Wis '\ tery! ~MYENVERSE TRIGONOMETR \ an FuNCIIONS «| INVERSE FUNCTION Let f'be a one-to-one correspondence from the sat A to the set B. The inverse function of fis the function that assigns to an element b belonging to B the unique element ain A such that fla)=b. The Inverse function of fis denoted by f'. Hence, f*4(b)=a when fa)=b. Inverse trigonometric functions are simply defined as the inverse functions of basic trigonometric functions. r—POMAINS AND RANGES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS— The domains and ranges (principal valve branches) of Inverse trigonometric functions are given in the following table: \. Funetions:! Domain | Range (Principal Value Branches) y= sin?x EL 4 y= costx ta (0,1) y= cosectx en BF O ye sectx LD (0, n)-® Sa : y=tan?x R EP yr cottx R On Domain of inverse trigonometry function = Range of trigonometry function. | HI 7 ——— GRAPHS OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS ———\ Asin x (i) Inverse sine function INF, FA sine is bijective hence its inverse is y = sin x, sett and ye GF, FL (Ii) Inverse cosine function Tn, [0,1] cosine function Is bijective and hence its inverse is Y= corty, xe[-1,1] and y € [0,n). (& scanned with OKEN Scanner(ii) Inverse tangent function Jangent function is one-one and onto from (- 5p to (-+2,e0) and so in this region the tangent function Is invertible Le, ye tants, xel-~e] and ye (- ED (iv) Inverse cotangent function Cotangent function is one-one and onto from (0,71) to (-+2,) hence cot x is invertible in this region Le, y = cot x; xelee] and ye (0,7) (v) Inverse secant function Afunction f= [0, 5) UG 2] —> C=,-11 U [1,=) defined by f(x) = sec x is one-one and onto and hence it is invertible in this region, hence y = sec*x; xe (-~,-1] U [1,) and y €[0, > UGal (vi) Inverse cosecant function function ¢: =C%, 0) U (0, 3] —> Gx] U fd,») defined by f(x) = cosec x is one-one and onto and hence it is invertible in this region, hence y = cosec*x; xe (-»,-1] U [1,=) and y el-§, 0) U (0, 5 © scanned with OKEN ScannerInverse Trigonometric Functions =) Word of Advice Topics Found difficult By Students } > Applying formulae of inverse trigonometric functions. — | 1. Several students made errors wahile ping properties of inverse trigonometric Functions, conering~ | inverse trigonometric function into another equivalent inverse trigonometric function and in simplification, 2 Many students made errors in applying the formula of sin! A + sin’ B, Also, errors took plac simplifying and solving higher degree algebraic equations. Some students converted all terms in, Particular inverse function form, for example tan“ and could not handle the resulting equations. 3. A few students not only wrote incorrect formula for tan“! x + tan“ y but also made errors while simpligng | the expression. | 4, Several students made errors while converting sec"! x and cosec" x to its correct form. | = Basic Concepts s | 1. Letf:X-+ Y bean bijective functionie, bothone- Thus, sin“! x is a function with domain [4,1] one and onto. Then for each y ¢ Y, there exists mR Sx _3n] [3x ir aunique x X, such that, f(x)=y. Thus, we can talk and range [-34] ss [-3-3] a [$8 abouta functiong:Y ->X defined as (y)=2,such “and so on. that, f(x) =y. 5. The inverse of the cosine function is theca" | In this case, g is called the inverse of f and is function. The domain of the function x > cts! | denoted by f“1, Thus, g is the inverse of fifffis _is R and its range is [- 1, 1], Also, the func. the inverse of g. Thus; f(f-'(y)) = y and fi(F(x)) = decreases strictly from 1 to -1 as x increases fim x for