diagram consisting of many points and lines that unite several pairs of

thesepoints can be easily represented for several real-world contexts. The

pointsmight, for example, show individuals with lines who join couples with
friends;or the points could be contact centers with lines showing connection
connec-tions. Notice that one is primarily concerned in such diagrams whether a
line1corresponding author2020 Mathematics Subject Classification. 05C90.Key words
and phrases. Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Linguistics,Physics
andChemistry, Graph Theory.Submitted: 22.02.2021; Accepted: 13.03.2021; Published:
22.03.2021.1407
1408 D.V. Gowda, K.S. Shashidhara, M. Ramesha, S.B. Sridhara, and S.B. Manoj
Kumarconnects two defined points or not; the way they are connected is immate-rial.
The definition of a graph is a statistical abstraction of conditions of
thiskind.Graph theory principles are commonly used in various fields to researchand
model different applications. This includes studying molecules, buildingchemical
bonds and studying atoms. In sociology, for instance, graph theory isused to
calculate the popularity of actors or to investigate processes of diffusion.The
theory of graphs is used for biodiversity and conservation, where a
vertexrepresents areas in which some species live and where edges represent migra-
tory or moving paths between areas. This data is important for examining
thebreeding habits of disease, parasites and for investigating the effect of
migrationon other animals. This knowledge is important. In the field of computer
science,graph theory concepts are widely used [1]. The graph theory uses
algorithmssuch as Breadth First Search, Depth First Search, Topological Sort,
Bellman-Ford, the algorithme of Dijkstra, Minimum Trees, the Algorithm of Kruskal
andthe Prim’s.2. HI ST ORY O F GRA PH T HE ORYThe root of the graphic principle
began with the Koinsber bridge dilemma in1735. This dilemma leads to the Eulerian
graph principle. Euler analyzed theKoinsberg Bridge problem and created a structure
to solve the problem knownas the Eulerian graph. A.F Mobius offered the concept of
a total graph and a bi-partisan graph in 1840, and Kuratowski showed that they were
planar of leisureproblems. The principle of tree (Gustav Kirchhoff introduced a
linked graphwithout cycles in 1845 and used graphical technical concepts for the
measure-ment of current in electrical networks or circuits. In 1852, the popular
four-colorissue was discovered by Thomas Gutherie. Then in 1856, Thomas, P.
Kirkmanand William Hamilton, researched polyhydra cycles and developed, by observ-
ing trips which visited a number of locations exactly once, the idea called
theHamiltonian graph. In 1913, H. Dudeney spoke about an issue of puzzles. Even-
tually, Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken addressed the four-color dilemmaonly after
a century. This period the birth of graph theory is considered [2].To research the
trees Caley learned specific analytical forms from the differ-ential calculus. And
has several consequences for theoretical chemistry. Thisleads to enumerative graph
theory being invented. Anyway, in 1878, Sylvesterintroduced "Graph," where he drew
an analogy from "quantum invariants" to
RECENT ADVANCES IN GRAPH THEORY AND ITS APPLICATIONS 1409algebra and molecular-
diagram covariants [3]. In 1941 Ramsey experimentedon the colours, leading to the
identification of a subset of graphic science namedsevere graphic theory. In 1969,
Heinrich’s computers solved the four-color mys-tery. The analysis of asymptotic
graph connectivity has led to a random principleof graphics.3. AP PL ICATIONS O F
GRA PH TH EO RYGraph theory principles are commonly utilized in diverse fields to
researchand model different applications. This includes studying compounds,
buildingbonds in chemistry and studying atoms. In sociology, graph theory is
similarlyused for example to calculate the popularity of performers or to
investigate pro-cesses of diffusion. Graphic theory is used in biology and
conservation wherethe vertex describes the areas in which animals occur and the
edges reflect thedirection of migration or travel through regions. This knowledge is
critical forexamining breeding trends or monitoring the propagation of diseases and
par-asites and for investigating the effect of migration on other animals[4,5].
The-oretical graphic principles are commonly utilized in research operations.
