Contents

FOREWORD iii

A NOTE FOR THE TEACHERS ix

CHAPTER 1 KNOWING OUR NUMBERS 1

CHAPTER 2 WHOLE NUMBERS 28

CHAPTER 3 PLAYING WITH NUMBERS 46

CHAPTER 4 BASIC GEOMETRICAL IDEAS 69

CHAPTER 5 UNDERSTANDING ELEMENTARY SHAPES 86

CHAPTER 6 INTEGERS 113

CHAPTER 7 FRACTIONS 133

CHAPTER 8 DECIMALS 164

CHAPTER 9 DATA HANDLING 184

CHAPTER 10 MENSURATION 205

CHAPTER 11 ALGEBRA 221

CHAPTER 12 RATIO AND PROPORTION 244

CHAPTER 13 SYMMETRY 261

CHAPTER 14 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY 274

ANSWERS 293

BRAIN -TEASERS 315

MATHEMATICS

Example 7 : Write in Roman Numerals (a) 69 (b) 98.

Solution : (a) 69 = 60 + 9 (b) 98 = 90 + 8
= (50 + 10) + 9 = (100 – 10) + 8
= LX + IX = XC + VIII
= LX IX = XCVIII

What have we discussed?

1. Given two numbers, one with more digits is the greater number. If the number of
digits in two given numbers is the same, that number is larger, which has a greater
leftmost digit. If this digit also happens to be the same, we look at the next digit and
so on.
2. In forming numbers from given digits, we should be careful to see if the conditions
under which the numbers are to be formed are satisfied. Thus, to form the greatest
four digit number from 7, 8, 3, 5 without repeating a single digit, we need to use all
four digits, the greatest number can have only 8 as the leftmost digit.
3. The smallest four digit number is 1000 (one thousand). It follows the largest three
digit number 999. Similarly, the smallest five digit number is 10,000. It is ten thousand
and follows the largest four digit number 9999.
Further, the smallest six digit number is 100,000. It is one lakh and follows the largest
five digit number 99,999. This carries on for higher digit numbers in a similar manner.
4. Use of commas helps in reading and writing large numbers. In the Indian system of
numeration we have commas after 3 digits starting from the right and thereafter every
2 digits. The commas after 3, 5 and 7 digits separate thousand, lakh and crore
respectively. In the International system of numeration commas are placed after every
3 digits starting from the right. The commas after 3 and 6 digits separate thousand
and million respectively.
5. Large numbers are needed in many places in daily life. For example, for giving number
of students in a school, number of people in a village or town, money paid or received
in large transactions (paying and selling), in measuring large distances say betwen
various cities in a country or in the world and so on.
6. Remember kilo shows 1000 times larger, Centi shows 100 times smaller and milli
shows 1000 times smaller, thus, 1 kilometre = 1000 metres, 1 metre = 100 centimetres
or 1000 millimetres etc.
7. There are a number of situations in which we do not need the exact quantity but need
only a reasonable guess or an estimate. For example, while stating how many spectators
watched a particular international hockey match, we state the approximate number,
say 51,000, we do not need to state the exact number.

26
 K NOWING OUR N UMBERS

8. Estimation involves approximating a quantity to an accuracy required. Thus, 4117

may be approximated to 4100 or to 4000, i.e. to the nearest hundred or to the
nearest thousand depending on our need.
9. In number of situations, we have to estimate the outcome of number operations. This
is done by rounding off the numbers involved and getting a quick, rough answer.
10. Estimating the outcome of number operations is useful in checking answers.
11. Use of brackets allows us to avoid confusion in the problems where we need to
carry out more than one number operation.
12. We use the Hindu-Arabic system of numerals. Another system of writing numerals is
the Roman system.

