Cell structure
and Functions
What is Cells?
o From Latin “CELLA” = Small o All organisms are composed
CELL THEORY of one or more cells.
room
o The smallest unit that is Matthias J. Schleiden and o The cells is the basic unit of
capable of performing life Theodore Schwann who life in all living things (Basic
functions. proposed “CELL THEORY” unit of life).
o Unicellular : living things o All cells come from pre-
made up of a single cell. existing cell (Cell division).
o Multicellular: living things
made up of many cells.
o Each cell has a cell
membrane, cytoplasm and a
nucleus or a nucleoid.
Types of Cells
Prokaryotic Cell
● Lager, more complex 0.1-10 µm.
● Micron or Micrometers (µm) are used to
measure bacteria
1 µm =10-6 or 0.001 mm
● They are unicellular, which forms a colony
or filamentous.
● The shape of the cell includes spherical, rod
and others.
● Membrane bound organelles are absent in
They have no true nucleus as the DNA prokaryotic cell.
is not contained within a membrane. ● Mode of nutrient: feed on living things and
dead things, photosynthetic, parasitic
● They reproduce asexually by the process
called “binary fission”.
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Eukaryotic Cell
● Usually larger than prokaryotic cells.
● The size of cell ranging from 10-100 µm.
● Have a many membrane organelles.
● DNA is packed into linear structures called
in the chromosomes in the nucleus.
● Can be a part of unicellular or multicellular
organisms.
● Reproduce sexually or asexually
● In animals, plants fungi and protists.
Eukaryotic cells are the cells has a
nucleus and cell organized into complex
structure by internal membrane.
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Cell Morphology
Arrangements of curved rods
Bacterial Cell Structure
External structure
(covering & appendages) Internal structure
• Cytoplasm
• Glycocalyx
Cell envelope • nucleoid
• flagella
• Cell wall • chromosome
• fimbriae and pili
• Cell membrane • plasmid
• ribosomes
• inclusion,
• mesosome
Glycocalyx and its function
Anthony method
What is glycocalyx?
is a sticky composed of • Streptococcus pneumonia
polysaccharides, polypeptides • S. mutant (dental caries)
or both that is outside the organized and firmly • Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
cell wall. attached to cell wall
Functions
• Confers adherence
capability
• Allows pathogens to
escape or survive
phagocytosis
Unorganized and loosely
• Protects from
desiccation / detergents attached Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pili, Fimbriae and
Flagella
Pili Fimbriae
o are hair-like projections of the cell
o Similar to pili but shorter and more
o Pili are usually few in number
abundant (100s)
o Composed of Pilin protein.
o Common pili : Take part in adhesion of
o Composed of Pilin protein.
pathogen to specific host tissues o Adhesion of cells to surface and
“twitching motility” formation of pellicles containing thin
Neisseria gonorrhoeae sheets of cells on a liquid surface
o Sex pili (1-10 sex pili per cell): longer and “Biofilm”
coarser, involved in genetic material
exchange between mating bacterial cells
“conjugation”
o Hair-like projections from cell surface
that aid in cell movement.
o about 20 nm thick and 10-20 µm long.
o Different species have different
numbers of flagella, there may be 1 or
up to 20 flagella.
o Flagella cannot be seen in the light
unless a special stain is applied.
Flagella o Motility Test
o Types of flagella
(sing.,Flagellum)) :Polar flagella
:Peritrichous flagella
Flagella is divided into 3 main
parts :
1. Filament : consist of globular
protein “Flagellin”(20-40kDa) /
self assembly.
2. Hook : consist of the
different types of protein,
connects to the basal body.
3. Basal body :the part by which
flagellum is embedded in cell is
called Basal body. It is made up
of rod and many rings.
4. ATP
Motility of bacteria
o Response to stimuli
(taxis)
o Chemotaxis Flagella Functions
o Phototaxis
o Magnetotaxis
Rotatory movement
Bacterial Cell Structure
Bacterial Cell Wall
Cell Envelope
Bacterial Cell Membrane
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Bacterial Cell Wall is composed of:
Chemical composition NAG
• Peptidoglycan (N-acetylglucosamine)
(also known as murein) Functions
• Sugar and amino acids. o Determination of shape
NAM of the bacterial cell.
Amino acids (Tetrapeptide) (N-acetylmuramic acid) o Protect the cell from
osmotic lysis.
