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The Learning Goals 2
Population and Sample 3
Knowing Your Destination. Informing the Journey Getting a fraction to understand the whole
Sam ple
A subgroup of the target
choose appropriate quantitative research design population that the researcher
Target Population
plans to study for generalizing A group of individuals with som e A more advanced research
about the target population. com m on defining characteristic
that the researcher can identify process is to select individuals or
describe sampling procedure and the sample and study schools who are representative of
the population.
Population
construct an instrument and establishes its validity a group of individuals who
and reliability have the sam e characteristic
plan data collection procedure
SAMPLING PROCEDURE AND
plan data analysis using statistics and hypothesis
THE SAMPLE testing (if appropriate);
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Determining the Sample Size 5
Determining the Sample Size 6
HEURISTIC Slovin’s Formula A researcher wants to conduct a survey. If the
population of a big university is 35,000, find the
𝑁 sample size if the margin of error is 5%.
This approach refers to 𝑛=
1 + 𝑁𝑒 !
the general rule or rule of
the thumb for sample size. where:
This is the earliest n = sample size
established approach for N = total population
sample sizes for different e = margin of error
research designs.
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION Margin of error is the allowable error
margin in research. A confidence
interval of 95% gives a margin of error
of 5%; a 98% gives a margin of error of
2%; a 99% confidence interval gives 1%
margin of error.
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Determining the Sample Size 7 8
Individual Activity 9
Your study is for your city, and you want to Given the population (N) of 10,000, complete the table below using Slovin’s formula.
Cochran’s Formula determine how many households whose
𝑍 !𝑝𝑞 breadwinner work onsite during COVID pandemic. Margin of Error Sample Size (n)
𝑛= And you do not have enough information about the
𝑒! 1%
where: population.
e = margin of error You are going to assume that a
p = is the (estimated) half of the breadwinners in the
2%
proportion of the city are working onsite. So, this
assumption will give you a
population which has the maximum variability, so, p = 0.5.
attribute in question
q=1–p
And you want 95% confidence, INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY 5%
and at least 5 percent – plus or
Z = is the z-value found in minus – precision; and that gives
the Z table you Z values 1.96.
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Sampling Techniques 11
Sampling Techniques 12
Probability Sampling Probability Sampling
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
Drawing randomly from a list of the
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING CLUSTER SAMPLING
Taking every kth element in the a process in which certain
population (e.g.: names from a hat, using The selection of groups, or
population as a sample, where subgroups, or strata, are selected for
a matrix of random numbers). clusters, of subjects rather than
𝑁 the sample in the same proportion as
𝑘= individuals
𝑛 they exist in the population
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Stratified Random Sampling 13
Sampling Techniques 14
Sampling Techniques 15
Suppose you are interested in how frequent Internet use varies by level among Non-Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling
senior high school students. Use stratified random sampling in choosing the samples
out of 1,200 students.
Divide each number of student per level by the
STRAND POPULATION total population of 1200 and then multiply by the
STEM 350 desired sample size
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ABM 300 STRAND SAMPLE QUOTA SAMPLING
CSS 280 STEM CONVENIENCE The number of samples is
SAMPLING decided by the researcher
HE 270 ABM PURPOSIVE SAMPLING SNOWBALL SAMPLING
is selecting a group of and selection is also made
CSS individuals who are out of availability of the Using researcher’s judgment to
Total 1200 respondent. select a sample that they believe,
One sample leads on to
conveniently available more of the same kind of
HE for study based on prior information, will
provide the data they need. sample.
Total
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Sample Respondents of the Study Sample Respondents of the Study
A researcher wants to conduct
a practical research in order to The target population of the study are the senior high school students The target population of the study are the senior high school students
determine the effectiveness of of Pulo Senior High School for the school year 2024-2025. These students during the second semester of the school year, 2022-2023 of Pulo Senior
peer counseling on the belong to three different strands of the SHS program, namely: Accountancy High School in Cabuyao City. These students belong to three different
decreasing the truancy of his and Business Management (ABM); Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS); strands of the SHS program, namely: Accountancy and Business Management
classmates. Of his 56
classmates, he has selected 20 Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM). (ABM); Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS); Science, Technology,
whose residences are within a Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM).
kilometer’s radius from the With a population size of 500, the researchers will consider a sample
school. of 223 respondents determined using Slovin’s formula for computing sample With a population size of 500, the researchers will consider a sample
size. These samples shall be randomly selected through stratified random of 223 respondents determined using Slovin’s formula for computing sample
What sampling technique did
sampling with the SHS strands used to define groups. size with a five percent margin of error. These samples shall be randomly
the researcher use?
selected through stratified random sampling with the SHS strands being used
Do you agree on the strategy he
has employed? to define groups and SPSS to randomly determine the samples.
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