TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MANILA RESORTS WORLD COMPLEX

MARRIOTT HOTEL HVAC SYSTEM DESIGN

IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS IN

ME 504: HVAC SYSTEMS DESIGN

SUBMITTED BY:
AYO, ALBERT JOHN M.
CARRANZA, MC LESTER P.
FELICIANO, TRISTAN KENNETH C.
MANUEL, AARON MARVIN H.
PERALTA, JOSE LUIS Y.

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. JESUS V. DELA CRUZ, PME
INSTRUCTOR

October 09, 2021

i
 TOPIC OBJECTIVES
To apply the basic knowledge learned in HVAC Systems Design course

TITLE PAGE
MANILA RESORTS WORLD COMPLEX MARRIOTT HOTEL
HVAC SYSTEM DESIGN

PREFACE
The basic principle of designing an HVAC system is to make it efficient. On one hand,
hotels have to ensure guests' satisfaction and provide a comfortable work environment for
employees. On the other hand, hotels also need to cut cost because HVAC system is a big energy
consumer.
This architecture design document targets to help students to have a better understanding
how HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning) systems works through the help of this
design concept. This design enables students to understand computations of the following factors
which contributes to HVAC which are: Heat Loads, the Design Condition of a Condition Space,
Factors affecting External Heat Load and Internal Heat Load, the Ventilation of the design, the
Infiltration of outside Air design in the Conditioned Space, the Psychometric Processes involved
in the design, the Distribution of Air and the Selection of Air Handling Unit, Chiller and Ducting.
This design defines the application of the course, HVAC SYSTEMS DESIGN (ME 504).
The tables, graphs, visual figures, illustrations and references are included to reinforce and
strengthen the content of this study while opens the enhancement and deeper understandability.
Dedication of this study has been taken in full consideration to utilize and optimize in maximizing
the learnings of HVAC systems to the audience of this design project. Hoping that this design
fulfills its full capabilities and objectives and thus be a reference and an open living document for
improvement for the next generations of students.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION
Background of Study……………………………………………………………………...2
Statement of the Problem………………………………………………………………….2
Definition of Terms………………………………………………………………………..7
Purposes of the HVAC…………………………………………………………………….9
Purposes of Load Calculation……………………………………………………………...9
Principles of Cooling Loads……………………………………………………………...10
Indoor Design Conditions………………………………………………………………..10
Outdoor Design Conditions………………………………………………………………11
CHAPTER 2 – VICINITY MAP, LAYOUTS, AND ELEVATION DRAWINGS
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………13
Vicinity Map……………………………………………………………………………..13
Layouts…………………………………………………………………………………...14
CHAPTER 3 – EXTERNAL LOAD CALCULATIONS
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………24
Formulas…………………………………………………………………………………24
Calculations………………………………………………………………………………26
Summary of External Loads……………………………………………………………...34
CHAPTER 4 – INTERNAL LOAD CALCULATIONS
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………36
Formulas…………………………………………………………………………………36
Calculations………………………………………………………………………………37
Summary of Internal Loads……………………………………………………………....43
CHAPTER 5 – VENTILATION AND INFILTRATION
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………45
Ventilation………………………………………………………………………………..45
Infiltration………………………………………………………………………………..45

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 Exfiltration……………………………………………………………………………….46
Formulas…………………………………………………………………………………46
Calculations………………………………………………………………………………47
Summary of Ventilation and Infiltration/Exfiltration Loads……………………………..52
CHAPTER 6 – SYSTEM HEAT GAINS
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………54
Calculations………………………………………………………………………………54
Summary of System Heat Gains………………………………………………………….56
CHAPTER 7 – PSYCHROMETRICS
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………58
Calculations………………………………………………………………………………58
Grand Total Heat………………………..………………………………………………..60
CHAPTER 8 – AIR DISTRIBUTION
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………62
Calculations………………………………………………………………………………62
Air Distribution Summary………………………………………………………………..64
CHAPTER 9 – EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
Equipment Schedule……………………………………………………………………...70
Attachments……………………………………………………………………………...76
CHAPTER 10 – BILL OF MATERIALS AND ESTIMATED COST
Bill of Materials…………………………………………………………………………..81
Estimated Cost…………………………………………………………………………...82
CHAPTER 11 – RECOMMENDATIONS
Minimization of Heat Gains……………………………………………………………...84
Energy Savings…………………………………………………………………………...84
Maintenance……………………………………………………………………………...88
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………….........91

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

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• Background of Study
The tourism sector is one of the main worldwide economic sectors with sustained growth,
demonstrating its strength and resilience. In this sector, energy uses have increased to ensure
quality, guest comfort, and rate level requirements being a building with great energy
consumption. Several factors influence and can produce a significant variation in hotel
consumption even in facilities located in the same region; the difference in a four-star hotel
can reach 114 kWh/m2/year. This paper deals with related aspects such as hotel design,
operation, type of service, occupancy patterns, operating point and efficiency of a heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system.
We are going to apply psychrometric processes and calculate the behavior of the moist air
as it goes thru the air conditioning equipment. We also provide the cooling load calculation
for external and internal loads using the accepted standards and apply this in designing an air
conditioning system for Marriott Hotel.

• Statement of the Problem

Design the centralized air conditioning system 300 TONS OF REFRIGERATION of the
building using the following data and conditions:

1. Summer Month - March to May

2. Exposure - 12 Degree North Latitude
3. Sun Time - 10:00 AM to 4:00 PM
4. Indoor Condition - 21 oC and 50% RH
5.Outdoor Condition - 35 oC and 79% RH
6. Glass Windows - Regular glass with inside cloth
- 1.143 m x 0.5715 m x 0.01 m
7. Glass Door - 1.828 m x 2.1336 m x 0.012 m
8. Walls - Hollow concrete block
- Sand and gravel aggregate
- 0.2427 m thick
9. Ceiling - Concrete, steel deck, gypsum board
- 0.1143 m thick
10. Floor - Concrete and ceramic tile finish
- 0.13847 m thick
11. Lightning Load
a. Restaurant - 1 x 36 Watts T-5
b. Office and Lobbies - 1 x 36 Watts T-5
c. Hotel Rooms - 1 x18 Watts T-5

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Schedule of Occupancy and Power in Watts:
Lights
Room No. of Power
(no. of bulb x
(Ground Floor) People (no. of unit x Watts)
Watts)
Commercial Microwave (1 x 2000)
Restaurant 45 15 x 36
Electric Stove (2 x 2000)
Lift Lobby 6 --- 6 x 36
Coffee Brewer (3 x 800)
Bar and Lounge 35 8 x 18
Blender (2 x 600)
100” LCD Television (1 x 300)
Main Lobby 20 8 x 36
CCTV Camera (4 x 15)
Computer Unit (8 x 150)
Employees Lounge 25 6 x 36
50” LCD Television (1 x 150)

Lights
Room No. of Power
(no. of bulb x
(Second Floor) People (no. of unit x Watts)
Watts)
Lift Lobby 4 --- 2 x 36
Service Lift Lobby 4 --- 2 x 36
Guest Corridor 2 CCTV Camera (9 x 15) 7 x 36
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 1
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x18
(Hotel Room 201)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 2
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 202)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 3
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 203)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 4
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 204)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 5
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 205)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 6
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 206)
LCD Television (1 x 200)

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 Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 7
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 207)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 8
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 208)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 9
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 209)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 10
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 210)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 11
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 211)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 12
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 212)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 13
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 213)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 14
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 214)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 15
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 215)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
D.R 10 LCD Television (1 x 100)
5 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 216) Hair Dryer (1 x 800)
D.R 9 LCD Television (1 x 100)
5 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 217) Hair Dryer (1 x 800)
D.R 8 LCD Television (1 x 100)
5 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 218) Hair Dryer (1 x 800)
D.R 7 LCD Television (1 x 100)
5 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 219) Hair Dryer (1 x 800)
D.R 6 LCD Television (1 x 100)
5 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 220) Hair Dryer (1 x 800)

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 D.R 5 LCD Television (1 x 100)
5 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 221) Hair Dryer (1 x 800)
D.R 4 LCD Television (1 x 100)
5 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 222) Hair Dryer (1 x 800)
D.R 3 LCD Television (1 x 100)
5 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 223) Hair Dryer (1 x 800)
D.R 2 LCD Television (1 x 100)
5 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 224) Hair Dryer (1 x 800)
D.R 1 LCD Television (1 x 100)
5 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 225) Hair Dryer (1 x 800)

Lights
Room No. of Power
(no. of bulb x
(Third Floor) People (no. of unit x Watts)
Watts)
Lift Lobby 4 --- 2 x 36
Service Lift Lobby 4 --- 2 x 36
Guest Corridor 2 CCTV Camera (9 x 15) 7 x 36
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 16
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 301)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 17
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 302)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 18
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 303)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 19
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 304)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 20
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 305)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 21
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 306)
LCD Television (1 x 200)

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 Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 22
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 307)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 23
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 308)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 24
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 309)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 25
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 310)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 26
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 311)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 27
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 312)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 28
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 313)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 29
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 314)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
Mini-Fridge (1 x 100)
P.R 30
6 Hair Dryer (1 x 800) 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 315)
LCD Television (1 x 200)
D.R 20 LCD Television (1 x 100)
5 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 316) Hair Dryer (1 x 800)
D.R 19 LCD Television (1 x 100)
5 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 317) Hair Dryer (1 x 800)
D.R 18 LCD Television (1 x 100)
5 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 318) Hair Dryer (1 x 800)
D.R 17 LCD Television (1 x 100)
5 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 319) Hair Dryer (1 x 800)
D.R 16 LCD Television (1 x 100)
5 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 320) Hair Dryer (1 x 800)

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 D.R 15 LCD Television (1 x 100)
5 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 321) Hair Dryer (1 x 800)
D.R 14 LCD Television (1 x 100)
5 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 322) Hair Dryer (1 x 800)
D.R 13 LCD Television (1 x 100)
5 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 323) Hair Dryer (1 x 800)
D.R 12 LCD Television (1 x 100)
5 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 324) Hair Dryer (1 x 800)
D.R 11 LCD Television (1 x 100)
5 2 x 18
(Hotel Room 325) Hair Dryer (1 x 800)