• links the two polysaccharide backbones, o Playing an important
forming a peptidoglycan subunit. part in cell division.
• amino acids such as o Responsible for staining
L-Alanine, D-Glutamic acid, L-Lysine affinity of cell wall due
(or meso-di-aminopimelic acid) and to its composition.
D-Alanine
Structure of Peptidoglycan
(Di-aminopemelic acid)
Microbiology, Linda Bruslind
Gram positive cell wall
o Thick layer of
peptidoglycan 15-80 nm
and Teichoic acids
o Teichoic acids have
negative charges and may
play a role in the passage
of ions through the wall.
o Teichoic linked to lipids,
Lipoteichoic acids
o Lipid content : 2-5%
Nature reviews Microbiology
Gram Negative bacteria
LPS
• A thin layer of peptidoglycan
(2 nm) but outside this layer
is an asymmetric bi-layer
membrane.
• Phospholipid proteins and
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
• Lipid content : 15-20%
• Integral proteins called
“porins”
• Periplasmic space contains
Peptidoglycan and periplasm
Gram negative stain
STRUCTURE OF
LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE
Your Big Topic or
Elaborate on what you want to discuss.
Idea
Glucosamine-4-p
Gram staining
Gram positive and Gram negative.
Unusual and Wall less Bacteria
Bacteria
o Mycoplasma
o Phylum Chlamydiae-protein layer
Protoplasts, Spheroplasts
and L-form
o When the cell is subjected to
hydrolysis with lysozyme.
o Isotonic solution
o Protoplasts : Gram positive bacteria
o Spheroplasts : Gram negative bacteria
(retain outer membrane)
o If protoplast and spheroplasts grown
and divided, they are called L-form.
Comparison between Gram positive &
Gram negative Cell Wall
Characters Gram positive Gram negative
Thickness 15-80 nm. 2 nm.
Lipid content 2-5 % 15-20%
Teichoic acid present Absent
Amino acids L-alanine, L-alanine,
D-glutamine D-glutamine
L-lysine and Di-aminopimelic acid
D-alanine and D-alanine
Endotoxin Yes no
Treatment with Protoplast Spheroplast
lysozyme
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasmic membrane
• Thickness : 6-8 nm.
• Fluid mosaic model.
Consists of :
• Lipids (phospholipid)
• Proteins (integral and
peripheral)
• Carbohydrates (glycolipids
and glycoproteins).
• Steroid
Functions
• Allow selected
molecules to move in
and out of the cell.
• Keeping all cellular
component inside the
cell
Membrane fluidity • Signal transduction
• Biochemical reaction
Bacterial Cell Structure
Internal structure
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Cytoplasm
o Cytoplasm is the fluid between cell membrane and organelles
o Is a jelly like substance (70-80% water) and is colorless.
o It’s composed of 3 majors elements : cytosol, inclusions and
organelles.
o Cytosol is the liquid portion of the cytoplasm.
o Many chemical reactions occur within the cell.
o Transport the genetic material
o Produce the molecule for energy, respiration and metabolic
pathway such as glycolysis.
o Act as “buffer” protect the cell’s genetic material or organelles
from damage due to movement.
Function
Tiny particle (50-800 nm)
Inclusion •
•
suspended in the cytosol.
Stored nutrients or
bodies monomers for bacterial
structure
• Carbon storage polymers
• Lipid granules
• Polyphosphate
• (or volutin granule)
• Sulfur globules
• Magnetosomes
• Gas vesicles
Bacterial chromosome structure
Location Size
• Contains a double stranded
The bacterial
molecules of DNA arranged in
chromosome is found in circular form.
a region of the cell • Length 1,000-1,300 microns.
called “nucleoid” • Bacterial DNA contains about
. 4,000 kbp.
(1kbp=1,000 base pairs)
Supercoil
Number of loop varies
according to chromosome
size and species
(E. coli has 50-100 with 40,000-80,000 kbp.of DNA in each)
Plasmid
(extra chromosomal DNA)
o Location: In cytosol separately from
bacterial chromosome.
o Number: From 1 to several.
o Size: Much smaller than chromosomes.
o Components: Single, double stranded,
usually circular DNA.
o Information:
-Contains drug resistant genes as well
as heavy metal resistant genes.
-Can transfer genes from one cell to
other.