27
MATHEMATICS

3. If the product of two whole numbers is 1, can we say that one or both of them will be
1? Justify through examples.
4. Find using distributive property :
(a) 728 × 101 (b) 5437 × 1001 (c) 824 × 25 (d) 4275 × 125 (e) 504 × 35
5. Study the pattern :
1×8+1 =9 1234 × 8 + 4 = 9876
12 × 8 + 2 = 98 12345 × 8 + 5 = 98765
123 × 8 + 3 = 987
Write the next two steps. Can you say how the pattern works?
(Hint: 12345 = 11111 + 1111 + 111 + 11 + 1).

What have we discussed?

1. The numbers 1, 2, 3,... which we use for counting are known as natural numbers.
2. If you add 1 to a natural number, we get its successor. If you subtract 1 from a natural
number, you get its predecessor.
3. Every natural number has a successor. Every natural number except 1 has a predecessor.
4. If we add the number zero to the collection of natural numbers, we get the collection of
whole numbers. Thus, the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3,... form the collection of whole numbers.
5. Every whole number has a successor. Every whole number except zero has a
predecessor.
6. All natural numbers are whole numbers, but all whole numbers are not natural
numbers.
7. We take a line, mark a point on it and label it 0. We then mark out points to the right
of 0, at equal intervals. Label them as 1, 2, 3,.... Thus, we have a number line with the
whole numbers represented on it. We can easily perform the number operations of
addition, subtraction and multiplication on the number line.
8. Addition corresponds to moving to the right on the number line, whereas subtraction
corresponds to moving to the left. Multiplication corresponds to making jumps of
equal distance starting from zero.
9. Adding two whole numbers always gives a whole number. Similarly, multiplying two
whole numbers always gives a whole number. We say that whole numbers are closed
under addition and also under multiplication. However, whole numbers are not closed
under subtraction and under division.
10. Division by zero is not defined.

44
 W HOLE N UMBERS

11. Zero is the identity for addition of whole numbers. The whole number 1 is the identity
for multiplication of whole numbers.
12. You can add two whole numbers in any order. You can multiply two whole numbers in
any order. We say that addition and multiplication are commutative for whole numbers.
13. Addition and multiplication, both, are associative for whole numbers.
14. Multiplication is distributive over addition for whole numbers.
15. Commutativity, associativity and distributivity properties of whole numbers are useful
in simplifying calculations and we use them without being aware of them.
16. Patterns with numbers are not only interesting, but are useful especially for verbal
calculations and help us to understand properties of numbers better.

45
MATHEMATICS

What have we discussed?

1. We have discussed multiples, divisors, factors and have seen how to identify factors
and multiples.
2. We have discussed and discovered the following :
(a) A factor of a number is an exact divisor of that number.
(b) Every number is a factor of itself. 1 is a factor of every number.
(c) Every factor of a number is less than or equal to the given number.
(d) Every number is a multiple of each of its factors.
(e) Every multiple of a given number is greater than or equal to that number.
(f) Every number is a multiple of itself.
3. We have learnt that –
(a) The number other than 1, with only factors namely 1 and the number itself, is a
prime number. Numbers that have more than two factors are called composite
numbers. Number 1 is neither prime nor composite.
(b) The number 2 is the smallest prime number and is even. Every prime number other
than 2 is odd.
(c) Two numbers with only 1 as a common factor are called co-prime numbers.
(d) If a number is divisible by another number then it is divisible by each of the factors
of that number.
(e) A number divisible by two co-prime numbers is divisible by their product also.
4. We have discussed how we can find just by looking at a number, whether it is divisible
by small numbers 2,3,4,5,8,9 and 11. We have explored the relationship between
digits of the numbers and their divisibility by different numbers.
(a) Divisibility by 2,5 and 10 can be seen by just the last digit.
(b) Divisibility by 3 and 9 is checked by finding the sum of all digits.
(c) Divisibility by 4 and 8 is checked by the last 2 and 3 digits respectively.
(d) Divisibility of 11 is checked by comparing the sum of digits at odd and even
places.
5. We have discovered that if two numbers are divisible by a number then their
sum and difference are also divisible by that number.
6. We have learnt that –
(a) The Highest Common Factor (HCF) of two or more given numbers is the highest
of their common factors.
(b) The Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of two or more given numbers is the lowest
of their common multiples.