allx € Xand ye Y. 0 to x, and it increases strictly from -1 to18* 2. Set of all values that a function will take for, itCTeases from x to 2n and so on. different values of x are called principal value. © We have restricted the cosine function to 3. The inverse of the sine function is the sin interval (0, x] to make it a bijection. We coat function. The domain of the function x — sin x is ae Te function with domain [1 1 range [0, x], [- x, 0] or [r, 2n] and so on. Hi the set of all real numbers and its range is [-1, 1]. The inverse of the tar fuccdon is te tf e tan ion is It increases strictly as x varies from—3 to and function. The domain of the function x — #05 R~fa8 438 Se decreases strictly asx increases from 2 to. { 2 ts so that we whit 4. Wehave restricted the sine function to the interval erg Te oe x the mare for K «0, a), f [ a Al to make it a bijection. *~ tan x increases strictly from - @ to ** ‘ increases in (-£ = In fact, if we restrict the domain of sin 0 to one of 2 2 The i ‘ theintervals [-24}[% 5) [-%,-25] | func 2, Of the cot function is the 272 2 : tion. The domain of the function x? sin 0 is one-one onto function with range [-1, 1]. Races % £2n, + 3r, ...) so that we exclude, We therefore, conclude that in each of these (Car ie for which sin x = 0. The on intervals, we can define the inverse of the sine Sele *funetion x» cots decree function. function is invert 4 ein@ey in (0, =) (& scanned with OKEN Scannercot risa function with domain (-c0, @.7) or (7, 0) or (x, 2n) and s0 on, ‘The inverse of the secant function is the sec! 4 function, The domain of the function + -¢ seers \ x 3m Sn R {toto 45% { 22 tg so that we exclude from R the number for which cos x0. The range is %-1)U (1,0) =R-[-4, 1), ‘The function x —> sec. increases strictly from.1 to ) and range x as x increases in [o. 5) and strictly increasing frome to -1 as x increases in (5) ‘Thus, x sec x is invertible in the domain (o(e8)-na-l 11. The inverse of the cosecant function is the cosec function. The domain of the function x -cosec xis R-(, #2, £2n, £3n,...) so that we exclude from R the set of number for which sin x= 0. The range is @,-1)U[1, o)=R-(1,1). ‘The function x > cosec x decreases strictly from =1 too as x increases in [-$.) and strictly ® decreases from +00 to 1 as x increases in (o4]. 12. The function x —> cosec x is thus invertible in the domain x nn Ufo,=} =| -2,2]-(9 [ ( i] [ 5] iy cosec"x denotes the number which belongs to E -Fa}-(oz] whose cosecant is x. 13. Domain and Principal Values of Trigonometric Functions rn | oon [Es sinty [4 [-34] costx (41,1) 0) tant: R G3) cose tx | x, -1] Uf, @) [-Zo)u(05] Inverse Trigonometric Functions | 49 sect | (-,-1] U[1, 2) [oz)-E-] _cotly | OR Om) 14. Graphs of the Trigonometric functions and their respective inverse functions. (i) The graphs of the function x — sin x and its inverse x -» sin“! x. (ii) The graphs of the function x -> cos x and its inverse x -» cos x. v 1) 0 yrcos® oO) yeast (& scanned with OKEN Scanner0 | cost Question Bank Mathematies-xit (ii) The graphs of the function x -> tan x and its inverse x tan“ x, ye tans (Gv) The graphs of the functions x + cot x and its inverse x cot x. yreorts (v) The graphs of the functions x —> sec x and its inverse x > sec" x. ye ry yesecty (vi) The graphs of the function x —> cosec ad its inverse x + cosec x. | 1 (& scanned with OKEN Scanner\Multiple Choice Questions 1, Which of the following co; principal value branch of tan=1 @ (33) © (24) =o) o [44] ass.) (-#5) Explanation : () @,n) Principal value of tan“ x is (3. *). 