Case Study: The Amazonian Road Decision
On the western edge of the Amazon River, there is a proposal to construct a
road. This road would connect the remote town of Cruzeiro do Sul, Brazil, with
the larger city of Pucallpa, Peru. The construction of the road has become a
subject of contentious debate.
Proponents of the road claimed that it would provide an efficient way
for rural farmers and tradesmen to get their goods to city markets. They claimed
it would also allow loggers to more easily transport timber from the depths of the
Amazon rainforest to sawmills. From the sawmills in Pucallpa, goods could be
transported to Peru’s Pacific coast and shipped to international buyers.
Critics of the Pucallpa-Cruzeiro do Sul road, however, argue that it would cut
right through traditional territories of the Ashéninka, an indigenous people of
eastern Peru. Many leaders fear the road will increase access to previously
undeveloped rainforest, threatening the ecosystem and the Ashéninka way of
life. Large trees, such as mahogany, for example, will catch the eye of illegal
loggers because of their high market value. The great mahogany trees also serve
as protection to the Ashéninka from the outside world and are essential for the
health of the Amazonian rainforest. The trees provide shelter, food, and nesting
grounds that sustain the vast biodiversity within the ecosystem, an ecosystem
the Ashéninka have come to depend on for their own food, shelter, and life
sustenance.
Geography
The Amazon Basin is located in South America, covering an area of seven
million square kilometers (2.7 million square miles). Nearly 70 percent of the
basin falls within Brazil with remaining areas stretching into parts of Peru,
Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela, and Guyana.
The Amazon’s massive drainage basin is made of dozens of smaller watersheds,
including the Tamaya. Its watershed lies at the headwaters of the Purus and
Juruá Rivers, near the border of Peru and Brazil. The Ashéninka people have
lived in this region for centuries, surviving on game, fish, and cultivated crops,
such as yucca roots, sweet potato, corn, coffee, and sugar cane.
Background
The rainforest surrounding the Amazon is the largest on the entire planet. In
addition to 33 million human inhabitants, including 385 distinct Indigenous
groups, it hosts the greatest diversity of plant and animal life in the world. More
than two million species of insects are native to the region, including many tree-
living species and hundreds of spiders and butterflies. Primates are abundant—
including howler, spider, and capuchin monkeys—along with sloths, snakes, and
iguanas. Brightly colored parrots, toucans, and parakeets are just some of the
region’s native birds. Many of these species are unique to the Amazon rainforest,
which means they cannot be found anywhere else in the world.
At a global level, the Amazon rainforest helps to regulate climate and acts as
a carbon sink for greenhouse gases. At a national level, the Amazon is
considered a source of energy and income, based on production and
commercialization of raw materials.
Some of the most valued tree species in the world thrive in the rainforest.
Mahogany is one of the most valuable resources from the Amazon forest. The
tree’s rich, red grain and durability make it one of the most coveted building
materials in the world. A single mahogany tree can fetch thousands of U.S.
dollars on the international market.
Even though logging is prohibited in much of the Amazon River, it is legal in
some areas in large part because the sale of the wood is so lucrative. The high
demand for mahogany has left many of Peru’s watersheds—such as the
Tamaya—stripped of their most valuable trees. Without large trees, and their
roots, the watershed risks heavy flooding and soil erosion.
Conflict
The Pucallpa-Cruzeiro do Sul road is part of a larger development plan to link
South America’s remote, isolated economies through new transportation, energy,
and telecommunications projects. Tension exists between communities that favor
developing the rural economies of the Amazon Basin and those who favor
preserving its forested areas and diversity of life.
The Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America
(IIRSA) is a proposal for the construction of several highways throughout the
continent, five of them within the western Amazon Basin. The Pucallpa-Cruzeiro
do Sul road is one such proposed highway.
Supporters of the Pucallpa-Cruzeiro do Sul road say international demand for
Amazonian resources could help develop the rural economies that are scattered
throughout the basin. In addition to providing a route of access for rural goods to
enter the global market, the road will allow members of rural communities to
access better health care, education, and welfare. This could lead to improved
living conditions, healthier lifestyles, and longer life spans.
