Java
This cheat sheet is a crash course for Java beginners and help review the basic syntax of the
Java language.
# Getting Started
Hello.java
public class Hello {
// main method
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Output: Hello, world!
System.out.println("Hello, world!");
}
}
Compiling and running
$ javac Hello.java
$ java Hello
Hello, world!
Variables
int num = 5;
float floatNum = 5.99f;
char letter = 'D';
boolean bool = true;
String site = "quickref.me";
Primitive Data Types
Data Type Size Default Range
byte 1 byte 0 -128 to 127
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Data Type Size Default Range
short 2 byte 0 -215 to 215-1
int 4 byte 0 -231 to 231-1
long 8 byte 0 -263 to 263-1
float 4 byte 0.0f N/A
double 8 byte 0.0d N/A
char 2 byte \u0000 0 to 65535
Strings
String first = "John";
String last = "Doe";
String name = first + " " + last;
System.out.println(name);
See: Strings
Loops
String word = "QuickRef";
for (char c: word.toCharArray()) {
System.out.print(c + "-");
}
// Outputs: Q-u-i-c-k-R-e-f-
See: Loops
Arrays
char[] chars = new char[10];
chars[0] = 'a'
chars[1] = 'b'
String[] letters = {"A", "B", "C"};
int[] mylist = {100, 200};
boolean[] answers = {true, false};
See: Arrays
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Swap
int a = 1;
int b = 2;
System.out.println(a + " " + b); // 1 2
int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
System.out.println(a + " " + b); // 2 1
Type Casting
// Widening
// byte<short<int<long<float<double
int i = 10;
long l = i; // 10
// Narrowing
double d = 10.02;
long l = (long)d; // 10
String.valueOf(10); // "10"
Integer.parseInt("10"); // 10
Double.parseDouble("10"); // 10.0
Conditionals
int j = 10;
if (j == 10) {
System.out.println("I get printed");
} else if (j > 10) {
System.out.println("I don't");
} else {
System.out.println("I also don't");
}
See: Conditionals
User Input
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
String str = in.nextLine();
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System.out.println(str);
int num = in.nextInt();
System.out.println(num);
# Java Strings
Basic
String str1 = "value";
String str2 = new String("value");
String str3 = String.valueOf(123);
Concatenation
String s = 3 + "str" + 3; // 3str3
String s = 3 + 3 + "str"; // 6str
String s = "3" + 3 + "str"; // 33str
String s = "3" + "3" + "23"; // 3323
String s = "" + 3 + 3 + "23"; // 3323
String s = 3 + 3 + 23; // 29
- StringBuilder
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(10);
┌───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┐
| | | | | | | | | |
└───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┘
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
sb.append("QuickRef");
┌───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┐
| Q | u | i | c | k | R | e | f | |
└───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┘
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
sb.delete(5, 9);
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┌───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┐
| Q | u | i | c | k | | | | |
└───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┘
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
sb.insert(0, "My ");
┌───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┐
| M | y | | Q | u | i | c | k | |
└───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┘
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
sb.append("!");
┌───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┐
| M | y | | Q | u | i | c | k | ! |
└───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┘
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Comparison
String s1 = new String("QuickRef");
String s2 = new String("QuickRef");
s1 == s2 // false
s1.equals(s2) // true
"AB".equalsIgnoreCase("ab") // true
Manipulation
String str = "Abcd";
str.toUpperCase(); // ABCD
str.toLowerCase(); // abcd
str.concat("#"); // Abcd#
str.replace("b", "-"); // A-cd
" abc ".trim(); // abc
"ab".toCharArray(); // {'a', 'b'}
Information
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String str = "abcd";
str.charAt(2); // c
str.indexOf("a") // 0
str.indexOf("z") // -1
str.length(); // 4
str.toString(); // abcd
str.substring(2); // cd
str.substring(2,3); // c
str.contains("c"); // true
str.endsWith("d"); // true
str.startsWith("a"); // true
Immutable
String str = "hello";
str.concat("world");
// Outputs: hello
System.out.println(str);
String str = "hello";
String concat = str.concat("world");
// Outputs: helloworld
System.out.println(concat);
Once created cannot be modified, any modification creates a new String
# Java Arrays
Declare
int[] a1;
int[] a2 = {1, 2, 3};
int[] a3 = new int[]{1, 2, 3};
int[] a4 = new int[3];
a4[0] = 1;
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a4[2] = 2;
Modify
int[] a = {1, 2, 3};
System.out.println(a[0]); // 1
a[0] = 9;
System.out.println(a[0]); // 9
System.out.println(a.length); // 3
Loop (Read & Modify)
int[] arr = {1, 2, 3};
for (int i=0; i < arr.length; i++) {
arr[i] = arr[i] * 2;
System.out.print(arr[i] + " ");
}
// Outputs: 2 4 6
Loop (Read)
String[] arr = {"a", "b", "c"};
for (int a: arr) {
System.out.print(a + " ");
}
// Outputs: a b c
Multidimensional Arrays
int[][] matrix = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5} };
int x = matrix[1][0]; // 4
// [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5]]
Arrays.deepToString(matrix)
for (int i = 0; i < a.length; ++i) {
for(int j = 0; j < a[i].length; ++j) {
System.out.println(a[i][j]);
}
}