68
MATHEMATICS

side and a pair of radii on the other two sides is

called a sector (Fig 4.26).
A region in the interior of a circle enclosed by
a chord and an arc is called a segment of the circle.
Take any circular object. Use a thread and
wrap it around the object once. The length of the
thread is the distance covered to travel around the
object once. What does this length denote?
The distance around a circle is its circumference.
Fig 4.26

Do This
Take a circular sheet. Fold it into two halves. Crease
the fold and open up. Do you find that the circular
region is halved by the diameter?
A diameter of a circle divides it into two equal parts;
each part is a semi-circle. A semi-circle is half of a circle,
with the end points of diameter as part of the boundary.

EXERCISE 4.6
1. From the figure, identify :
(a) the centre of circle (b) three radii
(c) a diameter (d) a chord
(e) two points in the interior (f) a point in the exterior
(g) a sector (h) a segment
2. (a) Is every diameter of a circle also a chord?
(b) Is every chord of a circle also a diameter?
3. Draw any circle and mark
(a) its centre (b) a radius
(c) a diameter (d) a sector
(e) a segment (f) a point in its interior
(g) a point in its exterior (h) an arc
4. Say true or false :
(a) Two diameters of a circle will necessarily intersect.
(b) The centre of a circle is always in its interior.

What have we discussed?

1. A point determines a location. It is usually denoted by a capital letter.
84 2. A line segment corresponds to the shortest distance between two points. The
line segment joining points A and B is denoted by AB .
 B ASIC G EOMETRICAL I DEAS

AB and BA denote the same line segment.

3. A line is obtained when a line segment like AB is extended on both sides
✁✁✂
indefinitely; it is denoted by AB or sometimes by a single small letter like l.
4. Two distinct lines meeting at a point are called intersecting lines.
5. Two lines in a plane are said to be parallel if they do not meet.
6. A ray is a portion of line starting at a point and going in one direction endlessly.
7. Any drawing (straight or non-straight) done without lifting the pencil may be
called a curve. In this sense, a line is also a curve.
8. A simple curve is one that does not cross itself.
9. A curve is said to be closed if its ends are joined; otherwise it is said to be open.
10. A polygon is a simple closed curve made up of line segments. Here,
(i) The line segments are the sides of the polygon.
(ii) Any two sides with a common end point are adjacent sides.
(iii) The meeting point of a pair of sides is called a vertex.
(iv) The end points of the same side are adjacent vertices.
(v) The join of any two non-adjacent vertices is a diagonal.
11. An angle is made up of two rays starting from a common end point.
✄✄✄☎ ✄✄✄☎
Two rays OA and OB make ✆AOB (or also called ✆BOA ).
An angle leads to three divisions of a region:
On the angle, the interior of the angle and the exterior of the angle.
12. A triangle is a three-sided polygon.
13. A quadrilateral is a four-sided polygon. (It should be named cyclically).

In any quadrilateral ABCD, AB & DC and AD & BC are pairs of opposite

sides. ✝A & ✞C and ✝B & ✝D are pairs of opposite angles. ✝A is adjacent
to ✟B & ✟D ; similar relations exist for other three angles.
14. A circle is the path of a point moving at the same distance from a fixed point.
The fixed point is the centre, the fixed distance is the radius and the distance
around the circle is the circumference.
A chord of a circle is a line segment joining any two points on the circle.
A diameter is a chord passing through the centre of the circle.
A sector is the region in the interior of a circle enclosed by an arc on one side
and a pair of radii on the other two sides.
A segment of a circle is a region in the interior of the circle enclosed by an arc
and a chord.
The diameter of a circle divides it into two semi-circles.
85
 U NDERSTANDING E LEMENTARY S HAPES

EXERCISE 5.9
1. Match the following :

(a) Cone (i)

(b) Sphere (ii)

(c) Cylinder (iii)

(d) Cuboid (iv)

(e) Pyramid (v)

Give two new examples of each shape.

