Map of the course

1. History (of the Programming language C++)

2. Literature
3. A first example
4. Some remarks on the compilation and binding of programs
5. The programming environment Dev-C++
6. Expressions in C++
7. Formatted input and output
8. Control structures
9. Functions
10. Arrays
11. Using files
6. Expressions in C++
• A C++-program consists of a sequence of expressions.
• Each expression ends wtih a semicolon (;).
• Expressions can be grouped together by blocks.
{ open a block
} close a block
• Blocks can be nested.

6.1 Structure of a C++-(main-)function

in t m a in ( in t a r g c , in t * a r g v [ ] )
{ // o p e n b lo c k o f f u n c tio n b o d y
// d e f in itio n o f c o n s ta n ts a n d v a r ia b le s
// a ll e x e c u ta b le s ta te m e n ts
// ( in p u t, a s s ig n m e n t, o u tp u t, e tc .)
} // c lo s e b lo c k
6.2 Some elements of a C++-statement

• C++ - keywords: do, while, if, switch, case, for

• Constants 12, ”Breite”
• Symbolic names: ix, breite
• Operators: *, +, -, /, ., ->, >>, <<, =
• Standard functions: scanf, printf, sin, cos
• Basic data types: int, double, char

• Comment line: //
Can be used at any position in the program.
All following characters of this line are regarded as a
comment and not compiled.

• Comment block: /* Start comment

*/ End comment
6.3 Variables and constants
A variable is like a glass of marmalade … it stores something

Volume
Content (Size/Type)
(Value)

Label
(Name)

Taken from http://thefigandthistle.wordpress.com

6.3 Variables and constants

Definition:

Variables and Constants …

… are uniquely identified by a symbolic name.
… must have a type.
… store a value.

Variables can change their value during the execution of a program.

Constants cannot change their value during execution.

Rules and conventions for symbolic names:

valid • letters a-z, A-Z, no special letters (ä,ö,ü,ß); capital and small letters allowed
characters: • digits 0-9
• underscore (‘_’)
• a distinction is made between capital and small letters
(C/C++ is case sensitive!!)

mandatory • symbolic names must not contain blanks

rule: • symbolic names must not begin with a digit

rule of • A symbolic name should only consist of small letters or a mixture of

convention: capital and small letters.

Examples:
allowed: _n, x1, x_1, Flaeche
not allowed: 1x, Fläche, x 1
not recommended: F, FLAECHE
Data Types
There are various types of glasses, each storing different types of content

The same is true for variables …

Taken from alpack.ie
Numbers
Examples
Integers: • 0, 1200, +12, -4 (without decimal point)

‘Real’ Numbers: • floating point notation: 1.0, 0.082, 7., -2.83, +0.
• exponential notation: 1.E3, 7.082E-4
(in general: significant * 10^exponent)
Usage

Integer: int symbolic_name;

type symbolic_name;
´Real´ number: double symbolic_name;

in t i; // d e c la r a tio n o f a n in te g e r i
d o u b le d ; // d e c la r a tio n o f a r e a l n u m b e r d

Example: in t i; i is a variable of type int. It is assigned to the

i = 12;
value 12. 12 is a constant
 Characters and character constants
ASCII-table (character table)
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
special characters alpha-numerical characters
and control characters (A-Z, a-z, 0-9) Example: 1_a
DEC Char DEC Char DEC Char DEC Char DEC Char DEC Char DEC Char DEC Char
0 nul 16 dle 32 sp 48 0 64 @ 80 P 96 ` 112 p
1 soh 17 dc1 33 ! 49 1 65 A 81 Q 97 a 113 q
2 stx 18 dc2 34 " 50 2 66 B 82 R 98 b 114 r
3 etx 19 dc3 35 # 51 3 67 C 83 S 99 c 115 s
4 eot 20 dc4 36 $ 52 4 68 D 84 T 100 d 116 t
5 enq 21 nak 37 % 53 5 69 E 85 U 101 e 117 u
6 ack 22 syn 38 & 54 6 70 F 86 V 102 f 118 v
7 bel 23 etb 39 ' 55 7 71 G 87 W 103 g 119 w
8 bs 24 can 40 ( 56 8 72 H 88 X 104 h 120 x
9 ht 25 em 41 ) 57 9 73 I 89 Y 105 i 121 y
10 nl 26 sub 42 * 58 : 74 J 90 Z 106 j 122 z
11 vt 27 esc 43 + 59 ; 75 K 91 [ 107 k 123 {
12 np 28 fs 44 , 60 < 76 L 92 \ 108 l 124 |
13 cr 29 gs 45 - 61 = 77 M 93 ] 109 m 125 }
14 so 30 rs 46 . 62 > 78 N 94 ^ 110 n 126 ~
15 si 31 us 47 / 63 ? 79 O 95 _ 111 o 127 del
Characters and character constants
Assignment of a single character: type char

char s;
s = ‘c ’;

The expression ‘c’ is a character constant.

Character constants always have to consist of a single character.

Assignment of character strings (see Section 10.4)

Every string is terminated internally by the zero character ‘\0‘

Example for a character strings: ”Bauinformatik”, ””

char s;
s = ‘c ’; // o .k .
s = “c “; // w r o n g , a s th is s tr in g c o n s is ts o f th e tw o c h a r a c te r s ‘c ’ u n d ‘ \0 ’
6.4 Arithmetic expressions, operators
An arithmetic expression is composed of: constants, variables and operators

Arithmetic operators are: +, -, *, /

more operators: % (modulo): modulus of an

integer division

Example: 2_b

priority rule: 1. brackets

2. multiplication, division
3. addition, subtraction

Attention:
It is very important to note that arithmetic expressions may perform a type casting
(or type conversion).
Type conversion

Data type of the result of an arithmetic expression:

1. operand 2. operand result

int int int

int double double

double double double

........ ........ ........

Example: 2_a, 2_c

Assignment, abbreviated notations
<symbolic_name> = <arithmetic expression>
Note: An assignment may result in another type casting.

symbol meaning examples

= Simple assignment i = 6;
i = j;

+= Value of variable is increased by right-hand side j += 5;  j = j + 5;

-=, *=, /= Analogous to addition

++ Value of variable is increased by 1 i++;  i = i + 1;

 i += 1;
-- Value of variable is decreased by 1

Examples: 2_d
Logical expressions: Relation
The relation between two arithmetic expressions aa1 und aa2
aa1 relational operator aa2
yields a condition (also: logical expression)

C++-statement meaning math. expression

< less than <

<= less than or equal 

== equal to =

>= greater than or equal 

> greater than >

!= not equal <>

The result of a conditional statement is an integer value: 0 means false, otherwise true
Example: 3_b
More logical expressions

Logical operators:

C++-expression meaning

! not

&& and

|| or (inclusively)
(on keyboard: “Alt Gr” + “<”)

The result of a logical operation is, as in a condition, an integer value.

0 means that the logical value is false, all other values correspond to the
logical value true.
logical and (&&):
operand 1 operand 2 result
1 1 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0

logical or (||):
operand 1 operand 2 result
1 1 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
0 0 0

Logical not (!) inverts the value of a logical expression.

Example: 3_c