• Definition of Terms
1. A/C or a/c abbreviation for air conditioning or air conditioner.
2. Air Changes per Hour (ACH) method in determining outdoor air quantity is used in
buildings such as hospitals. The emphasis here is on replacing the entire quantity of indoor
air periodically.
3. Air Conditioner is a mechanism primarily for comfort cooling that lowers the temperature
and reduces the humidity of air in buildings.
4. Air Conditioning is the process of treating air so as to control simultaneously its
temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and distribution to meet the requirements of the
conditioned space.
5. Air Infiltration is the movement of air into a building.
6. Air Exfiltration is the movement of air out of a building.
7. Bypass factor is a function of the physical and operating characteristics of the conditioning
plant and, as such, represents that portion of the air which is considered to pass through the
conditioning plant completely unaltered.
8. Conduction is the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between
neighboring atoms or molecules.
9. Cooling Load is the rate at which sensible and latent heat must be removed from the space
to maintain a constant space dry-bulb air temperature and humidity.
10. Degree of Saturation is the ratio of the air humidity ratio to the humidity ratio of saturated
air at the same temperature.
11. Density the mass of a body per unit volume.
12. Dew Point Temperature is the saturation temperature corresponding to the actual pressure
of the steam in air or the temperature at which condensation of moisture begins when the
air is cooled at constant pressure.
13. Dry Air is the non-condensing components of the mixture, mainly the nitrogen and the
oxygen.
14. Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT) refers basically to the ambient air temperature. It is called
dry bulb because the air temperature is indicated by a thermometer not affected by the
moisture of the air.
7
15. Duct are conduits or passages used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) to
deliver and remove air.
16. Emissivity it is the ratio of actual to ideal emissive power (radiation heat transfer).
17. Enthalpy it is the heat content per unit mass. It is also known at various times in history as
total heat content that represents the total useful energy of a substance.
18. External Loads include the conduction and radiation heat loads transferred through roofs,
walls, skylights and windows.
19. Heat is the form of energy that is transferred between systems or objects with different
temperatures (flowing from the high-temperature system to the low-temperature system).
Also referred to as heat energy or thermal energy. Heat is typically measured in Btu,
calories or joules.
20. Heat gain is the term given to a temperature rise within a space due to heat from the sun
(solar radiation), heat from surfaces (long wave infrared radiation), heat originating from
other sources within the space (such as heating appliances, ovens, people, mechanical
systems, lights and computers) and so on.
21. Heat transfer refers to the movement of heat energy from one body to another (solid, liquid
or gas or combination thereof) by means of radiation, convection or conduction.
22. HVAC stands for heating, ventilation and air conditioning, and it’s the broadly used term
to describe equipment used to keep homes at a comfortable temperature.
23. Humidity Ratio is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the mass of dry air. It is also
known as moisture content, mixing ratio, or specific humidity.
24. Insulation means creating a barrier between the hot and the cold object that reduces heat
transfer by either reflecting thermal radiation or decreasing thermal conduction and
convection from one object to the other.
25. Internal Loads consist of load due to occupants, due to lighting, due to equipment and
appliances and due to products stored or processes being performed in the conditioned
space
26. Latent Heat is the heat the results from an increase or decrease in the amount of moisture
held by the air.
27. Load Calculation is the process of determining the proper size of a furnace and/or air
conditioner for a home.
28. Moist Air is a binary mixture of dry air and water vapor.
29. Pressure it is the force applied per unit area. It is expressed in Pascal (Pa), psi, bar, mm of
Hg, atm, in of Hg, etc.
30. Psychrometer an instrument for measuring relative humidity. Example the wet and dry
bulb hygrometer.
31. Psychrometric Chart is a graphical representation of the thermodynamic properties of
moist air.
32. Psychrometry is the study of atmospheric air, which is a mixture of pure air and water
vapor at atmospheric pressure.
33. Relative Humidity (RH) tells us how much water vapor is in the air, compared to how
much it could hold at that temperature.

8
 34. Saturated Air is air whose condition is such that any decrease in temperature will result in
condensation of the water vapor into liquid.
35. Saturation referring to the refrigerant that is in the process of changing from liquid to vapor
(boiling) in the evaporator or vapor to liquid (condensing) in the condenser.
36. Sensible Heat refers to the amount of energy needed to increase or decrease the
temperature of some substance, independent of phase changes (like a gas-to-liquid phase
change).
37. Specific Heat the heat quantity needed to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a
substance by 1oC.
38. Specific Humidity the number of grams of water vapor per kilogram of moist air.
39. Specific Volume is the cubic metre of the mixture per kilogram of dry air.
40. Temperature is the measure of the hotness and the coldness of a body based on the human
sense of touch. It is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
41. Thermal Conductivity can be defined as the rate at which heat is transferred by conduction
through a unit cross-section area of a material, when a temperature gradient exits
perpendicular to the area.
42. Unsaturated Air is air containing superheated vapor.
43. Vapor is the condensable component of the mixture the water vapor which may exist in a
saturated or superheated state.
44. Ventilation is the process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means to
or from any space. Such air may or may not have been conditioned.
45. Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT) is the temperature of adiabatic saturation. This is the
temperature indicated by a moistened thermometer bulb exposed to the air flow. Wet Bulb
temperature can be measured by using a thermometer with the bulb wrapped in wet muslin.

• Purposes of the HVAC

HVAC systems for hotels are typically required to create the best possible comfort for
guests with reliable and efficient technologies. Customer experience is a priority for any hotel
owner as it is synonymous of hospitality. It should be no surprise that customer experience is
a defining characteristic of this business. Customer experience is what the hospitality industry
is all about.
HVAC systems are definitely important for all those who aim to create that perfect comfort
which will help making customer experience memorable. HVAC systems, though, can also
have a significant impact on buildings operating costs and on profits.

• Purposes of the Load Calculation

An HVAC load calculation is a mathematical process for measuring several aspects of a
building in order to determine the best size, application and style of HVAC system. The
purpose is to ensure energy efficiency while also maximizing comfort inside any home. Load
calculations have been completed for several years, however, with new technology come
quicker and more consistent methods to complete this important step.
Load calculations will check several specific areas to find the right sized system including:
a. Verify the total square footage of the property

9
 b. Count how many windows, doors and entry ways there are for a property
c. Check the insulation; not only the location but what type of materials, how it’s installed
and even the density of the insulation used
d. How many floors a home has and how much living space vs. attic space is available
e. What landscaping is outside of the home that can block sun from entering the house
f. Window shades, blinds or other household window treatments are used in order to keep
sun out
g. The condition of the duct work, the size of duct work and the vent systems

• Principle of Cooling Loads

Heating and cooling load calculations are carried out to estimate the required capacity of
heating and cooling systems, which can maintain the required conditions in the conditioned
space. To improve a building's overall cooling efficiency, it is helpful to understand what
sources of heat gain or loss create the greatest cooling or heating load on the air conditioning
system. By reducing those loads, air conditioning first costs and energy costs can be lowered
and comfort can be improved.

There are two categories of cooling loads: 1) sensible cooling load and 2) latent cooling load.

Sensible heat is dry heat causing change in temperature but not in the moisture content.
Factors that influence the sensible cooling load are glass windows or doors, sunlight striking
windows, skylights, or glass doors and heating the room, exterior walls, partitions (that
separate spaces of different temperatures), roofs, floors over an open crawl space, air
infiltration through cracks in the building, doors, and windows, people in the building,
equipment and appliances operated in the summer and lights. Other sensible heat gains are
taken care of by the HVAC equipment before the air reaches the rooms (system gains). Two
items that require additional sensible cooling capacity from the HVAC equipment are:
ductwork located in an unconditioned space and the ventilation air (air that is mechanically
introduced into the building).

Latent heat is the heat, when supplied to or removed from air, results in a change of
moisture content - the temperature of the air is not changed. Factors that influence the latent
cooling load are - people, moisture release appliances and air infiltration through cracks in the
building, doors, and windows.
Note that the space heat gain and the space cooling load are “not” equal. Heat gain is the rate
at which heat enters a space, or heat generated within a space during a time interval.

• Indoor Design Conditions

The dry bulb temperature and the relative humidity at the air are needed to be maintained
within the room for the normal breathing of the occupants. Inline to this design, the team design
a HVAC system for a hotel in low dry bulb temperature and high relative humidity which
causes relaxation to occupants.

10
 Optimum Temperature 20oC to 22oC
Optimum RH 40% to 65%

Hotels, as mention earlier are commonly maintained at a temperature of 21oC (70oF) with
a relative humidity of around 50%.

• Outdoor Design Condition

The hotel is located in Pasay City which has a tropical climate. On average, September is
the most humid and April is the least humid month. The average annual percentage of humidity
is 75.0%. The warmest month is May with an average maximum temperature of 34°C (93.2°F).
The coldest month is January with an average maximum temperature of 30°C (86°F).

Highest Recorded DBT 35oC (95oF)

Highest Recorded RH 79%

11
 CHAPTER 2
VICINITY MAP,
LAYOUTS, AND
ELEVATION
DRAWINGS

12
• Introduction
Marriott Hotel Manila stands as a centerpiece of the dynamic and exciting mixed-use
development of Resorts World Manila, located directly opposite of the Ninoy Aquino
International Airport Terminal 3. A destination in itself, this 5 star property has become the
Philippines’ most unique and comprehensive destination for Meetings, Incentives,
Conferences and Exhibitions. The hotel offers spacious guestrooms and suites. Thoughtfully
designed round the needs of today’s modern traveler, each guestroom incorporates the latest
technology and design. Premium Wi-Fi capability, I-Pod docks and over-sized bathrooms
appeal to most discerning guests.

• Vicinity Map

13
• Layouts
A. Architectural

14
15
B. Lightning

16
C. Equipment and Appliances

17
D. A/C Equipments
Rooftop Hvac Unit

Airflow

18
E. Ductwork

19
20
F. Sectional View

21
22
 CHAPTER 3
EXTERNAL LOAD
CALCULATIONS

23
• Introduction
The total building cooling load consists of heat transferred through the building envelope
(walls, roof, floor, windows, doors etc.) and heat generated by occupants, equipment, and
lights. The load due to heat transfer through the envelope is called as external load. In addition,
outside air can be brought into a building through ventilation requirements or infiltration,
which will cause a load upon the system.
External loads contribute too much effect in HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air-
Conditioning) process. External load is the amount of heat that must be added or removed from
the space to maintain proper temperature in the space. When thermal loads push conditions
outside of the comfort range, HVAC systems are used to bring the thermal conditions back to
comfort conditions. But in this study, the process is in reverse method. The room is needed to
be in high temperature and high humidity in which, heating load is calculated and not the
cooling load.
External load calculations vary upon materials of the building and its characteristics, the
location and orientation of the building, the outdoor design condition, and the indoor design
condition. External load is denoted as Q, which is the heat liberated due to the orientation of
the surface in kW.

• Formulas

HEAT GAIN THROUGH WALL

Qwall = (Uwall) (Awall) (∆t)

Where:
Qwall = Heat gain through wall (kW)
Uwall = Overall heat transfer coefficient on the wall (W/m2 * K)
Awall = Area of the wall (m2)
∆t = Difference between outside and inside temperature (oC)

HEAT GAIN THROUGH FLOOR

Qfloor = (Ufloor) (Afloor) (∆t)

Where:
Qfloor = Heat gain through floor (kW)
Ufloor = Overall heat transfer coefficient on the floor (W/m2 * K)
Afloor = Area of the floor (m2)
∆t = Difference between outside and inside temperature (oC)

24
 HEAT GAIN THROUGH CEILING

Qceiling = (Uceiling) (Aceiling) (∆t)

Where:
Qceiling = Heat gain through ceiling (kW)
Uceiling = Overall heat transfer coefficient on the ceiling (W/m2 * K)
Aceiling = Area of the ceiling (m2)
∆t = Difference between outside and inside temperature (oC)

HEAT GAIN THROUGH THE DOOR

Qdoor = (Udoor) (Adoor) (∆t)

Where:
Qdoor = Heat gain through door (kW)
Udoor = Overall heat transfer coefficient on the door (W/m2 * K)
Adoor = Area of the door (m2)
∆t = Difference between outside and inside temperature (oC)

HEAT GAIN THROUGH THE WINDOWS

Qwindow = (Uwindow) (Awindow) (∆t)

Where:
Qwindow = Heat gain through window (kW)
Uwindow = Overall heat transfer coefficient on the window (W/m2 * K)
Awindow = Area of the window(m2)
∆t = Difference between outside and inside temperature (oC)

The overall heat transfer coefficient, denoted as U, can be determined by the formula:
𝟏 𝟏 ∆𝒙 𝟏
= + ∑ +
𝑼 𝒇𝒐 𝒌 𝒇𝒊

Where:
U = Overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 * K)
fo = Outside heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 * K)
fi = Inside heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 * K)
k = Thermal conductivity of the material (W/m * K)
∆x = Prescribed thickness of the material

25
 TABLE 18.2 Surface Heat Transfer Coefficients f, W/m2 * K
Orientation Direction of Surface Emissivity
Air Velocity
of Surface Heat Flow 0.9 0.7 0.5
Horizontal Still Air Up 9.4 5.2 4.4
Horizontal Still air Down 6.3 2.2 1.3
Vertical Still air Horizontal 8.5 4.3 3.5
Any Position 25 kmph Any 35 --- ---
Any Position 12.5 kmph Any 23.3 --- ---
*Based on Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by CP Aurora (Third Edition)

• Calculations
1. HEAT GAINED THROUGH WALL

A. North Wall (Total Area = 6660.6 m2)

Thermal Conductivity
Materials Thickness (m)
(W/m*K)
Concrete 0.2 1.4
Rigid polyurethane foam 0.03 0.02
Gypsum plaster board 0.0127 0.16

* Assumed surface heat coefficient from Table 18.2 of CP Aurora

The air velocity of the wind in Pasay varies
fo = 23.3 (W/m2*K)
from 0 to 23 km/hr.
The orientation of the surface of the wall is
fi = 8.5 (W/m2*K)
vertical having an air velocity of still air.