2. What shape is
(a) Your instrument box? (b) A brick?
(c) A match box? (d) A road-roller?
(e) A sweet laddu?

What have we discussed?

1. The distance between the end points of a line segment is its length.
2. A graduated ruler and the divider are useful to compare lengths of line
segments.
3. When a hand of a clock moves from one position to another position we have
an example for an angle.
One full turn of the hand is 1 revolution.
A right angle is ¼ revolution and a straight angle is ½ a revolution .
We use a protractor to measure the size of an angle in degrees.
The measure of a right angle is 90° and hence that of a straight angle is 180°.
An angle is acute if its measure is smaller than that of a right angle and is obtuse
if its measure is greater than that of a right angle and less than a straight angle. 111
A reflex angle is larger than a straight angle.
MATHEMATICS

4. Two intersecting lines are perpendicular if the angle between them is 90°.
5. The perpendicular bisector of a line segment is a perpendicular to the line
segment that divides it into two equal parts.
6. Triangles can be classified as follows based on their angles:
Nature of angles in the triangle Name
Each angle is acute Acute angled triangle
One angle is a right angle Right angled triangle
One angle is obtuse Obtuse angled triangle

7. Triangles can be classified as follows based on the lengths of their sides:

Nature of sides in the triangle Name
All the three sides are of unequal length Scalene triangle
Any two of the sides are of equal length Isosceles triangle
All the three sides are of equal length Equilateral triangle

8. Polygons are named based on their sides.

Number of sides Name of the Polygon
3 Triangle
4 Quadrilateral
5 Pentagon
6 Hexagon
8 Octagon

9. Quadrilaterals are further classified with reference to their properties.

Properties Name of the Quadrilateral
One pair of parallel sides Trapezium
Two pairs of parallel sides Parallelogram
Parallelogram with 4 right angles Rectangle
Parallelogram with 4 sides of equal length Rhombus
A rhombus with 4 right angles Square

10. We see around us many three dimensional shapes. Cubes, cuboids, spheres,
cylinders, cones, prisms and pyramids are some of them.

112
 I NTEGERS

Example 9 : Subtract (+ 3) from (– 3)

Solution : (– 3) – (+ 3) = (– 3) + (additive inverse of + 3)
= (– 3) + (– 3) = – 6

EXERCISE 6.3
1. Find
(a) 35 – (20) (b) 72 – (90)
(c) (– 15) – (– 18) (d) (–20) – (13)
(e) 23 – (– 12) (f) (–32) – (– 40)
2. Fill in the blanks with >, < or = sign.
(a) (– 3) + (– 6) ______ (– 3) – (– 6)
(b) (– 21) – (– 10) _____ (– 31) + (– 11)
(c) 45 – (– 11) ______ 57 + (– 4)
(d) (– 25) – (– 42) _____ (– 42) – (– 25)
3. Fill in the blanks.
(a) (– 8) + _____ = 0
(b) 13 + _____ = 0
(c) 12 + (– 12) = ____
(d) (– 4) + ____ = – 12
(e) ____ – 15 = – 10
4. Find
(a) (– 7) – 8 – (– 25)
(b) (– 13) + 32 – 8 – 1
(c) (– 7) + (– 8) + (– 90)
(d) 50 – (– 40) – (– 2)

What have we discussed?

1. We have seen that there are times when we need to use numbers with a negative
sign. This is when we want to go below zero on the number line. These are
called negative numbers. Some examples of their use can be in temperature scale,
water level in lake or river, level of oil in tank etc. They are also used to denote
debit account or outstanding dues.