2 The principal value of the expression cos" [cos (~ 680°)] is : on 34x @ o = a2n ® = @z 2 Ans. (a) 7 Explanation : 05"*fcos (-680")] = cos“! [cos (720° =40°)) = cos" [eos (-40°)] = cos" {cos (40°)] eee 9 3. The domain of sin" 2x is : a @ 01 © [-i4 ® b1y (@) 2,2) ft: ‘Ans. (c) [-34 Explanation : SREP enaHo Wiad i a aoe Letsin 1 2x=6 So, that 2x = sin 8. Now, -1 < sin @ $1, ie,,~1 2x <1 which gives ~ysesi, 2 4. Te pnp vale ofan ( 2 ct @ 2 © F 5x ® -£ @F "Tesponds to the 2 Inverse Tlgonometlc Functions | 1. Ans. (b) 4 Explanation ; -/3) sin (748) int (sin 2 ) 3 =~ sin! (xn3)--8. 5. The domain of y = cos" (2-4) is: (@) (3,5) (b) (0, x) © -5,-Vlol-6, 3) @) ENS, = BJS, 5} Ans. (d) [-¥5,-V3]U{v3, V5] Explanation: ymcos (2-4) > cosy esta ie,-1S2-451 (ince-1 3se2<5 => VB sixls V5 Se [-V5,-V3]UN3, 5] 6. The domain of the function defined by fix)= sin x+ cos xis: @ -41) © Ca) ) EL r+) @e Ans. (a) [-1, 1] Explanation : ‘The domain of cosisR and the domain ofsin“lis fH, 1). +: The domain of cos x + sin xis Ra [-1, 1], ie, C11). 7. The principal value of tan? (3) is: @ § © § z= (a) © = (x ‘Ans. (o) = Explanation: a4 =f tan®) wn'() = wre (ng) 2 (& scanned with OKEN Scanner‘52 | CBSE Question Bank Mathematics -xit 8. The principal value of sec ( ) is @) 5 @ § b) % (d) ‘None of these -ufSll “(i at = sing =. 12. The domain of the function cos" (7—i, INCERT Erenp, (a) (0,11 ©@eny @) E11) @ (x ‘Ans. (a) (0,11 Explanation : We know that cos”! x is defined for x ¢ [-1,1) «s. fla) = cos”! (2x ~ 1) is defined if -1 $2x-151 9. The inverse of cosine function is defined inthe => 0.52482 intervals : > 0 sxsl. 13, The domain of the function defined by fi). @ Eno] © [3] inc? JET is: ni 2. sin? V¥—1 185 INCERT Exempla 2) © 1) a [E5] @ [ Ol (>) [-1,1] (d) none of these Ans. (a) [-2, 0] Ans. (a) [1,2] Explanation : Explanation : Cosine functions respected to any interval [~, 0], ‘We know that sin“! x is defined for | (0, x}, [x, 2n] etc, is bijective with range [-1, 1]. x e121] 10. Ifsin”*x=y, then: + fa) =sin"! = is defined if (@) Osysx () 0 0 [from (i)] cot = = nant 1 7 ¥ 3-V5 _ (a-v5)3~V5) sin = + 7 (ax v5\a—v5) wae ae 3 BB - \(3+V5)\3-V5) (& scanned with OKEN Scanner‘$4 | CBSE Question Bank Mathematics ~XIt aveP _ 3-5 a 9-5 Va ‘Mark the option which Is most suitable: (a) Both (A) and (R) are individually true and (R)is the correct explanation of (A). oe (b) Both (A) and (R) are individually true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (© (A)is true but (R) is false! (@) (A) is false but (R) is true. 20. Assertion (A) : sin” (sin 3) =3 Reason (R) : For principal values sin“ (sin x) =* ‘Ans, (4) (A) is false but (R) is true. mpnaactila ay i Rl ~/ 3 171° (lies in II quadrant) sin” sin3=3-n#3 But sin” sin x = x for principal values. 2 21. Assertion (A): If ))sin“ x; =nz,n ¢ N a : me Sand Reason (R):~ 2 ssintxs F,¥xel-11] ‘Ans. (a) Both (A) and (R) are individually true and (R)is the correct explanation of (A). Explanation : 5 i cla ie ® Since, maximum value of sin"? xis 5 2 z. Ysin-+x, = nis possible, if a ‘i = %_ 71 m7" 85 Dx =1+1+1+... upton times =n i Dat aero? at ipto n times =n Vixpe2+19+19 +... upton times=n mt and aba it Hence, Assertion and Reasoning Based > 1 hey nfo Questions 22, Assertion : The equation 2 ‘2 «0, then x has 2 solutions Reason : sin” (sin x)= ifxeR ‘Ans. (d) (A) is false but (R) is true. ___Boplanation } ajsine x)? -S(sin™* x) +2=0 | 1, S#¥B=16 _ 1 ean 7" 5 = sintxe dL sin-tx=2 2 oxesin G3) and x = sin” 2 is not possible a : cxesin G) is only solution 23, Assertion (A) : A function y = f(x) is defined by x2~cos™ y=, then domain of f(x) is R. Reason (R): cos" y € [0, x]. Ans. (d) (A) is false but (R) is true. Explanation: -costy =n = cost y = (7-2) 0< costysx a O nSxs2n ox Ein, -Vrlutve, Vin] Hence domain of f(x) is not real number. 