete that is suitable for high - temperature applications such as boilers and furnaces, Precast concrete - is concrete that has been cast into the desired shape prior to placement ina structure, ‘Architectural Concrete ~ is concrete that will be exposed to view ‘and therefore utilizes special shapes, designs, or surface finishes to achleve the desired architectural effect, Bituminous materials ~ include both asphalt and tar ‘Bituminous surfaces ~ are used to provide a roadway wearing surface and to protect the underlying material from moisture. Asphalt cement -the solid form of asphalt Fuel ~ resistant asphalt ~ often based on a polymer-modiied asphalt (PMA). Asphalt emulsions - contain particles of asphalt dispersed in water by means of emulsifying agents, halt cutback ~ is created when petroleum distillates are mixed with asphalt cement. 5-CGD\/ ERTC-April 2023 Refresher ‘Roller compacted concrete (RCC) concrete construction. relatively new form of Prime coat - isa coating of light bituminous material applied to a porous unpaved surface. ‘Tack coat - {sa thin coating of ight bituminous material applied ‘toa previously paved surface to act as a bonding agent. Dust palliative - is a substance applied to an unpaved surface to ‘reduce the amount of dust produced by vehicular traffic and wind, Pogseal-{s alight application ofa slow - setting asphalt emulsion diluted by one to three parts of water. Emulsion slurry seal - is composed of a mixture of slow - setting, sphalt emulsion, fine aggregate, mineral filler, and water, Sand seal - {s composed of a light application of a medium ~ viscosity lquld asphalt covered with fine aggregates. ‘Single ~ pass surface treatment - is constructed by spraying on yer of asphalt and covering It with a layer of aggregate approximately one stone in depth, ‘The sequence of operations Involved Jn placing a sinele suurface treatmentis.as follows: 4) Sweep the esting surface b) Apply prime coat and cure, f required, €) At tinder a a rat d) Apply aggregate at the specified rate, «Roll the surace. f) Sweep again to remove loose stone, ‘Theprincipaltynes ofasphalt pavements Include: 4) Penetration macadam ~ while usually classified as a pavement, (s constructed using. equlpment and Procedures very similar to those, employed for Constructing aggregate surface treatments, b) Road mixes ~ or mixed ~ In ~ place cdnstruction are ‘produced by mixing binder with aggregate directly on the roadway. Resurfacing - may involve surface treatments or overlays of asphalt or concrete. Restoration and rehabilitation ~ are broad terms that Include ‘any of the work required to return the highway to an ‘acceptable condition, Bridge management syitems - are also being developed to Improve bridge Ife and lower costs by optimum bridge ‘maintenance. Compilation of Terms - CONSTRUCTION METHODS Reconstruction - refers to complete remaval ofthe old pavement structure and construction ofa new pavement. Recycling - consist of the demalition of old pavement. recrushing ‘of the pavement matertal, and reusing it In new asphalt or concrete mixes, Compressed alr - is widely used as 2 power source for construction tools and equipment. Positive displacement compressors - achieve compression by ‘reducing the air volume within a confined space. Dynamic compressors - achieve compression by using fans or Impellers to increase alr velocty and pressure, (fl separator - removes the oll from the output ar, 6-CGD