131
MATHEMATICS

2. The collection of numbers..., – 4, – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... is called integers.

So, – 1, – 2, – 3, – 4, ... called negative numbers are negative integers and 1, 2, 3,
4, ... called positive numbers are the positive integers.
3. We have also seen how one more than given number gives a successor and one
less than given number gives predecessor.
4. We observe that
(a) When we have the same sign, add and put the same sign.
(i) When two positive integers are added, we get a positive integer
[e.g. (+ 3) + ( + 2) = + 5].
(ii) When two negative integers are added, we get a negative integer
[e.g. (–2) + ( – 1) = – 3].
(b) When one positive and one negative integers are added we subtract them and
put the sign of the bigger integer. The bigger integer is decided by ignoring
the signs of the integers [e.g. (+4) + (–3) = + 1 and (–4) + ( + 3) = – 1].
(c) The subtraction of an integer is the same as the addition of its additive
inverse.
5. We have shown how addition and subtraction of integers can also be shown on a
number line.

132
▼❆❚ ✁✂❆❚✄☎✆

What have we discussed?

1. (a) A fraction is a number representing a part of a whole. The whole may be a
single object or a group of objects.
(b) When expressing a situation of counting parts to write a fraction, it must be
ensured that all parts are equal.
5
2. In , 5 is called the numerator and 7 is called the denominator.
7
3. Fractions can be shown on a number line. Every fraction has a point associated
with it on the number line.
4. In a proper fraction, the numerator is less than the denominator. The fractions,
where the numerator is greater than the denominator are called improper fractions.
An improper fraction can be written as a combination of a whole and a part, and
such fraction then called mixed fractions.
5. Each proper or improper fraction has many equivalent fractions. To find an
equivalent fraction of a given fraction, we may multiply or divide both the
numerator and the denominator of the given fraction by the same number.
6. A fraction is said to be in the simplest (or lowest) form if its numerator and the
denominator have no common factor except 1.

✶✝✞
▼❆❚ ✁✂❆❚✄☎✆

3. Raju bought a book for Rs 35.65. He gave Rs 50 to the shopkeeper. How much
money did he get back from the shopkeeper?
4. Rani had Rs 18.50. She bought one ice-cream for Rs 11.75. How much money does
she have now?

5. Tina had 20 m 5 cm long cloth. She cuts 4 m 50 cm length

of cloth from this for making a curtain. How much cloth is
left with her?

6. Namita travels 20 km 50 m every day. Out of this she travels

10 km 200 m by bus and the rest by auto. How much
distance does she travel by auto?

7. Aakash bought vegetables weighing 10 kg. Out of this, 3 kg 500 g is onions, 2 kg 75 g

is tomatoes and the rest is potatoes. What is the weight of the potatoes?

What have we discussed?

1. To understand the parts of one whole (i.e. a unit) we represent a unit by a block. One
1
block divided into 10 equal parts means each part is (one-tenth) of a unit. It can
10
be written as 0.1 in decimal notation. The dot represents the decimal point and it
comes between the units place and the tenths place.
2. Every fraction with denominator 10 can be written in decimal notation and vice-versa.
1
3. One block divided into 100 equal parts means each part is ( ) (one-hundredth) of
100
a unit. It can be written as 0.01 in decimal notation.
4. Every fraction with denominator 100 can be written in decimal notation and
vice-versa.
5. In the place value table, as we go from left to the right, the multiplying factor becomes
1
of the previous factor.
10
✶✝✞
 ❉❊ ✁✂✄☎✆

1
The place value table can be further extended from hundredths to of hundredths
10
1
i.e. thousandths ( ), which is written as 0.001 in decimal notation.
1000
6. All decimals can also be represented on a number line.
7. Every decimal can be written as a fraction.
8. Any two decimal numbers can be compared among themselves. The comparison can
start with the whole part. If the whole parts are equal then the tenth parts can be
compared and so on.
9. Decimals are used in many ways in our lives. For example, in representing units of
money, length and weight.

