Chapter 5

Compounds and Their Bonds

5.2
Ionic Compounds

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Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds
§ consist of positive and negative ions
§ have attractions called ionic bonds between
positively and negatively charged ions
§ have high melting and boiling points
§ are solid at room temperature

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Salt Is an Ionic Compound
Sodium chloride, or “table salt,” is an example
of an ionic compound.

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Ionic Formulas
An ionic formula
§ consists of positively and negatively charged ions
§ is neutral
§ has charge balance

total positive charge = total negative charge

The symbol of the metal is written first, followed by the

symbol of the nonmetal.

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Charge Balance for NaCl, “Salt”
In NaCl,
§ a Na atom loses its valence electron
§ a Cl atom gains an electron
§ the symbol of the metal is written first, followed by
the symbol of the nonmetal.

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Charge Balance In MgCl2
In MgCl2,
§ a Mg atom loses two valence electrons
§ two Cl atoms each gain one electron
§ subscripts indicate the number of ions needed to
give charge balance

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Charge Balance in Na2S
In Na2S,
§ two Na atoms lose one valence electron each
§ one S atom gains two electrons
§ subscripts show the number of ions needed to give
charge balance

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Writing Ionic Formulas from
Charges
Charge balance is used to write the formula for
sodium nitride, a compound containing Na+ and N3−.

Na+
3 Na+ + N3− = Na3N
Na+

3(1+) + 1(3–) = 0

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Formula from Ionic Charges
Write the ionic formula of the compound containing
Ba2+ and Cl-.
§ Write the symbols of the ions.
Ba2+ Cl-
§ Balance the charges.
Ba2+ Cl- two Cl- needed
Cl-
§ Write the ionic formula using a subscript 2 for two
chloride ions that give charge balance.
BaCl2

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Chapter 5
Compounds and Their Bonds
5.3
Naming and Writing Ionic Formulas

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Charges of Representative
Elements

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Names of Some Common Ions

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Naming Ionic Compounds with
Two Elements
To name a compound
with two elements,
§ identify the cation and
anion
§ name the cation first,
followed by the name
of the anion

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Examples of Ionic Compounds
with Two Elements
Formula Ions Name
Cation Anion

NaCl Na+ Cl– sodium chloride

K2S K+ S2– potassium sulfide
MgO Mg2+ O2– magnesium oxide
CaI2 Ca2+ I– calcium iodide
Al2O3 Al3+ S2– aluminum sulfide

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Transition Metals Form Positive
Ions
Most transition metals and Group 4(14) metals,
§ Form 2 or more positive ions
§ Zn2+, Ag+, and Cd2+ form only one ion.

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Metals with Variable Charge
The names of transition
metals with two or more
positive ions (cations) use a
Roman numeral after the
name of the metal to identify
ionic charge.

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Naming Ionic Compounds with
Variable Charge Metals

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Examples of Names of Compounds
with Variable Charge Metals

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Guide to Naming Ionic Compounds
with Variable Charge Metals

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Naming FeCl2
Determine the charge of the cation from the
anion.
Fe ion + 2 Cl– = charge of Fe ion + 2– = 0
Fe ion = 2+ = Fe2+
Name the cation by the element name, and use a
Roman numeral to show its charge.
Fe2+ = iron(II)
Write the anion with an ide ending. chloride
Name the cation first, then the anion.
iron(II) chloride
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Naming Cr2O3
Determine the charge of cation from the anion.
2Cr ions + 3O2– = 2Cr ions + 3(2–)
= 2Cr ions + 6– = 0
2Cr ions = 6+ Cr ion = 3+ = Cr3+
Name the cation by the element name, and use a
Roman numeral to show its charge.
Cr3+ = chromium(III)
Write the anion with an ide ending. oxide
Name the cation first, then the anion.
chromium (III) oxide
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Guide to Writing Formulas from
the Name

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Writing Formulas
Write a formula for potassium sulfide.
Identify the cation and anion.
potassium = K+
sulfide = S2−
Balance the charges.
K+ S2−
K+
2(1+) + 1(2–) = 0
Write the cation first.
2K+ and 1S2− = K2S1 = K2S
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Writing Formulas
Write a formula for iron(III) chloride.
Identify the cation and anion.
iron (III) = Fe3+ (III = charge of 3+)
chloride = Cl−
Balance the charges.
Fe3+ Cl−
Cl−
Cl−
1(3+) + 3(1–) = 0
Write the cation first.
1Fe3+ and 3Cl− = FeCl3
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Chapter 5
Compounds and Their Bonds
5.4
Polyatomic Ions