Forexample the dilemma of the tour sales person, the shortest stretch in a
weightedgraph, obtains optimal work and men match and finds the shortest route
fromtwo vertices in a diagram. It is also used for modelling transport networks,
net-works of operation and game theory[6]. A digraph is used to describe the
finitegame method. The vertices here mark the locations and the edges represent
themovements. Graph theory is widely employed in research and technology. Anyof the
following are given:3.1. Computer Science. For the analysis of algorithms such as:
Dijkstra Algo-rithm, Prims Algorithm, Kruskal Algorithm theory is used in computer
graphics.Anwendungsbereiche such as Graphs are used to describe the calculation
flow.Graphs are used to portray contact networks. Graphs reflect the organization
ofresults. Graph transformation schemes operate on the manipulation of graphson the
basis of rules. Graph databases ensure secure, continuous storage andquerying of
organized graph data. Graph theory is used for finding the shortestroute or network
direction. Google Maps shows different places as vertices orpoints, and the roads
are seen as corners and the idea of the chart is used to findthe shortest path
between two nodes.
1410 D.V. Gowda, K.S. Shashidhara, M. Ramesha, S.B. Sridhara, and S.B. Manoj
Kumar3.2. Electrical Engineering. Graph theory is used in electrical engineering
inthe construction of circuit links. This relations are referred to as
topologies.Certain topologies include sequence, bridge, star and parallel
topologies.3.3. Linguistics. Graphs are mostly used for the parsing of a language
tree anda language tree grammar in linguistics. In lexical semantitics the
semantiticnetworks are used, particularly for computers, and the modelization of
wordsense is simpler when a word is interpreted in relation to the word.
Phonologicalmethods (e.g. optimal theory that is based on grid diagrams) and
morphology(e.g. finite state morphology utilizing finite-state transducers) are
popular inlinguistic research as a diagram.3.4. Physics and Chemistry. Chemistry
graphs are used to model chemicalcompounds. Any sequences of cell samples may be
omitted in statistical bio-chemistry in order to overcome contradictions between
two sequences. This ismodelled as a graph in which the vertices reflect the sample
sequences. An edgeis drawn between two vertices where there is a conflict between
the sequences.The goal is to delete potential vertices (sequences) in order to
remove all dis-putes. In short, graphic theory has a special influence in several
areas and isalready spreading over many days. The following section analyzes the
uses ofgraph theory in computational sciences in particular. Chart theory is used
inphysics and chemistry to analyze molecules. The 3D layout of complex arti-ficial
atomic systems can be quantitatively analyzed by collecting statistics ongraph-
theoretical features in relation to atom topology. Graphs are also usedin
statistical mechanics. In this area, diagrams may describe local relations be-tween
the interacting sections of a system and the physical process dynamics onthose
structures. Graphs also express porous media micro channels in which thevertices
reflect the pores and the borders represent the smaller pores. Graph isalso useful
in building both the molecular structure and the molecular grid. Italso allows us
to demonstrate the connection between atoms and molecules andhelps us to compare
the structure of a molecule with another.3.5. Computer Network. The ties between
linked computers in the networkobey the concepts of graph theory in the computer
network. Graph theory isoften used for protection of the network. We will use the
vertex coloring algo-rithm to paint the map in four colours. Vertex Coloring
Algorithm may be used
RECENT ADVANCES IN GRAPH THEORY AND ITS APPLICATIONS 1411to delegate a maximum of
four distinct frequencies to any mobile network GSM(Grouped Special Mobile).3.6.
Social Sciences. In sociology, graph theory is also used. For example, toexplore
the dissemination of rumor or to calculate the credibility of actors by theuse of
tools for social network analysis. Friendship and knowledge graphs de-scribe
whether or not individuals meet one another. Some individuals may affectthe
behavior of others in influential diagrams. In collaborative graphs model,two
individuals operate together in a similar context, for example participatingin a
film together.3.7. Biology. Nodes in biological networks are bimolecular such as
chromo-somes, proteins or metabolites and edges that link the nodes signify
interactive,physical or chemical interactions between the bimolecular concerned. In
tran-scriptional regulatory networks, graph theory is used. It is seen in
metabolicnetworks as well. Graph theory is also useful in PPI (protein interaction)
net-works. Characterizing drug goal partnerships. drug target interactions.3.8.
