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Module-03
Cloud Computing Architecture
1. Introduction to Cloud Computing
Definition:
Cloud computing provides on-demand delivery of IT resources over the internet
with pay-as-you-go pricing. It enables access to computing power, storage,
databases, and other services without direct active management by the user.
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Key Concepts:
• Scalability: Resources can scale up or down based on demand.
• Elasticity: Ability to handle varying workloads and adjusting resources as
needed.
• Cost-Effectiveness: Pay only for the resources you use.
• Multi-Tenancy: Multiple users share the same physical resources, enabling
efficient usage.
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Cloud Reference Model
The cloud reference model defines layers for cloud services. It mainly includes
three service models:
• IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service):
o Provides virtualized computing resources over the internet, including
storage, servers, and networks.
o Examples: AWS EC2, Google Compute Engine, Microsoft Azure.
• PaaS (Platform as a Service):
o Offers a platform for developers to build, test, and deploy applications
without worrying about the underlying infrastructure.
o Examples: Google App Engine, Heroku, AWS Elastic Beanstalk.
• SaaS (Software as a Service):
o Delivers software applications over the internet on a subscription
basis.
o Examples: Google Workspace, Microsoft Office 365, Salesforce.
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Types of Clouds
1. Public Cloud:
o Managed by third-party providers and available over the internet.
o Pros: Low cost, scalability, maintenance handled by the provider.
o Cons: Limited control, potential security concerns.
2. Private Cloud:
o Cloud infrastructure dedicated to a single organization.
o Pros: Enhanced security, greater control, customizable.
o Cons: Higher costs, responsibility for maintenance.
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3. Hybrid Cloud:
o Combines both public and private cloud elements.
o Pros: Flexible, scalable, balances control and security.
o Cons: Complex management, potential compatibility issues.
4. Community Cloud:
o Shared infrastructure for a specific community or group with common
goals.
o Pros: Cost-sharing, targeted security.
o Cons: Limited scalability, complex governance.
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Economics of the Cloud
Cost Model:
Cloud services follow a pay-as-you-go model where users are charged based on the
resources they consume.
Advantages:
• Reduced Operational Costs: No need for on-premises infrastructure,
reducing maintenance and staffing costs.
• Resource Optimization: Elasticity allows companies to only pay for
resources they use.
• Reduced Time-to-Market: Cloud services provide faster deployment and
scaling capabilities.
Disadvantages:
• Hidden Costs: High data transfer or storage costs can accumulate if not
monitored.
• Dependency on Providers: Shifting costs and services by providers can
impact budgeting.
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Open Challenges in Cloud Computing
1. Data Security and Privacy:
o Concerns about data confidentiality, compliance, and protection
against cyber threats.
o Solutions: Encryption, access control, data residency compliance.
2. Service Reliability:
o Service interruptions can impact business operations.
o Solutions: Redundant systems, high availability architecture, multi-
region deployments.
3. Vendor Lock-in:
o Limited portability between providers makes it hard to switch clouds.
o Solutions: Use of multi-cloud strategies, reliance on open standards.
4. Performance Challenges:
o Network latency and data transfer speed affect cloud application
performance.
o Solutions: Optimize network paths, leverage edge computing.
5. Cost Management:
o Uncontrolled spending can lead to unplanned expenses.
o Solutions: Implement cost management tools, regular usage reviews,
and budgeting.
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6. Compliance and Legal Issues:
o Regulatory compliance with data protection laws (e.g., GDPR).
o Solutions: Work with compliant cloud providers, conduct regular
audits.
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