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Polyatomic Ions
A polyatomic ion
§ is a group of atoms
§ has an overall ionic charge
Examples:
NH4+ ammonium OH− hydroxide
NO3− nitrate NO2− nitrite
CO32− carbonate PO43− phosphate
HCO3− hydrogen carbonate
(bicarbonate)

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Some Names of Polyatomic Ions
The names of common polyatomic anions
§ end in ate
NO3− nitrate PO43− phosphate
§ with one oxygen less end in ite
NO2− nitrite PO33− phosphite
§ with hydrogen attached use prefix hydrogen (or bi)
HCO3− hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)
HSO3− hydrogen sulfite (bisulfite)

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Names and Formulas of Common
Polyatomic Ions

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Some Compounds with Polyatomic
Ions

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Guide to Naming Compounds with
Polyatomic Ions

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Examples of Names of
Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
§ The positive ion is named first followed by the name
of the polyatomic ion.
NaNO3 sodium nitrate
K2SO4 potassium sulfate
Fe(HCO3)3 iron(III) bicarbonate
or iron(III) hydrogen carbonate
(NH4)3PO3 ammonium phosphite

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Writing Formulas with Polyatomic
Ions
The formula of an ionic compound
§ containing a polyatomic ion must have a charge
balance that equals zero (0)
Na+ and NO3− NaNO3

§ with two or more polyatomic ions has the

polyatomic ions in parentheses.
Mg2+ and 2NO3− Mg(NO3)2
subscript 2 for charge balance

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Flowchart for Naming Ionic
Compounds

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Chapter 5
Compounds and Their Bonds
5.5
Covalent Compounds

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Covalent Bonds
Covalent bonds form
§ when atoms share
electrons to complete
octets
§ between two nonmetal
atoms from from Groups
4A(14), 5A(15), 6A(16),
and 7A(17)

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Formation of H2
In the simplest covalent molecule, H2 , the H
atoms
§ increase attraction as they move closer
§ share electrons
§ form a covalent bond

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Formation of H2 (continued)

37
Forming Octets in Molecules
In a fluorine (F2) molecule, each F atom
§ shares one electron
§ acquires an octet

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Diatomic Elements
§ These elements share
electrons to form diatomic,
covalent molecules.

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Carbon Forms 4 Covalent Bonds
In a methane (CH4) molecule,
§ the central C atom shares 4
electrons to attain an octet

§ each H atom shares 1

electron with the carbon
atom to become stable like
He

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Electron-Dot Formula for NH3
§ In NH3, a N atom is bonded to three H atoms.
••
• N • and 3H•
•

§ The electron-dot structure is written as:

H Bonding pairs H
•• │
H :N:H or H─N─N
•• ••

Lone pair of electrons

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Number of Covalent Bonds
The number of covalent bonds can be determined from
the number of electrons needed to complete an octet.

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Electron-Dot Formulas and Models
of Some Covalent Compounds

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Guide to Writing Electron-Dot
Formulas

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Guide to Writing Electron-Dot
Formulas
Determine the arrangement of atoms.
Determine the total number of valence electrons.
Attach each bonded atom to the central atom with a pair
of electrons.
Place remaining electrons as lone pairs to complete
octets (2 for H atoms).
If octets are not complete, form a multiple bond by
converting a lone pair to a bonding pair.

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Single and Multiple Bonds
§ In a single bond, one pair of electrons is shared.

§ In a double bond, two pairs of electrons are

shared.

§ In a triple bond, three pairs of electrons are

shared.

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Electron-Dot Formula of CS2
Write the electron-dot formula for CS2.

Determine the atom arrangement. The C atom is the

central atom.
S C S

Determine the total number of valence electrons for

1C and 2S.
1 C(4e–) + 2 S(6e–) = 16e–

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Electron-Dot Formula of CS2
(continued)
Attach each S atom to the central C atom using one
electron pair.

S:C:S
16e– – 4e– = 12e– remaining

Attach 12 electrons as 6 lone pairs.

.. ..
:S:C:S:

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Electron-Dot Formula of CS2
(continued)
To complete octets, form one or more multiple bonds.
Convert two lone pairs to bonding pairs between C and
S atoms to make two double bonds.

.. .. .. ..
:S::C::S: or :S=C=S:

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A Nitrogen Molecule has
A Triple Bond
In a nitrogen molecule, N2,
§ each N atom shares 3 electrons
§ each N atom attains an octet
§ the sharing of 3 sets of electrons is a multiple bond
called a triple bond

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Resonance Structures
Resonance structures are
§ two or more electron-dot formulas for the same
arrangement of atoms
§ related by a double-headed arrow ( )
§ written by changing the location of a double bond
between the central atom and a different attached
atom

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Writing Resonance Structures
Sulfur dioxide has two resonance structures.
Write the arrangement of atoms.
O S O
Determine the total number of valence electrons.
1 S(6e−) + 2 O(6e−) = 18e−
Connect bonded atoms by single electron pairs.
O:S:O 4e− used
18e− – 4e− = 14e− remaining

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Writing Resonance Structures
(continued)
Add 14 remaining electrons as 7 lone pairs.
•• •• ••

: O─S─O :
•• ••

Form a double bond to complete octets. Two

resonance structures are possible.