24. Assertion (A) : The domain of the func F(a) = sin! x+ cos"! x + tant xis [-1, 1 Reason (R) : sin! x and cos x is d 'xl $1and tan” x defined for all xeR. Ans. (a) Both (A) and (R) are individually true a (8) is the correct explanation of (A)- Explanation : | — “sin xis defined in [-1, 1] cos" x is defined in 1) and tan” xis defined in R. Hence, ffx) is defined in [-1, 1]: (& scanned with OKEN ScannerInverse Tigonometrle Funetlons | SS 25, Twomen on either side of temple of 30m hel observe its top at the angle of elevation a. a ight) ZCAB =a? respectively. The distance between the twence rn ‘men is 40V3 mand distance between men A and th (a) cost 18 temple is 303 m, ‘ e eng B 2 1 42, 4 (bo) cost (@) cost 30m Ans. (c) coo Explanation : wAD, a8 a8, gree AB Oot rad Based on above information ‘answer the following questions : a a = cost (4) Git) 28CA ==? 1 al @) tant (b) tan 12 ARS ay tan tV5 Explanation: (@) sint2. .C-AD ) i. svt} 403 -30V3 = 10V3, Explanation : x 6 & = mn (@) a © 2 ® R &, @ © J ~. w @ 5 > ar” Ans. (c) : 40,/3 m Explanation : BD rT) BC = 30? +(0v3? ‘aina< 2? = 9004300 = /1200 = 20/3 m aa 0: a 1 AB24+BC2 = (607? +1200 = 360041200 = 4800 = 40V3 = AC? > a=sint > + By converse of Pythagoras theorem, (& scanned with OKEN Scanner56 | CBSE Question Bonk Mathematles~ xt ZABC a (W) Domain and range of cos"! x? @ E41, 0r) © Oyen Orne) — @ cun[-E4] Ans, 0) 2’, © (0x) (-1,1) 26. The government of India is planning to fix a hoarding board at the face of a building on the road of a market for awareness of covid-19. Ram, Rahim and Raja are three persons who are working on this project. A is considred to be a person viewing the hoarding board 20 m away (lil) Measure of CEAB =? from the building, standing at the edge of a path (@ tat (© tant way nearby. Ram, Rahim and Raja is suggested i to the firm to place the hoarding board at three “ @) tani different locations namely C, D & E. C is the ©), a8 & fan Jength 10 m from the ground level. For the viewer A the angle of elevation of Dis double the angle of elevation of C. The angle of elevation of the triple the angle of elevation of C. Look at the figure and based on these information answer the following: (i) Measure of ZCAB=? (iv) “ s another viewer standing on the same lt afl tant of observation across the road. If width of = (3) © ata) oad in 5m, then the difference between ZC © wax(2) @ eit and ZCA’B is: > tan?3 1 2 al 2 9) tant to wnt? @) tant ad 8 (a) tant5 Ans. (a) tant 12 lanatioy cos @= % (44) > 008 6= Lm cos ® oi « x Jaco! ttc) fant a > e== = tar"tan(-2) 28, Write the principal value of [e-tan 0 = tan (03) = rt cos+(2) |~2 sin" (+3) [Board Question] Pe ( oe ( 2) 31, Using penal lis we the value of an-(8 5 [Board Question] cos“* (<0) 2 sit [sn || Sol, Welnow tat princpalvaieotsin ois [-2, 3] “s principal value of cos“! xis * 22d, J] ety 3. and that of sin"! x is [ = 2,8, 2 3°37 3 29, Find principal value of Qrha-tectCZh Bost Queston] 32, Whatis the principal value of see-2(-2) Ad j ea (iale .. Whatis the p: value of sec“1(-2)? ‘l. We know that principal value of tan’ is ( £2) [Board Question] A Sol. We know that principal value of Ad that of sexe (0 ni] - {2}. Pee x 2 sec" is (0, x] - Ls} So, tan" /3 ~ sec(-2) a 2 «cn = bec 3) See (tan) see" (see?) sec!