26
 Calculating overall heat transfer coefficient on North Wall:
1 1 ∆𝑥 1
= + ∑ +
𝑈 𝑓𝑜 𝑘 𝑓𝑖

1 1 0.2 0.03 0.0127 1

= + + + +
𝑈 23.3 1.4 0.02 0.16 8.5

Unw = 0.5311 W/m2*K

Heat Gain Through North Wall:

Qnw = (Unw) (Anw) (∆t)

𝑊
= (0.5311 ) (6660.6 𝑚2 ) (35 − 21)𝐾
𝑚2 ∗𝐾

Qnw = 49,524.2252 W or 49.5242 kW

B. East Wall (Total Area = 2673.34 m2)

Thermal Conductivity
Materials Thickness (m)
(W/m*K)
Concrete 0.2 1.4
Rigid polyurethane foam 0.03 0.02
Gypsum plaster board 0.0127 0.16

Calculating overall heat transfer coefficient on East Wall:

1 1 ∆𝑥 1
= + ∑ +
𝑈 𝑓𝑜 𝑘 𝑓𝑖

1 1 0.2 0.03 0.0127 1

= + + + +
𝑈 23.3 1.4 0.02 0.16 8.5

Uew = 0.5311 W/m2*K

Heat Gain Through East Wall:

Qew = (Uew) (Aew) (∆t)

𝑊
= (0.5311 ) (2673.34 𝑚2 ) (35 − 21)𝐾
𝑚2 ∗𝐾

Qew = 19,877.3522 W or 19.8774 kW

27
C. West Wall (Total Area = 2670.5776 m2)
Thermal Conductivity
Materials Thickness (m)
(W/m*K)
Concrete 0.2 1.4
Rigid polyurethane foam 0.03 0.02
Gypsum plaster board 0.0127 0.16

Calculating overall heat transfer coefficient on West Wall:

1 1 ∆𝑥 1
= + ∑ +
𝑈 𝑓𝑜 𝑘 𝑓𝑖

1 1 0.2 0.03 0.0127 1

= + + + +
𝑈 23.3 1.4 0.02 0.16 8.5

Uww = 0.5311 W/m2*K

Heat Gain Through West Wall:

Qww = (Uww) (Aww) (∆t)

𝑊
= (0.5311 ) (2670.5776 𝑚2 ) (35 − 21)𝐾
𝑚2 ∗𝐾

Qww = 19,856.8127 W or 19.8568 kW

D. South Wall (Total Area = 6661.9 m2)

Thermal Conductivity
Materials Thickness (m)
(W/m*K)
Concrete 0.2 1.4
Rigid polyurethane foam 0.03 0.02
Gypsum plaster board 0.0127 0.16

Calculating overall heat transfer coefficient on South Wall:

1 1 ∆𝑥 1
= + ∑ +
𝑈 𝑓𝑜 𝑘 𝑓𝑖

1 1 0.2 0.03 0.0127 1

= + + + +
𝑈 23.3 1.4 0.02 0.16 8.5

Usw = 0.5311 W/m2*K

28
 Heat Gain Through South Wall:
Qsw = (Usw) (Asw) (∆t)

𝑊
= (0.5311 ) (6661.9 𝑚2 ) (35 − 21)𝐾
𝑚2 ∗𝐾

Qsw = 49,533.8913 W or 49.5339 kW

2. HEAT GAIN THROUGH FLOOR (Floor Area = 13,853.284 m2)

Thermal Conductivity
Materials Thickness (m)
(W/m*K)
Concrete 0.1 1.4
Cement plaster 0.03 8.65
Ceramic tile 0.00847 1.5996

* Assumed surface heat coefficient from Table 18.2 of CP Aurora

The air velocity of the wind in Pasay varies
fo = 23.3 (W/m2*K)
from 0 to 23 km/hr.
The orientation of the surface of the floor is
fi = 9.4 (W/m2*K)
horizontal having an air velocity of still air.

Calculating overall heat transfer coefficient on Floor:

1 1 ∆𝑥 1
= + ∑ +
𝑈 𝑓𝑜 𝑘 𝑓𝑖

1 1 0.1 0.03 0.00847 1

= + + + +
𝑈 23.3 1.4 8.65 1.5966 9.4

Ufloor = 4.3572 W/m2*K

29
 Heat Gain Through Floor:
Qfloor = (Ufloor) (Afloor) (∆t)

𝑊
= (4.3572 ) ( 13,853.284 𝑚2 ) (35 − 21)𝐾
𝑚2 ∗𝐾

Qfloor = 845,061.4066 W or 845.0614 kW

3. HEAT GAIN THROUGH CEILING (Ceiling Area = 13,853.284 m2)

Thermal Conductivity
Materials Thickness (m)
(W/m*K)
Concrete 0.1 1.4
Metal deck 0.0016 50.2
Gypsum plaster board 0.0127 0.16

* Assumed surface heat coefficient from Table 18.2 of CP Aurora

The air velocity of the wind in Pasay varies
fo = 23.3 (W/m2*K)
from 0 to 23 km/hr.
The orientation of the surface of the floor is
fi = 9.4 (W/m2*K)
horizontal having an air velocity of still air.
Calculating overall heat transfer coefficient on Ceiling:
1 1 ∆𝑥 1
= + ∑ +
𝑈 𝑓𝑜 𝑘 𝑓𝑖

1 1 0.1 0.0016 0.0127 1

= + + + +
𝑈 23.3 1.4 50.2 0.16 9.4

30
 Uceiling = 3.3318 W/m2*K

Heat Gain Through Ceiling:

Qceiling = (Uceiling) (Aceiling) (∆t)

𝑊
= (3.3318 ) (13,853.284 𝑚2 ) (35 − 21)𝐾
𝑚2 ∗𝐾

Qceiling = 646,189.2028 W or 646.1892 kW

4. HEAT GAIN THROUGH THE DOOR

A. Main Entrance Door (Area = 1.828 m x 2.1336 m = 3.9 m2)

Thermal Conductivity
Materials Thickness (m)
(W/m*K)
Transparent toughened
0.012 0.8
glass

* Assumed surface heat coefficient from Table 18.2 of CP Aurora

The air velocity of the wind in Pasay varies
fo = 23.3 (W/m2*K)
from 0 to 23 km/hr.
The orientation of the surface of the wall is
fi = 8.5 (W/m2*K)
vertical having an air velocity of still air.

31
 Calculating overall heat transfer coefficient on Main Entrance Door:
1 1 ∆𝑥 1
= + ∑ +
𝑈 𝑓𝑜 𝑘 𝑓𝑖

1 1 0.012 1
= + +
𝑈 23.3 0.8 8.5

Umed = 5.6959 W/m2*K

Heat Gain Through Main Entrance Door:

Qmed = (Umed) (Amed) (∆t)

𝑊
= (5.6959 ) (3.9 𝑚2 ) (35 − 21)𝐾
𝑚2 ∗𝐾

Qmed = 310.9961 W or 0.3110 kW

B. Emergency Exit Door (Area = 1.828 m x 0.8 m = 1.4624 m2)

Thermal Conductivity
Materials Thickness (m)
(W/m*K)
Steel 0.002 50.2
Ceramic fiber board 0.04 0.074

32
Calculating overall heat transfer coefficient on Emergency Exit Door:
1 1 ∆𝑥 1
= + ∑ +
𝑈 𝑓𝑜 𝑘 𝑓𝑖

1 1 0.002 0.04 0.002 1

= + + + +
𝑈 23.3 50.2 0.074 50.2 8.5

Ueed = 1.7137 W/m2*K

Heat Gain Through Emergency Exit Door:

Qeed = (Ueed) (Aeed) (∆t)

𝑊
= (1.7137 ) (1.4624 𝑚2 ) (35 − 21)𝐾
𝑚2 ∗𝐾

Qeed = 35.0856 W or 0.0351 kW

5. HEAT GAIN THROUGH THE WINDOWS

(Window Area = 1.143 m x 0.5715 m = 0.65 m2 x 134 windows = 87.1 m2)

Thermal Conductivity
Materials Thickness (m)
(W/m*K)
Transparent toughened
0.01 0.8
glass

* Assumed surface heat coefficient from Table 18.2 of CP Aurora

The air velocity of the wind in Pasay varies
fo = 23.3 (W/m2*K)
from 0 to 23 km/hr.

33
 The orientation of the surface of the wall is
fi = 8.5 (W/m2*K)
vertical having an air velocity of still air.

Calculating overall heat transfer coefficient on Window:

1 1 ∆𝑥 1
= + ∑ +
𝑈 𝑓𝑜 𝑘 𝑓𝑖

1 1 0.01 1
= + +
𝑈 23.3 0.8 8.5

Uwindow = 5.7782 W/m2*K

Heat Gain Through Window:

Qwindow = (Uwindow) (Awindow) (∆t)

𝑊
= (5.7782 ) (87.1 𝑚2 ) (35 − 21)𝐾
𝑚2 ∗𝐾

Qwindow = 7,045.9371 W or 7.0459 kW

• Summary of External Loads

External Loads Heat Gain (kW)
North Wall 49.5242
East Wall 19.8774
West Wall 19.8568
South Wall 49.5339
Floor 845.0614
Ceiling 646.1892
Main Entrance Door 0.3110
Emergency Exit Door 0.0351
Windows 7.0459

Total External Load = 1637.435 kW

Tons of Refrigeration:
1 TOR
1637.435 kW ∗ = 𝟒𝟔𝟓. 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟒 𝑻𝑶𝑹
3.52 kW

34
 CHAPTER 4
INTERNAL LOAD
CALCULATIONS

35
• Introduction
Internal loads come from heat generated by people, lighting, and equipment. These are also
sometimes called core loads or internal gains. Lighting and most equipment loads are sensible
heat, while the metabolic heat generated by people bodies is a combination of sensible and
latent loads. Some buildings or spaces are dominated by less common internal sources of
sensible and latent internal loads such as large kitchens, swimming pools and locker rooms and
health clubs or industrial processes also lighting, food, occupancy equipment or appliances.

