Homework 3 Rate of Reaction 1: Magnesium was reacted with an excess of hydrochloric acid at room temperature. The data in the table below was collected. Plot the data on a piece of graph paper. Plot volume on the vertical y-axis and time across the x-axis Make sure you label your graph correctly and use the correct units. Put a best fit curve through your results.
Time 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 (s)
Volume 0 50 78 98 110 116 118 120 120 120
(cm3)
1. Why was excess hydrochloric acid used?
2. How can you tell from the shape of your graph that the reaction is fastest at the beginning?
3. Explain why the reaction will gradually slow down. Use the words particles and collisions in your answer.
3. How long did the reaction take to complete?
4. Calculate the average rate of reaction in cm3/s
5. Sketch on the same graph paper the curve you would expect if:- a) powdered magnesium was used instead of strips (label the curve ‘powder’) b) the reaction took place at a lower temperature (label the curve ‘temp’) Rate of Reaction 2: A student investigated the rate of the reaction between magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid.
The student used the apparatus shown below to collect the gas produced.
Outline a plan to investigate how the rate of this reaction changed when the concentration of the hydrochloric acid was changed.
Describe how you would do the investigation and the measurements you would make.
Describe how you would make it a fair test (which variables you would keep the same).
___________________________________________________________________ (6) Rate of Reaction 3: A student investigated the effect of temperature on the rate of a reaction. The picture below shows an experiment.
The student:
• put sodium thiosulfate solution into a conical flask
• heated the sodium thiosulfate solution to the required temperature • put the flask on a cross drawn on a piece of paper • added dilute hydrochloric acid and started a stopclock • stopped the stopclock when the cross could no longer be seen • repeated the experiment at different temperatures.
___________________________________________________________________ (2) (b) Give two variables the student must control to make the investigation a fair test.
___________________________________________________________________ (1) (Total 9 marks) Knowledge Organiser: Rates of Reaction MEASURING RATE The rate of a chemical reaction can be found by measuring the quantity of a reactant used or the quantity of product formed over time:
The quantity of reactant or product can be measured by the mass in grams or by a
volume in cm3. Units of rate of reaction may be given as g/s (change in mass divided by time) or cm3/s (change in volume divided by time)
INTERPRETING GRAPHS Mean (average) rate of a reaction can be calculated from supplied data or from graphs - the steeper the gradient on the graph, the faster the rate of reaction eg. if a reaction makes 40 cm3 gas in 60 seconds mean rate = 40 cm3 ÷ 60 s = 0.67 cm3/s
From the graphs shown here reaction A
is faster as the curve (and its gradient) is steeper.
There is a greater increase in the amount of product
over a shorter period of time. Extension – Using gradients to find rate Can you calculate the gradient of a tangent to the curve on these graphs as a measure of rate of reaction at a specific time? Remember that 2 minutes = 120 seconds
Gradient here would be: 10.4 g ÷ 120 s = 0.087 g/s
COLLISION THEORY Rate of reaction can be explained using the idea of particles and collisions.
For a reaction to take place:
particles must collide and they must collide with the required ACTIVATION ENERGY (Ea)
The activation energy, Ea, is the minimum energy needed for a reaction to take place. The more frequent collisions between particles taking place, the faster the reaction.
Reactions are always fastest at the beginning, as that is when there are more reactant particles present, so more frequent collisions occur. Reactions always slow down as particles get used up.
FACTORS AFFECTING RATE (always explain using collision theory)
1. Concentration more concentrated more particles more frequent collisions
2. Pressure more pressure (gases) particles closer together more frequent collisions
3. Temperature higher temp particles have more energy particles move faster more frequent collisions (and harder ones with more energy - more likely to have the activation energy, Ea)
4. Surface Area smaller pieces more surface area more exposed particles more frequent collisions
5. Catalyst lowers activation energy, Ea more collisions now have Ea INVESTIGATING RATE USING PRACTICAL WORK There are two main ways to investigate the rate of reaction. 1) Measure how quickly a gas is being produced 2) How quickly a reaction gets to a fixed point (colour change) It is important to identify the independent, dependent and control variables. Method 1 eg. Magnesium reacting with hydrochloric acid to make magnesium chloride and hydrogen, H2
Mg (s) + 2 HCl (aq) —> MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
The gas syringe measures the
volume of gas produced accurately. A stopwatch would also be needed to time the reaction. The volume of gas is recorded at regular timed intervals, e.g. every 10 seconds. To investigate the effect of concentration of acid in method 1
Independent variable is concentration of acid (what I changed)
Dependent variable is volume of gas (what was measured) Control variables (what we keep the same) would be: - volume of acid - mass of magnesium - surface area of magnesium - temperature
The results might be used to plot a graph.
The steeper the graph, the faster the reaction. It gradually slows down as particles get used up. This means less frequent collisions are happening. The reaction stops when one of the reactants (the limiting factor) gets used up or runs out and the graph goes flat. Method 2 eg. a reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid, that produces a cloudy precipitate of sulfur (S)
Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2 HCl (aq) —> 2 NaCl (aq) + S (s) + SO2 (g) + H2O (l)
If you were investigating the
effect of temperature using method 2, could you list the independent, dependent and 3 or 4 control variables?
Reaction is timed from when the chemicals are mixed, until the point at which the cross is no longer visible below the conical flask. The faster the reaction, the less time it takes.
MAKE SURE YOU CAN
Describe practically how to measure rate (see practical sheet on ‘measuring rate’) Calculate rate of reaction from supplied data or graphs Explain, in terms of particles and collisions, how concentration, temperature, pressure, surface area and a catalyst affect rate of reaction, and why reactions slow down (as particles get used up, so less frequent collisions occur) Describe the method needed to measure the rate for a particular reaction (if a gas is being made use method 1, if a colour change is happening use method 2), describing clearly what you will change (independent), how you will change it, what you will measure (dependent) and what you will keep the same to make it a fair test (control variables) Talk about safety precautions, eg. dilute acids can be irritant or corrosive (wear goggles) Name the apparatus used correctly Explain why the independent variable affects the rate, using particles and collisions in your answer Extension - use gradients on graph to determine rate
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