(2) sec sec (& scanned with OKEN Scanner‘58 | CBSE Question Bank Mathematics — xit +n see" (sec) (oats ) 3 = n—sec!x, R dnd a 2 € [0x] -L4} 33. Using principal value, find the value of <1 13n oo-'(ce2®), Sol. As principal value of cos! 0s [0, x] cos 4) - coe coe(an+2)] = cos cos (at) [cos (2+ 6) = cos 6] [oard Question] =Fel0] cos (cos!82),. # 6 6 34. Write principal value of sin (sin F [Board Question} Sol. As we know that principal value of sin”! @ is wsint(sin22) f aa 28 [ee [Board Question} Sol. Principal value of tan“! 9 i( = 2) ana that of 22 tan (1) + sin (4 sin" is [3 z], ® tartan + sin snl - i) Agd-2y=F, 36, Ifsin'(1-27) + cos”? (1 2) 27 REM thr of x is____— sol. [-v2,v2] We should have, -s(i-?)s1 2 s-750 = 0 x52 > -V2 sxsy2 = x s[W2,,2] ) Principal value of tan“! 0 is ( 22) +. The principal value of tan“ (tan %) mal HC-9] ~tan(-tand) [rs tan (p-0)==tand ve tan 6 =tan(-6] 38. Write the value of cos-2 (cos), 6 (Board Quest! that the principal value of cos*## (& scanned with OKEN Scanner9. Sol. Sol. a. Sol. tnvers Trigonometrc Functions | 59 Write the principal value branch of cos -1y, We define, : cost x: [+1, 1] 4 (0, x] For every x € [-1, 1] there exists a Ge[0, x] such that cos 0 = x. Thus 0 is Se principal value of cos-!x, However we could algo define. cost x: [1,1] + [-m, 0) or cost x: [1,1] [re 2n} such that cos @ = x, Infact we can find infinitely many such intervals, But only the value of lying in [0, x] is called the principal value, That is, the principal value of cos"! x is the numerically least among all the values of cos“! x, ‘The principal value branch of cos-!x i [0, x]. . Find the domain and range of sin-x, sin: R + R such that sin @ = x for all @ ¢ Risa many-one into function. This function cannot have an inverse. ‘Therefore, we restrict the domain to the interval [ er 5] ana codomain to the interval [-1, 1]. > [1 1] is a one-one, onto function and is therefore, invertible. The inverse of the sine function is defined as. sinc [+1 n> S z] AL, 72 such that sintx=@ ° sin@=x Thus, the domain of the function is [-1, 1] and the range i -E4] ranges 22. Solve for x: cos (2sin-x) = Fa x20. [Board Question] 1 Given equation is cos (2 sin-'x) = at >o i) Weput —sintyay > xesiny Equation (i) becomes 1 cos 2y= 5 = 1 2sin? y 1 > tytn d Bain? yo 1-5 we 9 4 int ye A > sint y= 5 4 > wad 9 (cx=siny) 2 reed But given that x>0 80, and u and Now, sin (¢+y) =sinx cos y+ cos xsiny onerne (S884) 20, 36 _ 56 6 65 65 sin ey) = 3 (& scanned with OKEN Scanner60 | CBSE Question Bank Mathematles ~ xi 56 = sin: 26) > xtys aint 2 = coe 2, xe corte and yo sin 12 56 1 13a gin 56 cont taint = int 43, Prove that: cos {tan“Ysin (cot x)]= =e [Board Question] Sol. Let, cot-1x=@ > xecotd Then, given expression can be written as ie fore (-cosec?@ = 1+ cot?@) “arts cos ) cos [tan {sin 6)] = where, aft )- amas 4 1 go Bl gas) From equation (i), LHS. = cos [tan“ (sin 6)] sec 1 fixtan?> 1 Phe bere (tan? 6 +1 = sec? 4} Long Answer Type Questions 45, Express in the simplest form. (vaca) on (Ss 1 1+ fixe Rus. PN2+x? 1, LHS. “RS. 44, Prove that : Hence proy 2 33 cosh cost Bn cost + [Board Questing 122 Sol. Let =cne$ and y= com B 4 2 cosx= Zand cos y= += sinx = Vi—cos?x 163) ey ws siny= f1-cos*y 13 Now, using the identitiy cos (x +) = cos x cos y—sinxsiny We get, #18 > ery 8 Foster B or Set ys cot 38 65 2 tena foot F+ca0t Ba cog 38 (& scanned with OKEN Scanner= tan-! Tv cos Xx —cos| —~— § x) 12) cosx+cos(#—x) Inverse Trigonometric Functions | 61 stan? |2—% 46, Write in the simplest form: tan”? 7. Sol. Let x=acos® . ct fa=x og la—acos® fhe otal ate tan” Ya+acos0 _, [l=cos8 “tan” \I+c0s 0 2sin? 0/2 = at A et tet ES 0/2 =tan-1 Vian? 0/2 = tan (tan 0/2) 2 x=acos 8 x cos 8 = — = @ © scanned with OKEN Scanner