• Formulas
HEAT GAIN DUE TO LIGHTING
Qlighting = (No. of Lights) (Total Wattage) (1kW/1000W)

HEAT GAIN DUE TO OCCUPATION

Qoccupancy = (No. of people) (Heat Liberated Due to Occupation) (1kW/1000W)

HEAT GAIN DUE TO EQUIPMENT

Qequipment = (No. of Units) (Rates of Heat Gain per Appliance) (1kW/1000W)

Table 19.1: Heat Liberated Due to Occupancy

Heat Liberated, W
Metabolic Room Dry Bulb Temperature, °C
Activity rate
20 22 24 26
(W)
S L S L S L S L
Seated at Rest 115 90 25 80 35 75 40 65 50
Office at
140 100 40 90 50 80 60 70 70
Work
Standing 150 105 45 95 55 82 68 72 78
Eating in
Restaurant 160 110 50 100 60 85 75 75 85

Light Work
in Factory 235 130 105 115 120 100 35 80 155

Dancing 265 140 130 125 140 105 160 90 175

*Based on Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by CP Aurora (Third Edition)

36
• Calculations

1. RESTAURANT HEAT LOAD (Ground Floor)

A. Occupancy
1 𝑘𝑊
= (35 𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔) (115 𝑊) (1000 𝑊) = 4.025 kW
1 𝑘𝑊
= (10 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔) (150 𝑊) (1000 𝑊) = 1.50 kW

Qoccupancy = 5.525 kW

B. Lighting
1 𝑘𝑊
= (15) (36 𝑊) (1000 𝑊)

Qlighting = 0.54 kW

C. Equipment (1 Commercial Microwave, 2 Electric Stove)

1𝑘 𝑊
= (1) (2000 𝑊) (1000 𝑊) = 2 kW
1 𝑘𝑊
= (2) (2000 𝑊) (1000 𝑊) = 4 kW

Qequipment = 6.0 kW

Total Heat Load = (Qoccupancy + Qlighting + Qequipment)

= (5.524 kW + 0.54 kW + 6.0 kW)

TOTAL HEAT LOAD = 12.065 kW

37
2. LIFT LOBBY HEAT LOAD (Ground Floor)
A. Occupancy
1 𝑘𝑊
= (6 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔) (150 𝑊) (1000 𝑊)

Qoccupancy = 0.90 kW

B. Lighting
1 𝑘𝑊
= (6) (36 𝑊) (1000 𝑊)

Qlighting = 0.216 kW

Total Heat Load = (Qoccupancy + Qlighting)

= (0.90 kW + 0.216 kW)

TOTAL HEAT LOAD = 1.116 kW

3. BAR AND LOUNGE HEAT LOAD (Ground Floor)

A. Occupancy
1 𝑘𝑊
= (15 𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔) (115 𝑊) ( ) = 1.725 kW
1000 𝑊
1 𝑘𝑊
= (20 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔) (150 𝑊) (1000 𝑊) = 3.0 kW

Qoccupancy = 4.725 kW

B. Lighting
1 𝑘𝑊
= (8) (18 𝑊) (1000 𝑊)

Qlighting = 0.144 kW

C. Equipment (3 Coffee Brewer, 2 Blender)

1 𝑘𝑊
= (3) (800 𝑊) (1000 𝑊) = 2.4 kW
1 𝑘𝑊
= (2) (600 𝑊) (1000 𝑊) = 1.2 kW

Qequipment = 3.6 kW

38
Total Heat Load = (Qoccupancy + Qlighting + Qequipment)

= (4.725 kW + 0.144 kW + 3.6 kW)

TOTAL HEAT LOAD = 8.469 kW

4. MAIN LOBBY HEAT LOAD (Ground Floor)

A. Occupancy
1 𝑘𝑊
= (10 𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔) (115 𝑊) (1000 𝑊) = 1.15 kW
1 𝑘𝑊
= (10 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔) (150 𝑊) (1000 𝑊) = 1.50 kW

Qoccupancy = 2.650 kW

B. Lighting
1 𝑘𝑊
= (8) (36 𝑊) (1000 𝑊)

Qlighting = 0.288 kW

C. Equipment (1 LCD TV 100”, 4 CCTV Camera)

1 𝑘𝑊
= (1) (300 𝑊) (1000 𝑊) = 0.30 kW
1 𝑘𝑊
= (4) (15 𝑊) (1000 𝑊) = 0.06 kW

Qequipment = 0.36 kW

Total Heat Load = (Qoccupancy + Qlighting + Qequipment)

= (2.650 kW + 0.288 kW + 0.36 kW)

TOTAL HEAT LOAD = 3.298 kW

5. EMPLOYEES LOUNGE HEAT LOAD (Ground Floor)

A. Occupancy
1 𝑘𝑊
= (25 𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔) (115 𝑊) (1000 𝑊)

Qoccupancy = 2.875 kW

39
B. Lighting
1 𝑘𝑊
= (6) (36 𝑊) (1000 𝑊)

Qlighting = 0.216 kW

C. Equipment (8 Computer Unit, 1 LCD TV 50”)

1 𝑘𝑊
= (8) (150 𝑊) (1000 𝑊) = 1.20 kW
1 𝑘𝑊
= (1)(150 𝑊) (1000 𝑊) = 0.15 kW

Qequipment = 1.35 kW

Total Heat Load = (Qoccupancy + Qlighting + Qequipment)

= (2.875 kW + 0.216 kW + 1.35 kW)

TOTAL HEAT LOAD = 4.441 kW

6. LIFT LOBBY HEAT LOAD (2nd and 3rd Floor)

A. Occupancy
1 𝑘𝑊
= (4 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔) (150 𝑊) (1000 𝑊)

Qoccupancy = 0.60 kW

B. Lighting
1 𝑘𝑊
= (2) (36 𝑊) (1000 𝑊)

Qlighting = 0.072 kW

Total Heat Load = (Qoccupancy + Qlighting)

= (0.60 kW + 0.072 kW)

TOTAL HEAT LOAD = 0.672 kW

7. SERVICE LIFT LOBBY HEAT LOAD (2nd and 3rd Floor)

A. Occupancy
1 𝑘𝑊
= (4 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔) (150 𝑊) (1000 𝑊)

Qoccupancy = 0.60 kW
40
B. Lighting
1 𝑘𝑊
= (2) (36 𝑊) (1000 𝑊)

Qlighting = 0.072 kW

Total Heat Load = (Qoccupancy + Qlighting)

= (0.60 kW + 0.072 kW)

TOTAL HEAT LOAD = 0.672kW

8. GUEST CORRIDOR HEAT LOAD (2nd and 3rd Floor)

A. Occupancy
1 𝑘𝑊
= (2 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔) (150 𝑊) (1000 𝑊)

Qoccupancy = 0.3 kW

B. Lighting
1 𝑘𝑊
= (7) (36 𝑊) ( )
1000 𝑊

Qlighting = 0.252 kW

C. Equipment (9 CCTV Camera)

1 𝑘𝑊
= (9) (15 𝑊) (1000 𝑊)

Qequipment = 0.135 kW

Total Heat Load = (Qoccupancy + Qlighting + Qequipment)

= (0.3 kW + 0.252 kW + 0.135 kW)

TOTAL HEAT LOAD = 0.687 kW

9. PREMIUM ROOMS – P.R HEAT LOAD (2nd and 3rd Floor)

A. Occupancy
1 𝑘𝑊
= (6 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔) (115 𝑊) (1000 𝑊)

Qoccupancy = 0.69 kW

41
B. Lighting
1 𝑘𝑊
= (2) (18 𝑊) (1000 𝑊)

Qlighting = 0.036 kW

C. Equipment (1 Mini Fridge, 1 Hair Dryer, 1 LCD Television)

1 𝑘𝑊
= (1) (100 𝑊) (1000 𝑊) = 0.10 kW
1 𝑘𝑊
= (1) (800 𝑊) (1000 𝑊) = 0.80 kW
1 𝑘𝑊
= (1) (200 𝑊) (1000 𝑊) = 0.20 kW

Qequipment = 1.10 kW

Total Heat Load = (Qoccupancy + Qlighting + Qequipment)

= (0.69 kW + 0.036 kW + 1.10 kW)

TOTAL HEAT LOAD = 1.826 kW

10. DELUXE ROOM – D.R HEAT LOAD (2nd and 3rd Floor)
A. Occupancy
1 𝑘𝑊
= (5 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔) (115 𝑊) ( )
1000 𝑊

Qoccupancy = 0.575 kW

B. Lighting
1 𝑘𝑊
= (2) (18 𝑊) (1000 𝑊)

Qlighting = 0.036 kW

C. Equipment (1 LCD Television, 1 Hair Dryer)

1 𝑘𝑊
= (1) (100 𝑊) ( ) = 0.10 kW
1000 𝑊
1 𝑘𝑊
= (1) (800 𝑊) (1000 𝑊) = 0.80 kW

Qequipment = 0.90 kW

Total Heat Load = (Qoccupancy + Qlighting + Qequipment)

= (0.575 kW + 0.036 kW + 0.90 kW)

TOTAL HEAT LOAD = 1.511 kW

42
• Summary of Internal Loads
Rooms (Ground Floor) Heat Load (kW)
Restaurant 12.065
Lift Lobby 1.116
Bar and Lounge 8.469
Main Lobby 3.298
Employees Lounge 4.441
Total Heat Load 29.389
Rooms (Second Floor) Heat Load (kW)
Lift Lobby 0.672
Service Lift Lobby 0.672
Guest Corridor 0.687
Premium Room (P.R) x 15 rooms 1.826 x 15 = 27.39
Deluxe Room (D.R) x 10 rooms 1.511 x 10 = 15.11
Total Heat Load 44.531
Rooms (Third Floor) Heat Load (kW)
Lift Lobby 0.672
Service Lift Lobby 0.672
Guest Corridor 0.687
Premium Room (P.R) x 15 rooms 1.826 x 15 = 27.39
Deluxe Room (D.R) x 10 rooms 1.511 x 10 = 15.11
Total Heat Load 44.531
Internal Loads Total Heat Load (kW)
Ground Floor 29.389
Second Floor 44.531
Third Floor 44.531

Total Internal Load = 118.451 kW

Tons of Refrigeration:
1 TOR
118.451 kW ∗ = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟖𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟕 𝑻𝑶𝑹
3.52 kW

43
 CHAPTER 5
VENTILATION
AND
INFILTRATION

44
• Introduction
Outdoor Air is assumed to be fresh, clean air made up of the right combination of oxygen
(21%), nitrogen (78%), and other gases (1% hydrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, water vapor).
People and all animal life need oxygen to live. Nitrogen and the other gases are inert and not
harmful to animal life. People breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. The oxygen
level in an enclosed occupied space must therefore be replenished by supplying outdoor air.
The outdoor air must be cleaned and filtered before it is supplied.
Indoor Air in an enclosed occupied space loses it's oxygen due to the occupants and it can
also be contaminated from within the space with organisms such as bacteria and viruses and
with pollutants from the processes that occur in the space. Indoor air must therefore be cleaned
and it's oxygen content maintained by adding outdoor air. For a typical office building, the
outdoor air supply quantity is determined on the basis of the number of occupants and process
pollution. For example, 20 cubic feet per minute (CFM) per person. In the case of industrial
applications, the outdoor air quantity also depends mainly on the amount of pollutants
generated in the space.
The control of air flow is important for several reasons: to control moisture damage, reduce
energy losses, and to ensure occupant comfort and health. Airflow across the building
enclosure is driven by wind pressures, stack effect, and mechanical air handling equipment
like fans and furnaces.

• Ventilation
Ventilation moves outdoor air into a building or a room, and distributes the air within the
building or room. The general purpose of ventilation in buildings is to provide healthy air for
breathing by both diluting the pollutants originating in the building and removing the pollutants
from it.
Like the lungs, buildings need to be able to breathe to make sure that fresh air comes in
and dirty air goes out. Air indoors can build up high levels of moisture, odors, gases, dust, and
other air pollutants. To keep the air safe indoors, fresh outdoor air is needed to dilute these
indoor pollutants. Air comes into buildings and leaves by three different ways:
a. Doors and windows, whenever they are opened.
b. Joints, cracks and openings where parts of the building connect, including floors and
walls and around windows and pipes.
c. Spot ventilation, including fans that pull air from the bathroom.