✶✝✞
▼❆❚ ✁✂❆❚✄☎✆

What have we discussed?

1. We have seen that data is a collection of numbers gathered to give some information.
2. To get a particular information from the given data quickly, the data can be arranged
in a tabular form using tally marks.
3. We learnt how a pictograph represents data in the form of pictures, objects or parts
of objects. We have also seen how to interpret a pictograph and answer the related
questions. We have drawn pictographs using symbols to represent a certain number
of items or things. For example, = 100 books.
4. We have discussed how to represent data by using a bar diagram or a bar graph. In
a bar graph, bars of uniform width are drawn horizontally or vertically with equal
spacing between them. The length of each bar gives the required information.
5. To do this we also discussed the process of choosing a scale for the graph.
For example, 1 unit = 100 students. We have also practised reading a given bar
graph. We have seen how interpretations from the same can be made.

✷✝✞
MATHEMATICS

11. Split the following shapes into rectangles and find their areas. (The measures
are given in centimetres)
2 7
5
7 7 1 1
7 7 2
10 2
12 7 7 4 4
8 7 7
7 7
2
1
10 7
(a) (b) (c)

12. How many tiles whose length and breadth are 12 cm and 5 cm respectively will
be needed to fit in a rectangular region whose length and breadth are respectively:
(a) 100 cm and 144 cm (b) 70 cm and 36 cm.

A challenge!
On a centimetre squared paper, make as many rectangles as you can, such that
the area of the rectangle is 16 sq cm (consider only natural number lengths).
(a) Which rectangle has the greatest perimeter?
(b) Which rectangle has the least perimeter?
If you take a rectangle of area 24 sq cm, what will be your answers?
Given any area, is it possible to predict the shape of the rectangle with the
greatest perimeter? With the least perimeter? Give example and reason.

What have we discussed?

1. Perimeter is the distance covered along the boundary forming a closed figure
when you go round the figure once.
2. (a) Perimeter of a rectangle = 2 × (length + breadth)
(b) Perimeter of a square = 4 × length of its side
(c) Perimeter of an equilateral triangle = 3 × length of a side
3. Figures in which all sides and angles are equal are called regular closed figures.
4. The amount of surface enclosed by a closed figure is called its area.
5. To calculate the area of a figure using a squared paper, the following conventions
are adopted :
(a) Ignore portions of the area that are less than half a square.
(b) If more than half a square is in a region. Count it as one square.
1
(c) If exactly half the square is counted, take its area as sq units.
2
6. (a) Area of a rectangle = length × breadth
220
(b) Area of a square = side × side
▼❆❚ ✁✂❆❚✄☎✆

(c) Complete the table and find the solution of the equation z/3 =4 using the
table.

z 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 __ __ __ __

z 2 1
2 3 3 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
3 3 3

(d) Complete the table and find the solution to the equation m – 7 = 3.
m 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 __ __
m–7 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

5. Solve the following riddles, you may yourself construct such riddles.

Who am I?
(i) Go round a square
Counting every corner
Thrice and no more!
Add the count to me
To get exactly thirty four!

(ii) For each day of the week

Make an upcount from me
If you make no mistake
You will get twenty three!

(iii) I am a special number

Take away from me a six!
A whole cricket team
You will still be able to fix!

(iv) Tell me who I am

I shall give a pretty clue!
You will get me back
If you take me out of twenty two!

What have we discussed?

