DATA REPRESENTATION
DATA: -
- Data is a collection of raw facts and figures.
- Data deals with numbers, texts or images etc. to solve a problem.
- Data can be simple, random and useless until it is organized.
DATA PROCESSING: -
- The method or technique by which data is transformed into meaningful information is
known as Data Processing.
EXTERNAL DATA: -
- The type of communication of data between the user and the computer is known as
External Data.
- The external data may be classified as:
NUMBER SYSTEM: -
- Number system is the method of representing numbers of a certain type.
- Certain type means set of distinct graphic symbols or signs.
Categories of Number System: - There are multiple number systems are in use. These number
systems can be broadly divided into two categories: -
Non-positional number systems (face value)
Positional number systems (place value)
Non-positional number system: - In non-positional number system, a symbol carries the same
value always irrespective of its position.
Example-
Roman Number System: -
Greek Number System: -
Positional number systems: - Positional number systems (also called place-value numeral
systems) are systems in which the value of a digit changes according to their position. Means
position of a digit tells the value of that digit.
For instance: -
In 135, 5 has value 5 x 1 = 5
153 5 has value 5 x 10 = 50
Base or Radix: - A Base or Radix tells how many distinct graphic symbols are used to represent
number in a number system.
For example: - In decimal number system, the base is 10 as it uses ten (10) different symbols {0,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} to represent numbers.
This base or radix plays an important role in determining positional value of a digit.
Example-
Digital Number Systems
In Digital representation, various number systems are used. The most common number systems
used are decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal systems.
Decimal Number System: -
- The decimal system is composed of 10 numerals or symbols (Deca means 10, that is why
system is called decimal system).
- These 10 symbols are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
- The decimal system, also called the base-10 system because it has 10 digits.
- The decimal system is a positional-value system in which the value of a digit depends on
its position.
- For example, consider the decimal number 729. We know that the digit 7 actually
represents 7 hundreds, the 2 represents 2 tens, and the 9 represents 9 units. In essence,
the 7 carries the most weight of three digits; it is referred to as the most significant digit
(MSD). The 9 carries the least weight and is called the least significant digit (LSD).
Most Significant Digit (MSD): - The digit which carries the most weight is called the most
significant digit.
Least Significant Digit (LSD): - The digit which carries the least weight is called the least
significant digit.
Binary Number System: -
- In the binary system there are only two symbols or possible digit values 0 and 1.
- Base-2 system can be used to represent any quantity that can be represented in decimal
or other number systems.
- The binary system is also a positional-value system, wherein each binary digit has its
own value or weight expressed as a power of 2.
Most Significant Bit (MSB): - The leftmost bit carries the largest weight and hence, is called the
most significant bit.
Least Significant Bit (LSB): - The rightmost bit carries the smallest weight, and hence called
least significant bit.
- The sequence of binary numbers goes as 00, 01, 10, 11, 100, 101, 110, 111, 1000, ……...
Octal Number System: -
- The octal number system is very important in digital computer work.
- The octal number system has a base of eight, meaning that it has eight unique symbols:
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
- Each digit of an octal number can have any value from 0 to 7.
- The octal system is also a positional value system, wherein each octal digit has its own
value or weight expressed as a power of 8.
- The sequence of octal numbers goes as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
20, 21……..See each successive number after 7 is a combination of 2 or more unique
symbols of octal system.
Hexadecimal Number System: -
- The hexadecimal system uses base 16. Thus, it has 16 possible digit symbols.
- It uses the digits 0 through 9 plus the letters A, B, C, D, E, and F as the 16 digits symbols.
- Hexadecimal system is also a positional-value system, wherein each hexadecimal digit
has its own value or weight expressed as a power of 16.
Number System Base Symbols
Decimal Number System 10 0 to 9
Binary Number System 2 0 and 1
Octal Number System 8 0 to 7
Hexadecimal Number System 16 0 to 9 then A to F