• Infiltration
Infiltration Air is the unintentional and uncontrolled entry of outdoor air into an enclosed
space. Infiltration occurs through cracks in the building envelope and due to pressure
differences between inside and outside. The outdoor air entering through open doors and
windows is considered infiltration although the purpose of opening the door or window might
be ventilation. Infiltration occurs mainly in winter when the air outside is colder and heavier
than the air inside. It depends on wind velocity, wind direction and the air-tightness of the
building envelope. In the case of high-rise buildings the stack effect also causes infiltration.

45
 Air leakage into building interiors has a considerable impact on the energy demand of the
building. This means that controlling how air moves into and out of buildings is a big part of
hose energy efficiency can be improved for buildings.

• Exfiltration
Exfiltration Air refers to the flow of indoor air from an enclosed building space to the
outdoors. Commercial air-conditioned buildings are designed to be air-tight (the windows
cannot be opened) and pressurized. In summer the air inside is colder (air-conditioned) and
therefore denser (heavier) than the hotter air outside. The natural air flow direction is therefore
from inside to outside. Since commercial buildings are pressurized, the air flow leakage is from
the inside to the outside. Exfiltration amount is small and usually neglected in HVAC
calculations.

• Formulas
NUMBER OF AIR CHANGE PER HOUR
𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏
(𝑸𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 )( )
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒓 = 𝒉𝒓
𝑽𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒎
Where:
Qventilation = Qv/Area = Adoor (cmm2/m2 Area)
Vroom = Volume of the room (m3)

INFILTRATION AIR FLOW

(𝑽𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒎 )(𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒓)
𝑰𝒏𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘 =
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓

SENSIBLE HEAT LOAD

𝑸𝑺 = 𝒎𝑪𝒑(∆𝒕)
Where:
Qs = Sensible heat due to infiltration (kW)
m = Mass flow rate of supply air (kg/s)
Cp = 1.0062 kJ/kg*K (specific heat of supply air)
∆t = Difference between outside and inside temperature (t2 – t1)

LATENT HEAT LOAD

𝑸𝑳 = 𝒎𝒉𝒗 (∆𝑾)
Where:
QL = Latent heat due to infiltration (kW)
m = Mass flow rate of air supply (kg/s)
hv = 2500 kJ/kg (average)
∆W = Difference between outside and inside humidity ratio (W2-W1)
46
• Calculations

TABLE 18.3 Infiltration through doors on adjacent walls

cmm
cmm/m2 Area
Description Standing Open
No Use Average Use No Vestibule Vestibule
Revolving
Doors – Normal 0.24 1.58 --- ---
Operation
Panels Open --- --- 34 25
Glass Door –
1.37 3.0 20 14
4.75 mm Crack
Wood Door 0.3 1.98 20 14
Small Factory
0.23 1.98 --- ---
Door
Garage and
Shipping Room 0.61 1.37 --- ---
Door
Ramp Garage
0.61 2.06 --- ---
Door
*Based on Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by CP Aurora (Third Edition)

1. Ground Floor (Restaurant)

A Glass Door is designed to use in restaurant of the hotel with an average use by people,
therefore use 3.0 cmm/m2. (from Table 18.3)

Area of door: Adoor = 1.828 m x 2.1336 m = 3.9 m2

𝑄𝑣 𝑐𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑚𝑚
𝑸𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = = 𝐴𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 ( 2 ) = (3.9 𝑚2 ) (3.0 2 )
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑚 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑚
Qventilation = 11.7 cmm

Calculating Number of Air Change per Hour:

(𝑄𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ) (60𝑚𝑖𝑛/ℎ𝑟)
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 =
𝑉𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
3
𝑚 60𝑚𝑖𝑛
(11.7 )
𝑚𝑖𝑛 ( ℎ𝑟 )
=
(3108)𝑚3
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟗 ≈ 𝟏 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓

47
Calculating Infiltration Air Flow:
(𝑽𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒎 ) (𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒓) (𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎𝟑 )(𝟏)
Infiltration Air Flow = = = 0.8633 m3/s
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓

*Indoor and Outdoor Condition

Dry Bulb Relative Humidity Humidity Ratio W
Condition
Temperature (oC) (%) (kgvapor/kgdry air)
Inside 21 50 0.0077
Outside 35 79 0.0285

Calculating Mass Flow Rate:

𝑚3
𝑉 0.8633 𝑠
𝑚= = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝒈/𝒔
𝑣 𝑚3
0.8431
𝑘𝑔

Calculating Sensible Heat:

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝(∆𝑡) = (1.0240 ) (1.0062 ) (35 − 21)𝐾
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 ∗ 𝐾
= 14.4249 kW
Calculating Latent Heat:
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚ℎ𝑣 (∆𝑊) = (1.0240 ) (2500 ) (0.0285 − 0.0077)
𝑠 𝑘𝑔
= 53.248 kW

2. Ground Floor (Bar and Lounge)

A Glass Door is designed to use in restaurant of the hotel with an average use by people,
therefore use 3.0 cmm/m2. (from Table 18.3)

Area of door: Adoor = 1.828 m x 2.1336 m = 3.9 m2

𝑄𝑣 𝑐𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑚𝑚
𝑸𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = = 𝐴𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 ( 2 ) = (3.9 𝑚2 ) (3.0 2 )
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑚 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑚
Qventilation = 11.7 cmm

Calculating Number of Air Change per Hour:

(𝑄𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ) (60𝑚𝑖𝑛/ℎ𝑟)
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 =
𝑉𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
3
𝑚 60𝑚𝑖𝑛
(11.7 )
𝑚𝑖𝑛 ( ℎ𝑟 )
=
(560)𝑚3
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟑𝟔 ≈ 𝟐 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓

48
Calculating Infiltration Air Flow:
(𝑽𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒎 ) (𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒓) (𝟓𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝟑 )(𝟐)
Infiltration Air Flow = = = 0.3111 m3/s
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓

*Indoor and Outdoor Condition

Dry Bulb Relative Humidity Humidity Ratio W
Condition
Temperature (oC) (%) (kgvapor/kgdry air)
Inside 21 50 0.0077
Outside 35 79 0.0285

Calculating Mass Flow Rate:

𝑚3
𝑉 0.3111 𝑠
𝑚= = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟗𝟎 𝒌𝒈/𝒔
𝑣 𝑚3
0.8431
𝑘𝑔

Calculating Sensible Heat:

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝(∆𝑡) = (0.3690 ) (1.0062 ) (35 − 21)𝐾
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 ∗ 𝐾
= 5.1980 kW
Calculating Latent Heat:
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚ℎ𝑣 (∆𝑊) = (0.3690 ) (2500 ) (0.0285 − 0.0077)
𝑠 𝑘𝑔
= 19.188 kW

3. Ground Floor (Employees Lounge)

A Glass Door is designed to use in restaurant of the hotel with an average use by people,
therefore use 3.0 cmm/m2. (from Table 18.3)

Area of door: Adoor = 1.828 m x 2.1336 m = 3.9 m2

𝑄𝑣 𝑐𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑚𝑚
𝑸𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = = 𝐴𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 ( 2 ) = (3.9 𝑚2 ) (3.0 2 )
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑚 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑚
Qventilation = 11.7 cmm

Calculating Number of Air Change per Hour:

(𝑄𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ) (60𝑚𝑖𝑛/ℎ𝑟)
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 =
𝑉𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
3
𝑚 60𝑚𝑖𝑛
(11.7 )
𝑚𝑖𝑛 ( ℎ𝑟 )
=
(620)𝑚3
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟑 ≈ 𝟐 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓

49
Calculating Infiltration Air Flow:
(𝑽𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒎 ) (𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒓) (𝟔𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝟑 )(𝟐)
Infiltration Air Flow = = = 0.3444 m3/s
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓

*Indoor and Outdoor Condition

Dry Bulb Relative Humidity Humidity Ratio W
Condition
Temperature (oC) (%) (kgvapor/kgdry air)
Inside 21 50 0.0077
Outside 35 79 0.0285

Calculating Mass Flow Rate:

𝑚3
𝑉 0.3444 𝑠
𝑚= = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟖𝟓 𝒌𝒈/𝒔
𝑣 𝑚3
0.8431
𝑘𝑔

Calculating Sensible Heat:

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝(∆𝑡) = (0.4085 ) (1.0062 ) (35 − 21)𝐾
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 ∗ 𝐾
= 5.7545 kW
Calculating Latent Heat:
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚ℎ𝑣 (∆𝑊) = (0.4085 ) (2500 ) (0.0285 − 0.0077)
𝑠 𝑘𝑔
= 21.242 kW

4. 2nd and 3rd Floor (Premium Room – P.R)

A Wood Door is designed to use in restaurant of the hotel with an average use by people,
therefore use 1.98 cmm/m2. (from Table 18.3)

Area of door: Adoor = 2.032 m x 0.9144 m = 1.8581 m2

𝑄𝑣 𝑐𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑚𝑚
𝑸𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = = 𝐴𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 ( 2 ) = (1.8581 𝑚2 ) (1.98 2 )
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑚 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑚
Qventilation = 3.6790 cmm

Calculating Number of Air Change per Hour:

(𝑄𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ) (60𝑚𝑖𝑛/ℎ𝑟)
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 =
𝑉𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
3
𝑚 60𝑚𝑖𝑛
(3.6790 )
𝑚𝑖𝑛 ( ℎ𝑟 )
=
(206.4)𝑚3
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟗𝟓 ≈ 𝟐 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓

50
Calculating Infiltration Air Flow:
(𝑽𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒎 ) (𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒓) (𝟐𝟎𝟔.𝟒 𝒎𝟑 )(𝟐)
Infiltration Air Flow = = = 0.1147 m3/s
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓

*Indoor and Outdoor Condition

Dry Bulb Relative Humidity Humidity Ratio W
Condition
Temperature (oC) (%) (kgvapor/kgdry air)
Inside 21 50 0.0077
Outside 35 79 0.0285

Calculating Mass Flow Rate:

𝑚3
𝑉 0.1147 𝑠
𝑚= = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝒈/𝒔
𝑣 𝑚3
0.8431
𝑘𝑔

Calculating Sensible Heat:

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝(∆𝑡) = (0.1360 ) (1.0062 ) (35 − 21)𝐾
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 ∗ 𝐾
= 1.9158 kW
Calculating Latent Heat:
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚ℎ𝑣 (∆𝑊) = (0.1360 ) (2500 ) (0.0285 − 0.0077)
𝑠 𝑘𝑔
= 7.072 kW

5. 2nd and 3rd Floor (Deluxe Room – D.R)

A Wood Door is designed to use in restaurant of the hotel with an average use by people,
therefore use 1.98 cmm/m2. (from Table 18.3)

Area of door: Adoor = 2.032 m x 0.9144 m = 1.8581 m2

𝑄𝑣 𝑐𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑚𝑚
𝑸𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = = 𝐴𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 ( 2 ) = (1.8581 𝑚2 ) (1.98 2 )
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑚 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑚
Qventilation = 3.6790 cmm

Calculating Number of Air Change per Hour:

(𝑄𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ) (60𝑚𝑖𝑛/ℎ𝑟)
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 =
𝑉𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
3
𝑚 60𝑚𝑖𝑛
(3.6790 )
𝑚𝑖𝑛 ( ℎ𝑟 )
=
(172)𝑚3
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖𝟑𝟒 ≈ 𝟐 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓

51
 Calculating Infiltration Air Flow:
(𝑽𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒎 ) (𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒓) (𝟏𝟕𝟐 𝒎𝟑 )(𝟐)
Infiltration Air Flow = = = 0.0956 m3/s
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓

*Indoor and Outdoor Condition

Dry Bulb Relative Humidity Humidity Ratio W
Condition
Temperature (oC) (%) (kgvapor/kgdry air)
Inside 21 50 0.0077
Outside 35 79 0.0285