-Can replicate independently
-Not essential for growth and
metabolism of bacteria.
Ribosomes
o Bacterial ribosomes are called 70S
ribosomes and free in cytoplasm.
o Protein synthesis
o 30S (small subunit) and 50S
(large subunit)
o Svedberg unit (S) ,which
represents how rapidly particles
or molecules sediment in an
ultracentrifuge. The larger a
substance, the greater its S value.
Bacterial Endospores
1 2
“Spore” Resistant againts:
o Formed inside the : high temperature
parent vegetative : low nutrient
cell. conditions
o Endospore are not : chemical disinfectant
a form of : drying
reproduction. o Bacillus and
o Spore can be Clostridium
variable in size and
location within the
cell.
Bacterial Endospores
Shape of spore Location of spore
Sporulation
Mesosomes
● It is an in folding part of cell
membrane.
● Having function analogous to
mitochondria (Eukaryotes) ------
play a role in cellular respiration,
the process that breaks down
food to release energy.
Eukaryotic
cell
Eukaryotic Cell Walls
● Rigid structure that gives support to the cell
● Plant and algae ------- complex sugar called
“cellulose”
● Yeast and mold -------- glucan, mannan and Chitin
Eukaryotic Cell Membranes
● Selective permeability
● Like those found in bacteria --- phospholipid bilayer
● Carbohydrate attached to the proteins and steroid lipids
(sterols) e.g. Cholesterol, Ergosterol ---- membrane fluidity
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Nucleus
o Nucleus envelope : Nucleus pore
o Nucleolus
o Chromatin
Ribosomes
• Eukaryote ribosomes are 80s
• Can be found freely within
the cytoplasm and also found
attached to rough
Endoplasmic recticulum.
• Produce proteins that carry
out various functions within
the cell.
Endoplasmic Recticulum
Rough ER
• Also called “Granular
ER”
• Ribosome attached.
Endoplasmic recticulum
• Produce protein for
• 50-70 Micron. export out of cell.
• Found in eukaryotic
organisms. Smooth ER
• Largest organelle in • “Agranular ER”
eukaryotic cell. • No ribosomes.
• Lipid metabolism,
Synthesized phospholipid
and lipids.
Golgi Apparatus
• Also called “Golgi complex”
• Processes, packages, and
secretes various substances
• Receives protein and/or lipid-
filled vesicles from ER
• Contains enzymes that modify
proteins and lipids
• Produces lysosomes
Lysosomes
o Functions of lysosomes:
• Clean the cell by digesting any foreign
material.
• Protect the cell from bacteria.
o are surrounded by single
membrane
o Contain the digestive enzyme
o are found in eukaryotic cell.
o They are found in cytosol.
o Generally found in animal
cell.
Location
o Found in cytoplasm and
have double membrane
:inner membrane
:outer membrane
o Energy
o Break down food
molecules and turn out
Mitochondria ATP
o Mitochondria DNA and
Powerhouses ribosome
Chloroplast
o Found in plant cell and
some protists
o are oval shape and have
two membranes
o are the food producers of
the cell. “photosynthesis”
Peroxisome and vacuole
Peroxisome Vacuole
o They are particle of o is enclosed by
about 0.5-1.5 micron in membrane, called a
diameter. tonoplast
o are found in most o is a storage
eukaryotic cells structure of the
o Enzyme-containing cells
vesicles, similar to o Enzyme, food and
lysosome sometime waste
o Breakdown long chain
fatty acid into medium
chain fatty acid
o detoxification
Cytoskeleton
Functions Structure
• Maintain the shape of • Net work of long
the cell proteins stand.
• Move organelles and
• Located in cytosol
itself
• No membranes.
Cell types 3 types of proteins
• Eukaryotic cells • Microfilament (actin)
• Plant and animal • Microtubule
cells. (tubulin dimer : α tubulin &
β-tubulin)
• Intermediate filament.
o found in many
eukaryotic cells and on
outside of cells
o Hair-like organelle
o Both used for motility
o Cilia are short and
there are many per cell
o Flagella are longer and
Cilia and Flagella there are fewer per
cell
Cilia and Flagella Structure
• Both have 9+2 microtubule structure
• Driven by motor protein “Dynein”
• Bending movement –ATP driven
Centrosome and Centrioles
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Arrangment
• Microtubles
• 9+0 arrangement
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