•• •• •• •• •• ••
: O─S═O : : O═S─O :
•• •• •• ••

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Chapter 5
Compounds and Their Bonds
5.6
Naming and Writing Covalent Formulas

NO nitrogen oxide
NO2 nitrogen dioxide
N2O4 dinitrogen tetroxide

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Names of Covalent Compounds
Prefixes are used
§ in the names of covalent compounds
§ because two nonmetals can form two or more
different compounds
Examples of compounds of N and O:
NO nitrogen oxide
NO2 nitrogen dioxide
N2O dinitrogen oxide
N2O4 dinitrogen tetroxide
N2O5 dinitrogen pentoxide
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Guide to Naming Covalent
Compounds with Two Nonmetals

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Naming Covalent Compounds
Name the first nonmetal by its element name.
Name the second nonmetal with an ide ending.
Add prefixes to indicate the number (from subscripts) of
atoms of each nonmetal. Mono is usually omitted.

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Naming Covalent Compounds
(Continued)
What is the name of SO3?

The first nonmetal is S sulfur.

The second nonmetal is O, named oxide.
The subscript 3 of O is shown as the prefix tri.
SO3 → sulfur trioxide
The subscript 1(for S) or mono is understood.

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Naming Covalent Compounds
(Continued)
Name P4S3

The first nonmetal P is phosphorus.

The second nonmetal S is sulfide.
The subscript 4 of P is shown as tetra.
The subscript 3 of O is shown as tri.

P4S3 → tetraphosphorus trisulfide

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Formulas and Names of Some
Covalent Compounds

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Flowchart for Naming Covalent
Compounds with Two Nonmetals

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Guide to Writing Formulas for
Covalent Compounds

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Writing Formulas of Covalent
Compounds
Write the formula for carbon disulfide.

Elements are C and S

No prefix for carbon means 1 C
Prefix di = 2
Formula: CS2

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Chapter 5
Compounds and Their Bonds
5.7
Electronegativity and Bond Polarity

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Electronegativity
The electronegativity value
§ indicates the attraction of an atom for shared
electrons
§ increases from left to right going across a period
on the periodic table
§ decreases going down a group on the periodic
table
§ is high for the nonmetals, with fluorine as the
highest
§ is low for the metals

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 Some Electronegativity Values

High
values

Low
values

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Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
A nonpolar covalent bond
§ occurs between nonmetals
§ has an equal or almost equal sharing of electrons
§ has almost no electronegativity difference (0.0 to
0.4)
Examples:
Atoms Electronegativity Type of Bond
Difference _______________
N–N 3.0 – 3.0 = 0.0 Nonpolar covalent
Cl–Br 3.0 – 2.8 = 0.2 Nonpolar covalent
H–Si 2.1 – 1.8 = 0.3 Nonpolar covalent
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Polar Covalent Bonds
A polar covalent bond
§ occurs between nonmetal atoms
§ has an unequal sharing of electrons
§ has a moderate electronegativity difference
(0.5 to 1.7)
Examples:
Atoms Electronegativity Type of Bond
Difference __________ _
O–Cl 3.5 – 3.0 = 0.5 Polar covalent
Cl–C 3.0 – 2.5 = 0.5 Polar covalent
O–S 3.5 – 2.5 = 1.0 Polar covalent
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Comparing Nonpolar and Polar
Covalent Bonds

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Ionic Bonds
An ionic bond
§ occurs between metal and nonmetal ions
§ is a result of electron transfer
§ has a large electronegativity difference (1.8 or more).
Examples:
Atoms Electronegativity Type of Bond
Difference _____ ________
Cl–K 3.0 – 0.8 = 2.2 Ionic
N–Na 3.0 – 0.9 = 2.1 Ionic
S–Cs 2.5 – 0.7 = 1.8 Ionic

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Electronegativity and Bond Types

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Predicting Bond Types

Name

Reserved for activity

NO2 N—O Shared unequally 3.5 − 3.1 = 0.4 Polar covalent

CO2 C—O Shared unequally 3.5 − 2.6 = 0.9 Polar covalent
H2O H—O Shared unequally 3.5 − 2.2 = 1.3 Polar covalent

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