Calculating Mass Flow Rate:

𝑚3
𝑉 0.0956 𝑠
𝑚= = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟒 𝒌𝒈/𝒔
𝑣 𝑚3
0.8431
𝑘𝑔

Calculating Sensible Heat:

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝(∆𝑡) = (0.1134 ) (1.0062 ) (35 − 21)𝐾
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 ∗ 𝐾
= 1.5974 kW
Calculating Latent Heat:
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚ℎ𝑣 (∆𝑊) = (0.1134 ) (2500 ) (0.0285 − 0.0077)
𝑠 𝑘𝑔
= 5.8968 kW

• Summary of Ventilation and Infiltration Loads

Qventilation Sensible Heat Latent Heat

Rooms (cmm) Total (kW)
(kW) (kW)
Restaurant 11.7 14.4249 53.248 67.6729
Bar and Lounge 11.7 5.1980 19.188 24.386
Employees
11.7 5.7545 21.242 26.9965
Lounge
Premium Rooms 3.6790 1.9158 7.072 8.9878
Deluxe Rooms 3.6790 1.5974 5.8968 7.4942

52
CHAPTER 6
SYSTEM
HEAT GAINS

53
• Introduction
Heat gain to supply air through ductwork typically results in a temperature rise of 3 F to 5
F (1.6 C to 2.7 C). In a system where air is returned to the air-handling unit via the ceiling
plenum, heat gain to supply ducts is normally accompanied by a corresponding heat loss from
return air, and the cooling effect is not entirely lost to the system. However, the duct heat gain
is added to the space-cooling load, increasing the required supply air volume.
Duct heat gain depends on the temperature difference between the air inside and the air
surrounding the duct, on the duct surface area, and on the overall heat transfer coefficient, or
U-factor.
The temperature difference across the duct wall may be 40% to 70% greater in a cold-air
distribution system than in a conventional design, while the surface area is typically 15% to
40% less. With equal insulation levels, the heat gain for a given cold-air system might be from
15% less than to 40% greater than a conventional design. Normally, increased insulation
thickness is specified for cold-air distribution systems, reducing the heat gain to 40% to 80%
of that in conventional systems. However, even with this lower heat gain, the supply air
temperature rise in the cold-air distribution system will be equivalent to or somewhat greater
than that in the conventional design, because of the reduced supply air quantity.

• Calculations

A. Ground Floor
Desired Room Temperature 21 oC or 69.8 oF
Room Cooling Load 29.398 kW or 100,310.1505 Btu/hr
900 CFM (idealized with no heat gain in
Volume of Supply Air Flow (M)
duct)

𝑻𝒆 + 𝑻𝟏
𝑸𝑫 = (𝑼) (𝑨) (𝑻𝒐 − )
𝟐
Where:
QD = Heat gain by duct (Btu/hr)
U = 0.64 Btu/hr*ft2*oF (overall heat transfer coefficient)
A = 2,202 ft2 (surface area of the duct)
Te = 53 oF (entering air temperature)
To = 69.8 oF (ambient temperature)
T1 = ? oF (leaving air temperature)

𝑸𝑨 = (𝑴) (𝟏. 𝟏) (𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝒆 )

Where:
QA = Heat gain by air (Btu/hr)
M = 900 CFM (volume of supply air flow)

54
 1.1 = Unit conversion constant
Te = 53 oF

Under steady state condition, heat gain by the duct is equal to the heat gain by the air inside
the duct. Therefore QD = QA.

𝑻𝒆 + 𝑻𝟏
(𝑼) (𝑨) (𝑻𝒐 − ) = (𝑴) (𝟏. 𝟏) (𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝒆 )
𝟐

53 + 𝑇1
(0.64) (2,202) (69.8 − ) = (900) (1.1) (𝑇1 − 53)
2
𝑻𝟏 = 66.9711 oF

Therefore:
53 + 66.9711
𝑄𝐷 = (0.64) (2,202) (69.8 − )
2
𝑩𝒕𝒖
= 𝟏𝟑, 𝟖𝟑𝟏. 𝟑𝟎𝟖𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟒. 𝟎𝟓𝟑𝟔 𝒌𝑾
𝒉𝒓

B. 2nd and 3rd Floor

Desired Room Temperature 21 oC or 69.8 oF
Room Cooling Load 44.531 kW or 151,946.0954 Btu/hr
900 CFM (idealized with no heat gain in
Volume of Supply Air Flow (M)
duct)

𝑻𝒆 + 𝑻𝟏
𝑸𝑫 = (𝑼) (𝑨) (𝑻𝒐 − )
𝟐
Where:
QD = Heat gain by duct (Btu/hr)
U = 0.64 Btu/hr*ft2*oF (overall heat transfer coefficient)
A = 3,444 ft2 (surface area of the duct)
Te = 53 oF (entering air temperature)
To = 69.8 oF (ambient temperature)
T1 = ? oF (leaving air temperature)

𝑸𝑨 = (𝑴) (𝟏. 𝟏) (𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝒆 )

Where:
QA = Heat gain by air (Btu/hr)
M = 900 CFM (volume of supply air flow)
1.1 = Unit conversion constant
Te = 53 oF

55
 Under steady state condition, heat gain by the duct is equal to the heat gain by the air inside
the duct. Therefore QD = QA.

𝑻𝒆 + 𝑻𝟏
(𝑼) (𝑨) (𝑻𝒐 − ) = (𝑴) (𝟏. 𝟏) (𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝒆 )
𝟐

53 + 𝑇1
(0.64) (3,444) (69.8 − ) = (900) (1.1) (𝑇1 − 53)
2
𝑻𝟏 = 70.7 oF

Therefore:
53 + 70.7
𝑄𝐷 = (0.64) (3,444) (69.8 − )
2
𝑩𝒕𝒖
= 𝟏𝟕, 𝟓𝟐𝟑. 𝟎𝟕𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟓. 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝑾
𝒉𝒓

• Summary of System Heat Gains

Ducting System Heat Gain (kW)

Ground Floor 4.0536
Second Floor 5.1355
Third Floor 5.1355
Total 14.3246

56
 CHAPTER 7
PSYCHROMETRICS

57
• Introduction
In air-conditioning system, the air must undergo one or several of the following processes:
Cooling, Heating, Humidification and Dehumidification. Psychrometrics is the science of
studying the thermodynamic properties of moist air. The amount of moisture vapour in the air
varies quite significantly under different conditions. When the air is hot, it can contain a large
amount of moisture vapour, sometimes as much as 5% by volume. When it is cold, its capacity
to hold the moisture is reduced. When the temperature of warm air begins to fall, the vapour
also cools and, if cooling continues, it will condense into tiny moisture droplets. In the
atmosphere this results in the formation of clouds and eventually rain. Psychrometrics can be
used to predict changes in the environment when the amount of heat and/or moisture in the air
changes. Use of psychrometric analysis is also important to determine the volume flow rates
of air to be pushed into the ducting system and the sizing of the major system components.

• Calculations

58
 Load Calculation Sensible Heat (kW) Latent Heat (kW)
Total Occupancy 35.47 16.405
Total Lightning 2.34 ---
Total Appliance 62.58 ---
TOTAL 100.39 (RSH) 16.405 (RLH)

ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR:

𝑅𝑆𝐻 100.39
𝑅𝑆𝐻𝐹 = = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟗𝟓
𝑅𝑆𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿𝐻 100.39 + 16.405

OUTDOOR AIR SENSIBLE HEAT:

OASH = 1.20 x Ventilation (L/s) x ∆t
= 1.20 x 195 x (35-21)
OASH = 3,276 W or 3.276 kW

OUTDOOR AIR LATENT HEAT:

OALH = 3.0 x Ventilation (L/s) x ∆W(gv/kga)
= 3.0 x 195 x (28.5-7.7)
OALH = 12,168 W or 12.168 kW

EFFECTIVE ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT:

*assume bypass factor of 10%
ERSH = RSH + BPF (OASH)
= 100.39 kW + (0.10) (3.276 kW)
ERSH = 100.7176 kW

EFFECTIVE ROOM LATENT HEAT:

ERLH = RLH + BPF (OALH)
= 16.405 kW + (0.10) (12.168 kW)
ERLH = 17.6218 kW

EFFECTIVE ROOM HEAT FACTOR:

𝐸𝑅𝑆𝐻 100.7176
𝐸𝑅𝐻𝐹 = = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟏𝟏
𝐸𝑅𝑆𝐻 + 𝐸𝑅𝐿𝐻 100.7176 + 17.6218

TOTAL SENSIBLE HEAT:

TSH = RSH + OASH
= 100.39 kW + 3.276 kW
TSH = 103.666 kW

59
TOTAL LATENT HEAT:
TLH = RLH + OALH
= 16.405 kW + 12.168 kW
TLH = 28.573 kW

GRAND TOTAL HEAT:

GTH = TSH + TLH
= 103.666 kW + 28.573 kW
GTH = 132.239 kW

GRAND SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR:

𝑇𝑆𝐻 103.666
𝐺𝑆𝐻𝐹 = = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟑𝟗
𝐺𝑇𝐻 132.239

• Recommendation (DX or CHW)

Upon completing and gathering all the data needed we decided to use CHW over DX for a
number of reasons. In terms of cooling efficiency of DX system is higher than CHW. Though the
efficiency of the DX units is higher, the air handling units and air piping cannot be kept at a very
long distances from the system since there will e drops in refrigerant pressure along and cooling
loses along the way. Unlike CHW system which is more convenient in vertical distances. Water
can be pumped vertically without a problem. CHW system are more cost effective and using this
system lowered the hazard level by not having refrigerant piped all over the building. The CHW
system take the hazard out since water is chemically stable, non-corrosive, non-toxic, has a thermal
conductivity and inexpensive which makes the system healthier and more environmentally friendly
when compared to other fluid such as sodium chloride brines, methanol and ethylene.

60
 CHAPTER 8
AIR
DISTRIBUTION

61
• Introduction
We designed a HVAC system for Resorts world complex Marriott Hotel. In this system
the air distribution must contain HVAC supply air, exhaust air and return air duct. We used
ducted airways for us to offset heating loads so that we can distribute efficiently the supply
cooled air in each floor because in this project we used centralized air-condition in each floor.
We use friction chart to uncover the values of friction loss, duct diameter, Volume flow rate,
and Velocity. Under the design of the ducts, we decided to used the most frequently used metal
in designing and fabricating ducts of a building which is the Galvanized metal. This material
has taken a long time to rust which can cut the cost for paints.