Conservationists are concerned that infrastructure such as the Pucallpa-Cruzeiro
do Sul road will devastate an already weakened Amazonian ecosystem, as road
access is highly correlated with deforestation. In Brazil, for instance, 80 percent
of deforestation occurs within 48.28 kilometers (30 miles) of a road. Critics argue
that the construction of a road along the Brazil-Peru corridor will provide easier
access for loggers to reach mahogany and other trees.
Indigenous communities like the Ashéninka will also be affected. These
communities have largely chosen to maintain a traditional way of life, and
conservationists are concerned that the Pucallpa-Cruzeiro do Sul road may
expose them to disease and land theft.
Identification of Stakeholders
Indigenous Communities: Members of the Ashéninka community are trying to
protect the forest and their native lands. Yet, like other Indigenous communities
in the area, they are in turmoil, largely divided between those favoring
conservation and those seeking greater economic opportunities. While the
Ashéninka want to preserve their culture and connections to the forest, they also
need access to things like clothes, soap, and medicine. The road could establish
trade routes that make these goods more accessible. However, isolated peoples
could be exposed to disease and land theft.
Wildlife: The proposed Pucallpa-Cruzeiro do Sul road runs through Serra do
Divisor National Park, Brazil, and other reserves that are home to threatened and
rare species, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. For some of these species,
such as the spider monkey and red howler monkey, the construction of the road
could make their populations vulnerable to fragmentation and more visible to
hunters. As mahogany and other canopy giants are removed, any wildlife that
relies on the trees for shelter, nesting, or food will need to relocate.
Amazonian Ecosystem: In addition to the detrimental effects to the flora and
fauna in the area, the construction of the Pucallpa-Cruzeiro do Sul road could
accelerate erosion, reduce water quality, and increase deforestation for
agriculture and timber extraction. Tropical forest accounts for 40 percent of the
global terrestrial carbon sink. A reduced number of trees could exacerbate global
warming. Fewer forests means larger amounts of greenhouse gases entering the
atmosphere.
Logging Companies: If a road is constructed, loggers will have easier access to
mahogany and other trees, allowing them to generate more income and provide
a higher standard of living for their families and communities. A higher standard
of living might include expanded educational opportunities, improved healthcare
facilities, and the chance to participate in political debate.
Residents of Rural Communities: The Pucallpa-Cruzeiro do Sul road would
allow local farmers and business people to transfer goods from the Amazonian
interior to Peru’s Pacific coast. Right now, merchants who want to travel between
Cruzeiro do Sul and Pucallpa must do so by plane. A reliable road would improve
basic infrastructure, transportation, and communication for greater commercial
and social integration between Peru and Brazil, which meets part of the larger
objective of the Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South
America.
International Consumers: The global demand for mahogany makes it a
multimillion dollar business. Mahogany is used to create bedroom sets, cabinets,
flooring, and patio decks throughout the world, mostly in the United States and
Europe.
Conflict Mitigation
Groups are seeking to mitigate conflict in the Pucallpa-Cruzeiro do Sul road
conflict through dialogue and alternate infrastructure plans.
Environmental conservation groups have suggested that the Pucallpa-Cruzeiro
do Sul road be removed from the list of approved projects until the community
engages in greater communication surrounding two aspects of the project. First,
conservationists are seeking more information on the environmental impact of
the construction. This discussion involves local environmental groups,
government representatives, and businesses. Second, conservationists are
seeking full consent to the project from indigenous communities.
Some critics of the Pucallpa-Cruzeiro do Sul road argue that roads are not the
only option for the Pucallpa business community to extend its commerce.
Traditional river systems are already in place. These critics think the fluvial
network should be explored as a viable alternative to road construction.
The Upper Amazon Conservancy is working with indigenous peoples to help
protect their native territories. One initiative involves organizing community
“vigilance committees” that consist of members of indigenous peoples who help
park services by patrolling the edges of national parks and keeping illegal loggers
out.
SOURCE: https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/amazonian-road-decision/