// Outputs: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Sort
char[] chars = {'b', 'a', 'c'};
Arrays.sort(chars);
// [a, b, c]
Arrays.toString(chars);
# Java Conditionals
Operators
+ - * /
% = ++ --
== != > >=
< <=
&& || ?:
instanceof
~ << >> >>>
& ^ |
If else
int k = 15;
if (k > 20) {
System.out.println(1);
} else if (k > 10) {
System.out.println(2);
} else {
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System.out.println(3);
Switch
int month = 3;
String str;
switch (month) {
case 1:
str = "January";
break;
case 2:
str = "February";
break;
case 3:
str = "March";
break;
default:
str = "Some other month";
break;
}
// Outputs: Result March
System.out.println("Result " + str);
Ternary operator
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
int max = (a > b) ? a : b;
// Outputs: 20
System.out.println(max);
# Java Loops
For Loop
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.print(i);
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}
// Outputs: 0123456789
for (int i = 0,j = 0; i < 3; i++,j--) {
System.out.print(j + "|" + i + " ");
Enhanced For Loop
int[] numbers = {1,2,3,4,5};
for (int number: numbers) {
System.out.print(number);
}
// Outputs: 12345
Used to loop around array's or List's
While Loop
int count = 0;
while (count < 5) {
System.out.print(count);
count++;
}
// Outputs: 01234
Do While Loop
int count = 0;
do {
System.out.print(count);
count++;
} while (count < 5);
// Outputs: 01234
Continue Statement
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
if (i == 3) {
continue;
}
System.out.print(i);
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}
// Outputs: 01245
Break Statement
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.print(i);
if (i == 3) {
break;
}
}
// Outputs: 0123
# Java Collections Framework
Java Collections
Thread
Collection Interface Ordered Sorted Duplicate Nullable
safe
ArrayList List Y N N Y Y
Vector List Y N Y Y Y
List,
LinkedList Y N N Y Y
Deque
CopyOnWriteArrayList List Y N Y Y Y
One
HashSet Set N N N N
null
One
LinkedHashSet Set Y N N N
null
TreeSet Set Y Y N N N
One
CopyOnWriteArraySet Set Y N Y N
null
ConcurrentSkipListSet Set Y Y Y N N
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Thread
Collection Interface Ordered Sorted Duplicate Nullable
safe
One
HashMap Map N N N N (key) null
(key)
HashTable Map N N Y N (key) N (key)
One
LinkedHashMap Map Y N N N (key) null
(key)
TreeMap Map Y Y N N (key) N (key)
ConcurrentHashMap Map N N Y N (key) N
ConcurrentSkipListMap Map Y Y Y N (key) N
ArrayDeque Deque Y N N Y N
PriorityQueue Queue Y N N Y N
ConcurrentLinkedQueue Queue Y N Y Y N
ConcurrentLinkedDeque Deque Y N Y Y N
A Bl ki Q Q Y N Y Y N
ArrayList
List<Integer> nums = new ArrayList<>();
// Adding
nums.add(2);
nums.add(5);
nums.add(8);
// Retrieving
System.out.println(nums.get(0));
// Indexed for loop iteration
for (int i = 0; i < nums.size(); i++) {
System.out.println(nums.get(i));
}
nums.remove(nums.size() - 1);
nums.remove(0); // VERY slow
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for (Integer value : nums) {
System.out.println(value);
}
HashMap
Map<Integer, String> m = new HashMap<>();
m.put(5, "Five");
m.put(8, "Eight");
m.put(6, "Six");
m.put(4, "Four");
m.put(2, "Two");
// Retrieving
System.out.println(m.get(6));
// Lambda forEach
m.forEach((key, value) -> {
String msg = key + ": " + value;
System.out.println(msg);
});
HashSet
Set<String> set = new HashSet<>();
if (set.isEmpty()) {
System.out.println("Empty!");
}
set.add("dog");
set.add("cat");
set.add("mouse");
set.add("snake");
set.add("bear");
if (set.contains("cat")) {
System.out.println("Contains cat");
}
set.remove("cat");
for (String element : set) {
System.out.println(element);
}
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ArrayDeque
Deque<String> a = new ArrayDeque<>();
// Using add()
a.add("Dog");
// Using addFirst()
a.addFirst("Cat");
// Using addLast()
a.addLast("Horse");
// [Cat, Dog, Horse]
System.out.println(a);
// Access element
System.out.println(a.peek());
// Remove element
System.out.println(a.pop());
# Misc
Access Modifiers
Modifier Class Package Subclass World
public Y Y Y Y
protected Y Y Y N
no modifier Y Y N N
private Y N N N
Regular expressions
String text = "I am learning Java";
// Removing All Whitespace
text.replaceAll("\\s+", "");
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// Splitting a String
text.split("\\|");
text.split(Pattern.quote("|"));
See: Regex in java
Comment
// I am a single line comment!
/*
And I am a
multi-line comment!
*/
/**
* This
* is
* documentation
* comment
*/
Keywords
abstract continue for new switch assert
default goto package synchronized boolean do
if private this break double implements
protected throw byte else import public
throws case enum instanceof return transient
catch extends int short try char
final interface static void class finally
long strictfp volatile const float native
super while
Math methods
Math.max(a,b) Maximum of a and b
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Math.min(a,b) Minimum of a and b
Math.abs(a) Absolute value a
Math.sqrt(a) Square-root of a
Math.pow(a,b) Power of b
Math.round(a) Closest integer
Math.sin(ang) Sine of ang
Math.cos(ang) Cosine of ang
Math.tan(ang) Tangent of ang
Math.asin(ang) Inverse sine of ang
Math.log(a) Natural logarithm of a
Math.toDegrees(rad) Angle rad in degrees
Math toRadians(deg) Angle deg in radians
Try/Catch/Finally
try {
// something
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
System.out.println("always printed");
}
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