• Calculations

A. Ground Floor (restaurant)

𝑸 = 𝒎𝑪𝒑∆𝒕
Where:
Q = 12.065 kW (Room cooling load, kW)
m = Mass flow rate (kg/s)
Cp = 1.0062 kJ/kg*K (Specific heat capacity of air)
∆t = 9.83 oC or K (Temperature difference between supply and return
air, Supply air = 53oF, Return air = 70.7oF)
Therefore, finding mass flow rate:
12.065 kW = m (1.0062 kJ/kg*oC) (9.83 oC)
m = 1.2198 kg/s
Solving volume flow rate:
𝑽
𝒎=
𝒗
Where:
m = 1.2198 kg/s (Mass flow rate)
v = 0.83 m3/kg (Specific volume)
V = Volume flow rate (m3/s)
Therefore, volume flow rate:
𝑘𝑔 𝑉
1.2198 =
𝑠 𝑚3
0.83
𝑘𝑔
3
V = 1.0124 m /s
B. Ground Floor (bar and lounge)
Solving mass flow rate:
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝∆𝑡
8.469 kW = m (1.0062 kJ/kg*oC) (9.83 oC)
m = 0.8562 kg/s

62
 Solving volume flow rate:
𝑘𝑔 𝑉
0.8562 =
𝑠 𝑚3
0.83
𝑘𝑔
V = 0.7106 m3/s
C. Ground Floor (employee lounge)
Solving mass flow rate:
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝∆𝑡
4.441 kW = m (1.0062 kJ/kg*oC) (9.83 oC)
m = 0.4490 kg/s

Solving volume flow rate:

𝑘𝑔 𝑉
0.4490 =
𝑠 𝑚3
0.83
𝑘𝑔
V = 0.3737 m3/s
D. Ground Floor (lift lobby)
Solving mass flow rate:
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝∆𝑡
1.116 kW = m (1.0062 kJ/kg*oC) (9.83 oC)
m = 0.1128 kg/s

Solving volume flow rate:

𝑘𝑔 𝑉
0.1128 =
𝑠 𝑚3
0.83
𝑘𝑔
V = 0.0936 m3/s
E. Ground Floor (main lobby)
Solving mass flow rate:
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝∆𝑡
3.298 kW = m (1.0062 kJ/kg*oC) (9.83 oC)
m = 0.3334 kg/s

Solving volume flow rate:

𝑘𝑔 𝑉
0.3334 =
𝑠 𝑚3
0.83
𝑘𝑔
V = 0.2767 m3/s

F. 2nd and 3rd Floor (premium room)

Solving mass flow rate:
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝∆𝑡
1.826 kW = m (1.0062 kJ/kg*oC) (9.83 oC)

63
 m = 0.1846 kg/s

Solving volume flow rate:

𝑘𝑔 𝑉
0.1846 =
𝑠 𝑚3
0.83
𝑘𝑔
V = 0.1532 m3/s
G. 2nd and 3rd Floor (deluxe room)
Solving mass flow rate:
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝∆𝑡
1.511 kW = m (1.0062 kJ/kg*oC) (9.83 oC)
m = 0.1528 kg/s

Solving volume flow rate:

𝑘𝑔 𝑉
0.1528 =
𝑠 𝑚3
0.83
𝑘𝑔
V = 0.1268 m3/s

• Air Distribution Summary

GROUND FLOOR

2ND AND 3RD FLOOR

64
 GROUND FLOOR
Note: Start sizing from section A (V = 3.572 m3/s, Use max velocity 7m/s)

65
 2ND AND 3RD FLOOR
Note: Start sizing from section A (V = 2.2928 m3/s, Use max velocity 7m/s)

66
 GROUND FLOOR
Volume Flow Friction Loss Velocity Length Diameter Duct Loss
ID
(m3/s) (Pa/m) (m/s) (m) (mm) (Pa)
A 3.572 0.57 7 2 800 1.14
B 0.3727 0.57 3.9 5 320 2.85
C 3.1993 0.57 6.8 9 770 5.13
D 0.2767 0.57 3.7 9 310 5.13
E 2.9226 0.57 6.6 6 745 3.42
F 0.0936 0.57 2.7 5 190 2.85
G 2.829 0.57 6.4 9 710 5.13
H 1.0124 0.57 5.2 7 500 3.99
I 1.8166 0.57 5.9 4 610 2.28
J 0.0936 0.57 2.7 7 190 3.99
K 1.723 0.57 5.7 6 590 3.42
L 1.0124 0.57 5.2 4 500 2.28
M 0.7106 0.57 4.7 6 430 3.42
N 0.7106 0.57 4.7 5 430 2.85

2ND AND 3RD FLOOR

Volume
Friction Loss Velocity Length Diameter Duct Loss
ID Flow
(Pa/m) (m/s) (m) (mm) (Pa)
(m3/s)
A 2.2928 0.78 7 1 630 0.78
B 0.1532 0.78 3.5 7 225 5.46
C 2.1396 0.78 6.9 1 620 0.78
D 0.1268 0.78 3.4 7 207 5.46
E 2.0128 0.78 6.8 3 615 2.34
F 0.1532 0.78 3.5 7 225 5.46
G 1.8596 0.78 6.7 6 590 4.68
H 0.1532 0.78 3.5 7 225 5.46
I 1.7064 0.78 6.5 4 570 3.12
J 0.1268 0.78 3.4 7 207 5.46
K 1.5796 0.78 6.3 1.5 550 1.17
L 0.1532 0.78 3.5 7 225 5.46
M 1.4264 0.78 6.2 4 530 3.12
N 0.1268 0.78 3.4 7 207 5.46
O 1.2996 0.78 6 1.5 500 1.17
P 0.1532 0.78 3.5 7 225 5.46
Q 1.1464 0.78 5.8 4 490 3.12
R 0.1268 0.78 3.4 7 207 5.46
S 1.0196 0.78 5.7 1 470 0.78
T 0.1532 0.78 3.5 7 225 5.46
U 0.8664 0.78 5.6 3 450 2.34
V 0.1268 0.78 3.4 7 207 5.46

67
W 0.7396 0.78 5.4 1 420 0.78
X 0.1532 0.78 3.5 7 225 5.46
Y 0.5864 0.78 5 2 370 1.56
Z 0.1532 0.78 3.5 7 225 5.46
AA 0.4332 0.78 4.7 3 345 2.34
AB 0.1532 0.78 3.5 7 225 5.46
AC 0.2800 0.78 3.6 3 240 2.34
AD 0.1268 0.78 3.4 7 207 5.46
AE 0.1532 0.78 3.5 1.5 225 1.17
AF 0.1532 0.78 3.5 7 225 5.46

68
 CHAPTER 9
EQUIPMENT
SPECIFICATIONS

69
• Equipment Schedule
For AHU Unit: ACCU unit Selection Data
ITEM Air Handling Unit
Capacity in Tons 498.8313
Effective Room Sensible Heat (kW) 100.7176
Effective Room Latent Heat (kW) 17.6218
Total Sensible Heat (kW) 103.666
Total Latent Heat (kW) 28.573
Grand Total Heat (kW) 132.239

Air Handling Unit Selected Data

ITEMS Air Handling Unit

AquaForce® - Fixed-speed water-cooled
Unit Model
screw liquid chiller 30XW / 30XW-P
Full Load Efficiency (EER) 5.79
Part Load Efficiency (ESEER) 6.60
Length (mm) 4832
Width (mm) 2174
Height (mm) 1585
Operating Weight (kg) 10946
Compressor Semi-hermetic 06T screw compressors, 50 r/s
Evaporator Multiple pipe flooded type

70
AquaForce® - Fixed-speed water-cooled screw liquid chiller 30XW / 30XW-P:
Refrigerant: R-134a
Compressor: Screw fixed speed
Nominal Cooling Capacity: 270 – 1760 kW
Low energy consumption
a. SEPR up to 8.0 and SEER up to 7.2
b. Twin-rotor screw compressor equipped with a high efficiency motor and a variable
capacity valve that permits exact matching of the cooling capacity to the load
c. Flooded multi-pipe heat exchangers for increased heat exchange efficiency
d. Electronic expansion device permitting operation at a Lower condensing pressure and
improved utilization of the evaporator heat exchange surface
e. Economizer system with electronic expansion device for increased cooling capacity
Low operating sound levels
a. Silencers on the compressors discharge line
b. Silencers on the economizer return line
c. Acoustic insulation on the components that are most subjected to radiated noise
d. Option 257 further reduces the global unit sound level
Easy and fast installation
a. Compact design
b. Simplified electrical connections
c. Simplified hydraulic connections
d. Fast commissioning
Environmental care
a. R-134a refrigerant and Leak-tight refrigerant circuit
High reliability and easy servicing
a. Increased global performance
b. Major components are selected and tested to minimize failures possibility, as well as
many design choices have been taken in this perspective
c. Industrial-type screw compressors with oversized bearings and motor cooled by
suction gas
d. Two independent refrigerant circuits
e. Auto-adaptive control
f. Exceptional endurance tests
06T Twin-rotor Screw Compressor
a. Equipped with bearings with oversized rollers, oil pressure lubricated for reliable and
durable operation, even at maximum load
b. Optimal adjustment of the compressor cooling capacity
c. If a fault occurs, the compressor does not switch off, but continues operation with a
reduced capacity (unloaded mode)
d. The silencer in the discharge line considerably reduces discharge gas pulsations for
much quieter operation
e. Condenser includes an oil separator that minimizes the amount of oil in circulation in
the refrigerant circuit and redirects it to the compressor function

71
Dimensions/Clearances:

72
Physical Data (standard units)

73
Electrical Data (standard units)

Sound Spectrum

74
Part Load Performances

Operating Limit and Ranges

Evaporator Pressure Drop Curves

75
• Attachments

76
77
78
79
 CHAPTER 10
BILL OF
MATERIALS
AND
ESTIMATED COST

80
• Bill of Materials

Spiral Duct:

Diameter
Item No. Material Php/Meter Length (m) Total (Php)
(mm)
1 224 mm GI 1,426.87 42 59,928.54
2 250 mm GI 1,561.28 74.5 116,315.36
3 315 mm GI 2,012.80 9 18,115.20
4 355 mm GI 3,005.37 8 24,042.96
7 400 mm GI 3,381.64 2 6,763.28
8 450 mm GI 3,832.48 4 15,329.92
9 500 mm GI 4,207.61 17.5 73,633.18
10 560 mm GI 4,733.93 5.5 26,036.62
11 600 mm GI 5,868.63 16 93,898.08
12 630 mm GI 6,268.69 8 50,149.52
13 710 mm GI 7,541.88 10 75,418.80
14 800 mm GI 8,407.07 17 142,920.19

Galvanized Steel Suspension:

Safe Cost per
Included
Length Working Material 10 pcs Qty Total
Components
Load (Php)
Fastener, Pre- Steel
4m 11 – 45 kg 480.71 3 1,442.13
formed Loop (Galvanized Finish)
Fastener, Pre- Steel
3m 11 – 45 kg 470.54 6 2,823.24
formed Loop (Galvanized Finish)
Fastener, Pre- Steel
2m 11 – 45 kg 416.09 14 5,825.26
formed Loop (Galvanized Finish)

Duct Fan:

Item Dimension Cost (Php) Qty Total (Php)

Tubeaxial Fan 24 in 85,547.18 3 256,641.54

81
Air Diffuser:
Item Dimension (mm) Price/Unit Total
Type Unit Qty
No. Width Height (Php) (Php)
Four Way Ceiling
1 300 300 ea 807 40 32,280.00
Diffuser

Duct Installation Man Power:

Manhours Total
Duct Manpower
for Total Area Manhours of Total (Php)
Perimeter Salary (Php)
Installation Installation
2.51 m 2.721 hrs/m2 535.89 m2 1458.16 hrs 128 per hour 186,644.48

• Estimated Cost

Item Cost (Php)

AC Unit 459,127.80
Fan 256,641.54
Spiral Duct 702,551.65
Steel Suspension 10,090.63
Air Diffuser 32,280.00
Manpower 186,644.48
Total Estimated Cost 1,647,336.10

82
 CHAPTER 11
RECOMMENDATIONS

83
• Minimization of Heat Gains
Excessive heat gains in tropical buildings which call for the use of expensive artificially
generated electrical energy need to be minimized by the use of more cost effective and equally
durable construction materials and techniques.
According to Bay and Ong (2006), ‘shading devices with verandas, sun breaks and
appropriate openings are always more efficient and cheaper for climatic control in subtropical
regions’.