1. We looked at patterns of making letters and other shapes using matchsticks. We
learnt how to write the general relation between the number of matchsticks
required for repeating a given shape. The number of times a given shape is
repeated varies; it takes on values 1,2,3,... . It is a variable, denoted by some
✷✝✷ letter like n.
 ❆▲ ✁✂✄☎

2. A variable takes on different values, its value is not fixed. The length of a square
can have any value. It is a variable. But the number of angles of a triangle has a
fixed value 3. It is not a variable.
3. We may use any letter n, l, m, p, x, y, z, etc. to
show a variable.
4. A variable allows us to express relations in
any practical situation.
5. Variables are numbers, although their value
is not fixed. We can do the operations of
addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division on them just as in the case of fixed
numbers. Using different operations we can
form expressions with variables like x – 3,
p
x + 3, 2n, 5m, , 2y + 3, 3l – 5, etc.
3
6. Variables allow us to express many common rules in both geometry and arithmetic
in a general way. For example, the rule that the sum of two numbers remains the
same if the order in which the numbers are taken is reversed can be expressed as
a + b = b + a. Here, the variables a and b stand for any number, 1, 32, 1000 – 7,
– 20, etc.
7. An equation is a condition on a variable. It is expressed by saying that an expression
with a variable is equal to a fixed number, e.g. x – 3 = 10.
8. An equation has two sides, LHS and RHS, between them is the equal (=) sign.
9. The LHS of an equation is equal to its RHS only for a definite value of the
variable in the equation. We say that this definite value of the variable satisfies
the equation. This value itself is called the solution of the equation.
10. For getting the solution of an equation, one method is the trial and error method.
In this method, we give some value to the variable and check whether it satisfies
the equation. We go on giving this way different values to the variable` until we
find the right value which satisfies the equation.

✷✆✝
 ❘❆❚ ✁ ❆ ✂✄ ✥☎✁✆✁☎ ❚ ✁✂

EXERCISE 12.3
1. If the cost of 7 m of cloth is Rs 294, find the cost of 5 m of cloth.
2. Ekta earns Rs 1500 in 10 days. How much will she earn in 30 days?
3. If it has rained 276 mm in the last 3 days, how many cm of rain will fall in one
full week (7 days)? Assume that the rain continues to fall at the same rate.
4. Cost of 5 kg of wheat is Rs 30.50.
(a) What will be the cost of 8 kg of wheat?
(b) What quantity of wheat can be purchased in Rs 61?
5. The temperature dropped 15 degree celsius in the last 30 days. If the rate of
temperature drop remains the same, how many degrees will the temperature
drop in the next ten days?
6. Shaina pays Rs 7500 as rent for 3 months. How much does she has to pay for a
whole year, if the rent per month remains same?
7. Cost of 4 dozens bananas is Rs 60. How many bananas can be purchased for
Rs 12.50?
8. The weight of 72 books is 9 kg. What is the weight of 40 such books?
9. A truck requires 108 litres of diesel for covering a distance of 594 km. How
much diesel will be required by the truck to cover a distance of 1650 km?
10. Raju purchases 10 pens for Rs 150 and Manish buys 7 pens for Rs 84. Can you
say who got the pens cheaper?
11. Anish made 42 runs in 6 overs and Anup made 63 runs in 7 overs. Who made
more runs per over?

What have we discussed?