Mathematics. Operational analysis is the essential area of mathematics.Graph theory
offers numerous practical organizational analysis uses. Like: Min-imum route
expenses, A issue with the schedule. Graphs reflect the roads be-tween the towns. We
may construct hierarchically organized details such as afamily tree with the aid of
a sort of graph.4. CO NC LUSIONProgrammers and designers, graph theory is an
extraordinarily rich field.Graphs can help solve some very complicated issues, such
as lower costs, vi-sualization, program analysis, etc. To calculate an optimum
traffic routing, net-work devices, such as routers and switches use graphics. This
paper focusesmainly on presenting the recent developments in the field of graph
theory andits various applications in the field of engineering. In particular, the
concept ofgraph theory is outlined in an overview. Researchers in different
streams, suchas engineering, social science, general sciences etc., benefit from
this. There isa wide discussion of each domain application, which is very beneficial
to anyresearchers.
1412 D.V. Gowda, K.S. Shashidhara, M. Ramesha, S.B. Sridhara, and S.B. Manoj
KumarREFERENCES[1] G. MARCIA LI S, F. ROLI:Graph Based and Structural Methods for
Fingerprint Classification,Springer verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 9(1) (20018), 1–202.
[2] S. DICKINSON, R. ZABIH:Introduction to the special section on graph algorithms
in com-puter vision , IEEE on pattern analysis, 23(10) (2016), 114–122.[3] B. HONG
LIU, W. CHIEH KE:Constructing a message pruning tree with minimum cost fortracking
moving objects in wireless sensor networks, IEEE, 57(6) (2017), 16–22.[4] S.
SKIENA, S. PEM MA RA JU:Implementing Discrete Mathematics-Combinatorics and
GraphTheorywith Mathematica, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 3(9) (2019), 1–448.
[5] X. ZHOU, T. NIS HIZEKI:Edge-coloring algorithms, Technical report, Graduate
School ofInformation Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 1(3) (2020), 120–142.[6]
A. VINCE, C. HAALEY:Star chromatic number, Journal of Graph Theory, 12(4)
(2020),551–559.DEPARTME NT O F ELECTR ON ICS AND CO MM UNICATI ON ENGINEERING,
B .M.S INST ITUTE O FTEC HNOLO GY , VI SV ESHWAR AYA TEC HNOLO GI CAL UN IV ERSIT Y
,ADDRESS: BANGA LO RE, KAR-NATAKA S TATE , INDIAEmail address:DEPARTME NT O F
ELECTR ON ICS AND CO MM UNICATI ON ENGINEERING, NI TT E MEE NAKSH I INSTI-TU TE OF
TECH NOLOG Y , VISVE SHWARAYA TECH NO LOGIC AL UNIVE RSITY ,ADDRESS:
KARNATAKASTATE, I NDIAEmail address:DEPARTME NT O F ELECTR ON ICS AND CO MM UNICATI
ON ENGINEERING, GITAM SC HOOL OF TECH-NO LOGY , GITAM (DE EM ED TO BE UNI VERSI
TY ) , ADDRESS:BANGAL ORE, KA RNATAKA STATE, IN-DIAEmail address:DEPARTME NT O F
ELECTR ON ICS AND CO MM UNICATI ON ENGINEERING, VI JAYA VITTAL A INSTI-TU TE OF
TECH NOLOG Y , VISVE SHWARAYA TECH NO LOGIC AL UNIVE RSITY ,ADDRESS: B AN GALOR
E,KAR NATAKA STATE , INDIAEmail address:DEPARTME NT O F ELECTR ON ICS AND COMM
UNICATI ON ENGINEERING, B.G.S INS TITUT E OFTEC HNOLO GY , ADICHUNCHANAGIRI UNIV
ERSIT Y ,ADDRESS: KARNATAKA S TATE, INDIAEmail address:

Citations (13)