Reducing Heat Gain:

a. Horizontal shading.
b. Limiting the area of openings.
c. Orientating openings away from the sun path.
d. Reducing solar transmittance through openings, for example by reflective glazing. This
might be used in conjunction with low-e coatings that reduce the long-wave solar
radiation transmitted from the outside to the inside.
e. Purging heat gains by the introduction of ventilation.
f. Insulating the building envelope to prevent the transmission of indirect solar gains.
g. Reducing the solar absorptance of the building envelope. The term 'albedo' relates to
the total reflectance of a specific system. White coloured surfaces can be effective in
minimizing heat transfer into buildings.
h. Reducing the urban heat island effect.
i. Planting to provide shading and to reduce the solar absorption of roofs. See Green roofs
for more information.
j. Improve electrical efficiency. Install energy-efficient lighting, refrigerators,
equipment, and other electrical loads

• Energy Savings
There are many factors that affect how efficient your AC is and how much power it uses,
including age and condition of the unit, the layout of your space, design of the air ducts, how
air-tight the space is, and of course the weather.

1. Retrofit an old system

This a great option for large, energy intensive systems that have been well-
maintained through their lifetime. You can replace the system’s compressor, add
condenser fan controls, and add air side economizers that help take advantage of the
cool air outside.

2. Increase the insulation of your space

To have the most energy efficient residential HVAC system possible, you also want
to ensure your home itself is well insulated. By insulating your home and the unit’s
ducting properly, these is less of a chance of air escaping, so the unit will not have to
work as hard to heat and cool your home overall.

84
3. Use aeroseal duct sealing to avoid duct leakage
When you hook up an energy efficient HVAC unit to a leaky duct system, it
completely defeats the purpose by allowing the air to escape before it reaches the inside
of your home. This is a costly issue that is often overlooked in HVAC maintenance and
can cost you a lot of money. By using a product like Aeroseal, any cracks and holes
will easily be filled, preventing any more air leakage.

4. Install programmable controls and thermostats

Programmable thermostats and controls also help to make the most of energy
efficient HVAC units. These systems allow temperatures to be automated, so they can
change depending on the time of day, and take some of the workload off of the HVAC
system itself. A simple change of temperature during the day when nobody is home
can drastically decrease the amount you spend on your utility bills.

5. Preserve the system airflow

Keeping your HVAC unit free from dust and debris is essential in maintaining an
energy efficient unit. Dust, dirt, and debris can all clog a system and force it to work
harder to push out hot and cold air. Also, you want to ensure that your furniture and
curtains are not blocking any of the air vents or ducts, which could prevent air from
flowing smoothly and efficiently.

85
6. Make use of curtains and blinds
During summer months, keeping curtains closed during the day will help block out
some of the summer heat, allowing your home to maintain a cooler temperature.
Alternatively, opening the curtains during winter will allow even the smallest amount
of sunlight to come through and naturally warm your home, so your HVAC system
works less.

7. Perform regular maintenance

It may seem like common sense, but people surprisingly overlook the importance
of performing regular maintenance on their unit. At both the start and end of every
season, you want to get your system inspected to ensure everything is in working order.
By having regular maintenance checks, you can avoid being caught by surprise with a
system failure and costly repairs.

8. Watch the thermostat

If you set your thermostat closer to the outside temperature, then the HVAC system
will not have to work so hard to heat or cool your home. This is also why installing a
programmable thermostat is such a good idea–that way, it will change automatically,
without you having to watch it constantly.

9. Clean drain line

Keeping this drain line clean will help with creating the most energy efficient
residential HVAC system set-up. To clean this line, you can flush a cup of chlorine
bleach through the drain, followed by a gallon of water to help rinse it through. Doing
this will help keep your drain clean all summer and will ensure your basement does not
flood due to a blocked drain.

10. Watch when you run the dryer and oven

When a dryer is used, it draws warm air into the home while an oven simply creates
additional heat. So, when these appliances are used during the hottest point of the day
in summer, they increase the home’s temperatures. This, in turn, forces your HVAC
system to work harder in cooling your home, costing you more money in the long run.

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11. Change air filters regularly
As the HVAC system is used, the air filter inside of it gets clogged with dirt, dust,
and other types of debris. The dirtier the filter gets, the harder the system is forced to
work to do its job, making it use more energy and costing you more on your utility bill.
By changing the filter regularly, you can ensure that your HVAC system always has a
clean air filter, so it can function at its best.

12. Take advantage of fans

Whether it is a ceiling fan or a floor fan, fans are instrumental in your HVAC energy
efficiency. No matter if your system is set to cooling or heating, fans will help to
circulate the air throughout the house better. That way, all areas of the house are getting
evenly distributed hot and cold air, so the system does not use as much energy.

13. Place unit in a shaded area

If an HVAC unit is placed in an area with excessive sunlight, it can cause it to
overheat and use more energy to cool your home. Placing it against your home in an
area that doesn’t receive excessive amounts of sunlight will allow it to maintain a
consistent, temperature, and not use more energy in cooling your home.
14. Trim plants and clean gutters
Another thing you can do to create good conditions for more energy efficiency is
to ensure any plants nearby are kept trim and the gutters are cleaned out regularly.
These things harbor moisture, and if moisture gets onto or into the HVAC system, it
can cause it not to function properly. So, keeping it free from fallen foliage and
moisture is vital.

15. Have the right size system

When it comes to the most energy efficient residential HVAC system, size really
does matter. Having a system that is too small for your home can force the system to
work harder to heat and cool your space. Alternatively, a system that is too big may be
overkill and put out too much energy. Talk to a professional to know what size HVAC
unit is best for your home.

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 16. Get proper duct sizing
The ductwork of your HVAC system runs through your entire house, helping to
distribute heated and conditioned air throughout. Because of that, it is essential to
ensure you choose your ductwork in the correct size. If ducting is too small, it will
reduce the overall airflow and minimize your HVAC’s performance. Alternatively, if
the ducting is too large, the air may get lost and your HVAC would’ve to work even
harder to heat and cool the entire house.

17. Consider duct design

When you’re trying to reach your entire house with your HVAC system, the design
of your ductwork is critical. Beyond the sizing, the shape, number of bends, and overall
layout of the ducting affects how the air flows through the system. With longer
distances to travel or more bends in the design, the HVAC system will have to work
harder to move air throughout the home, and some air may end up lost in its path to the
different rooms.

• Maintenance
Standard Maintenance
Air conditioning equipment must be maintained by professional technicians, whilst routine
checks can be carried out locally by specialized technicians. Simple preventive maintenance will
allow you to get the best performance from your HVAC unit:
a. improved cooling performance
b. reduced power consumption
c. prevention of accidental component failure
d. prevention of major time-consuming and costly interventions
e. protection of the environment
Level 1 Maintenance
Simple procedure can be carried out by the user:
a. Visual inspection for oil traces (sign of a refrigerant leak).
b. Check for removed protection devices, and badly closed doors/covers.
c. Check the unit alarm report when the unit does not work.
d. Check the clogging state of filters of aeration openings of the control box.
General visual inspection for any signs of deterioration.
Level 2 Maintenance
This level requires specific know-how in the electrical, hydraulic and mechanical fields. It
is possible that these skills are available locally: existence of a maintenance service, industrial site,
specialized subcontractor.
In these cases, the following maintenance operations are recommended.

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Carry out all level 1 operations, then:
a. At least once a year tighten the power circuit electrical connections.
b. Check and re-tighten all control/command connections, if required.
c. Check the differential switches for correct operation every 6 months.
d. Remove the dust and clean the interior of the control boxes, if required. Check filter
cleanliness (if present).
e. Check the presence and the condition of the electrical protection devices.
f. Replace the fuses every 3 years or every 15000 hours (age-hardening).
g. Replace the control box cooling fans (if used) every five years.
h. Check the water connections.
i. Purge the water circuit.
j. Clean the water filter.
k. Check the unit operating parameters and compare them with previous values.
l. Keep and maintain a maintenance sheet, attached to each HVAC unit.
All these operations require strict observation of adequate safety measures: individual
protection garments, compliance with all industry regulations, compliance with applicable local
regulations and using common sense.
Level 3 Maintenance
The maintenance at this level requires specific skills/approval/ tools and know-how and
only the manufacturer, his representative or authorized agent are permitted to carry out these
operations. These maintenance operations concern for example:
a. A major component replacement (compressor, evaporator).
b. Any intervention on the refrigerant circuit (handling refrigerant).
c. Changing of parameters set at the factory (application change).
d. Removal or dismantling of the HVAC unit.
e. Any intervention due to a missed established maintenance operation.
f. Any intervention covered by the warranty.

Evaporator and Condenser Maintenance

Check that:
a. the insulating foam is intact and securely in place,
b. the sensors and flow switch are correctly operating and
correctly positioned in their support,
c. the water-side connections are clean and show no sign of leakage.

Compressor Maintenance
a. Oil filter change schedule
As system cleanliness is critical to reliable system operation, there is a filter in the
oil line at the oil separator outlet. The oil filter is specified to provide a high level of
filtration (5 µm) required for long compressor life. The filter should be checked after the

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 first 500 hours of operation, and every subsequent 2000 hours. The filter should be replaced
at any time when the pressure differential across the filter exceeds 2 bar.
The pressure drop across the filter can be determined by measuring the pressure at
the discharge port (at the oil separator) and the oil pressure port (at the compressor). The
difference in these two pressures will be the pressure drop across the filter, check valve,
and solenoid valve. The pressure drop across the check valve and solenoid valve is
approximately 0.4 bar, which should be subtracted from the two oil pressure measurements
to give the oil filter pressure drop.

b. Compressor rotation control

Correct compressor rotation is one of the most critical application considerations.
Reverse rotation, even for a very short duration, damages the compressor and can even
destroy it.
The reverse rotation protection scheme must be capable of determining the
direction of rotation and stopping the compressor within one second. Reverse rotation is
most likely to occur whenever the wiring at the compressor terminals has been modified.
To minimize the opportunity for reverse rotation, the following procedure must be
applied. Rewire the power cables to the compressor terminal pin as originally wired. Apply
a counter-torque at the lower nut at the supply cable terminal during installation.
For replacement of the compressor, a low-pressure switch is included with the
compressor. This low-pressure switch should be temporarily installed as a hard safety on
the high-pressure part of the compressor. The purpose of this switch is to protect the
compressor against any wiring errors at the compressor terminal pin. The electrical contact
of the switch would be wired in series with the high-pressure switch. The switch will
remain in place until the compressor has been started and direction of rotation has been
verified; at this point, the switch will be removed. The switch that has been selected for
detecting reverse rotation is Carrier part number HK01CB001.
This switch opens the contacts when the pressure falls below 7 kPa. The switch is
a manual reset type that can be reset after the pressure has once again risen above 70 kPa.
It is critical that the switch be a manual reset type to preclude the compressor from short
cycling in the reverse direction.

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REFERENCES
• Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by CP Aurora (Third Edition)
• Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by Hipolito B. Sta. Maria (3rd Edition)
• Industrial Plant Engineering by J.A. Mandawe and R.S. Capote
• https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/conductive-heat-transfer-d_428.html
• http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Tables/thrcn.html
• https://www.ashrae.org/File%20Library/Technical%20Resources/Bookstore/UP3/SI-1.pdf
• https://www.airah.org.au/Content_Files/TechnicalPublications/Draft-DA09-Section-8-
Applied-Psychrometrics.pdf
• https://www.jm.com/content/dam/jm/global/en/hvac-insulation/resources/81-1-
ISD_Economic%20Considerations%20of%20Heat%20Transfer%20on%20Sheet%20Metal%
20Duct.pdf
• https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/duct-velocity-d_928.html
• https://theengineeringmindset.com/ductwork-sizing-calculation-and-design-for-efficiency/
• https://www.carrier.com/commercial/en/fi/products/air-conditioning/water-cooled-
chillers/30xw-30xw-p/
• https://masltd.com/product/3m-circular-spiral-ducting/
• https://aeroseal.com/air-duct-sealing-blog/energy-efficient-hvac/

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