1. For comparing quantities of the same type, we commonly use the method of
taking difference between the quantities.
2. In many situations, a more meaningful comparison between quantities is made
by using division, i.e. by seeing how many times one quantity is to the other
quantity. This method is known as comparison by ratio.
For example, Isha’s weight is 25 kg and her father’s weight is 75 kg. We
say that Isha’s father’s weight and Isha’s weight are in the ratio 3 : 1.
3. For comparison by ratio, the two quantities must be in the same unit. If they are
not, they should be expressed in the same unit before the ratio is taken.
4. The same ratio may occur in different situations.
5. Note that the ratio 3 : 2 is different from 2 : 3. Thus, the order in which quantities
are taken to express their ratio is important.
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10
6. A ratio may be treated as a fraction, thus the ratio 10 : 3 may be treated as .
3
7. Two ratios are equivalent, if the fractions corresponding to them are equivalent.
Thus, 3 : 2 is equivalent to 6 : 4 or 12 : 8.
8. A ratio can be expressed in its lowest form. For example, ratio 50 : 15 is treated
50 50 10
as ; in its lowest form = . Hence, the lowest form of the ratio 50 : 15
15 15 3
is 10 : 3.
9. Four quantities are said to be in proportion, if the ratio of the first and the
second quantities is equal to the ratio of the third and the fourth quantities.
3 15
Thus, 3, 10, 15, 50 are in proportion, since = . We indicate the
10 50
proportion by 3 : 10 :: 15 : 50, it is read as 3 is to 10 as 15 is to 50. In the
above proportion, 3 and 50 are the extreme terms and 10 and 15 are the
middle terms.
10. The order of terms in the proportion is important. 3, 10, 15 and 50 are in
3 50
proportion, but 3, 10, 50 and 15 are not, since is not equal to .
10 15
11. The method in which we first find the value of one unit and then the value of
the required number of units is known as the unitary method. Suppose the
cost of 6 cans is Rs 210. To find the cost of 4 cans, using the unitary method,
210
we first find the cost of 1 can. It is Rs or Rs 35. From this, we find the
6
price of 4 cans as Rs 35 × 4 or Rs 140.

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Rangoli patterns
Kolams and Rangoli are popular in our country. A few samples are given here.
Note the use of symmetry in them. Collect as many patterns as possible of
these and prepare an album.
Try and locate symmetric portions of these patterns alongwith the lines of
symmetry.

What have we discussed?

1. A figure has line symmetry if a line can be drawn dividing the figure into two
identical parts. The line is called a line of symmetry.
2. A figure may have no line of symmetry, only one line of symmetry, two lines of
symmetry or multiple lines of symmetry. Here are some examples.
Number of lines of symmetry Example
No line of symmetry A scalene triangle
Only one line of symmetry An isosceles triangle
Two lines of symmetry A rectangle
Three lines of symmetry An equilateral triangle

3. The line symmetry is closely related to mirror reflection. When dealing with
mirror reflection, we have to take into account the left ↔ right changes in
orientation.
Symmetry has plenty of applications in everyday life as in art, architecture, textile
technology, design creations, geometrical reasoning, Kolams, Rangoli etc.

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Step 5 Join OC, ✡COA is the required angle whose

measure is 120°.
How will you
construct a
150° angle?

Constructing a 90° angle How will you

construct a
Construct a perpendicular to a line from a point lying on it,
45° angle?
as discussed earlier. This is the required 90° angle.

EXERCISE 14.6

1. Draw ☛POQ of measure 75° and find its line of symmetry.

2. Draw an angle of measure 147° and construct its bisector.
3. Draw a right angle and construct its bisector.
4. Draw an angle of measure 153° and divide it into four equal parts.
5. Construct with ruler and compasses, angles of following measures:
(a) 60° (b) 30° (c) 90° (d) 120° (e) 45° (f) 135°
6. Draw an angle of measure 45° and bisect it.
7. Draw an angle of measure 135° and bisect it.
8. Draw an angle of 70o. Make a copy of it using only a straight edge and compasses.
9. Draw an angle of 40o. Copy its supplementary angle.

What have we discussed ?

This chapter deals with methods of drawing geometrical shapes.
1. We use the following mathematical instruments to construct shapes:
(i) A graduated ruler (ii) The compasses
(iii) The divider (iv) Set-squares (v) The protractor
2. Using the ruler and compasses, the following constructions can be made:
(i) A circle, when the length of its radius is known.
(ii) A line segment, if its length is given.
(iii) A copy of a line segment.
(iv) A perpendicular to a line through a point
(a) on the line (b) not on the line.
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(v) The perpendicular bisector of a line segment of given length.

(vi) An angle of a given measure.
(vii) A copy of an angle.
(viii) The bisector of a given angle.
(ix) Some angles of special measures such as
(a) 90o (b) 45o (c) 60o (d) 30o (e) 120o (f ) 135o

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