Mehnaaz Ansari

07701182023

INDIRA GANDHI DELHI TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY FOR WOMEN,

KASHMERE GATE, DELHI 110006

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
(ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE)
IT WORKSHOP LAB FILE
2023-24

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

Mehnaaz Ansari Ms. Shivya
07701182023
ECE-AI 2

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INDEX
LAB NAME PROGRAM DATE REMARK
LAB1 Introduction to R CONSOLE 13/01/24
Language. a) Perform the following operations
on R console:
1. Sample Program
2. Addition
3. Subtraction
4. Multiplication
5. Division
EDITOR
b) Perform the following operations
on R editor:
1. Sample Program
2. Addition
3. Subtraction
4. Multiplication
5. Division
LAB2 Implement basic a) Create two vectors of equal length 16/01/24
functionality of R and perform:
1. Addition
2. Subtraction
3. Multiplication
4. Division
b) Create two vectors of equal length
and perform:
1. Addition
2. Subtraction
3. Multiplication
4. Division
c) Create two vectors of unequal
length and perform:
1. Addition
2. Subtraction
3. Multiplication
4. Division
LAB3 Implement the concept 1.Create a data frame for the 23/01/24
of data frame. employee consisting of attributes:
employee code, employee name and
the salary of the employee.
2.Perform all the operations, i.e.,
class, structure, summary of data
frame, extract specific rows and
columns from data frame, add a row
and column.
LAB4 Perform computation 1. Create two 2x3 matrices column 30/01/24
of matrices in R. wise and perform the addition,
subtraction, multiplication and
division.
2. Create two 2x3 matrices row wise
and perform the addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.
3. Create two 2x3 matrices row wise

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and perform scalar multiplication.

4. Perform multiplication of matrices
using operators.
LAB5 Implement Control 1.if condition 06/02/24
Statements in R 2. if-else condition
Programming 3. for loop
4. while loop
5. repeat and break statement
6. return statement
7. next statement
8. break statement
Write the following programs in R
language:
1. Compare two numbers
2. Find out whether a number is
positive, negative or zero
3. Print fibonnaci series upto 10
elements.
LAB6 Implement data import 1. Importing Comma Separated Value 13/02/2024
and export (CSV) file
functionality in R 2. Importing Text (tab separated) file
3. Exporting to Comma Separated
Value (CSV) file
4. Exporting to text (tab separated)
file
LAB7 Apply the basic 1. Bar Chart - Data Set used: BOD 20/02/24
visualization (inbuilt)
techniques in R to 2. Histogram - Data Set used: mtcars
understand data (inbuilt)
3. Pie Charts
LAB8 Apply some advanced 1. Line Chart - Data Set used: 27/02/24
visualization pressure (inbuilt)
techniques in R to 2. Scatter Plot - Data Set used:
analyse the data airquality (inbuilt)
3. Box Plot - Data Set used: mtcars
(inbuilt)
LAB9 Mini Project 04/03/24

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LAB 1
INTRODUCTION TO R
1. R is an open-source programming language mostly used for statistical computing and data
analysis and is available across widely used platforms like Windows, Linux and MacOs. It
generally comes with the command line interface and provides a vast list of packages for
performing tasks.
2. R is an interpreted language that supports both procedural programming and object-
oriented programming.

Why R Programming Language?

• R programming is used as a leading tool for machine learning, statistics, and data analysis.
Objects, functions, and packages can easily be created by R.
• It’s a platform-independent language. This means it can be applied to all operating system.
• It’s an open-source free language. That means anyone can install it in any organization
without purchasing a license.
• R programming language is not only a statistic package but also allows us to integrate with
other languages(C, C++). Thus, you can easily interact with many data sources and statistical
packages.
• The R programming language has a vast community of users and it’s growing day by day.
• R is currently one of the most requested programming languages in the Data Science job
market that makes it the hottest trend nowadays.

FEATURES OF R PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

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Statistical Features Of R:
• Basic Statistics: The most common basic statistics terms are the mean, mode and median.
These are all known as “Measure of Central TendencY”. So using R language we can
measure central tendency very easily.
• Static graphics: R is rich with facilities for creating and developing interesting static
graphics. R contains functionality for many plot types including graphic maps, mosaic plots,
biplots, and the list goes on.
• Probability distributions: Probability distributions play a vital role in statistics and by using
R we can easily handle various types of probability distributions such as Binomial
Distribution, Normal Distribution, Chi-squared Distribution and many more.
• Data ananlysis: It provides a large, coherent and integrated collection of tools for data
analysis.

Programming Features Of R:
• R Packages: One of the major features of R is it has a wide availability of libraries. R has
CRAN (Comprehensive R Archive Network), which is a repository holding more than 10000
packages.
• Distributed Computing: Distributed computinf is a model in which components of a
software system are shared among multiple computers to improve efficiency and
performance. Two new packages ddR and multidplyr used for distributed programming in R
were released in November 2015.

Installation Steps For R:

➢ To start, go to https://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/base/ , and then click on the link to
“Download R for Windows.”
➢ Once the download is completed, run the .exe file, and then follow the installation
instructions.
➢ Once you completed the installation, launch R.
➢ To run a new script, click on File, and then select New Script.
➢ Then, type your script in the R Editor. For example, type the following syntax to print the
“Hello World” expression:
➢ Finally, press F5 to run your script. You’ll then see the result in the R Console.

CONSOLE:
A) Perform the following operations on R console:
1. Sample Program

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2. Addition

3. Subtraction

4. Division

5. Multiplication

EDITOR:
B) Perform the following operations on R editor:
1. Addition

2. Subtraction

3. Multiplication

4. Division

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LAB 2
IMPLEMENT BASIC FUNCTIONALITY OF R
Numeric Datatype
Decimal values are called Numerics in R. It is the default data type for numbers in R. If you
assign a decimal value to a variable x as follows, x will be of numeric type.

Integer Datatype
R supports integer data types which are the set of all integers. You can create as well as
convert a value into an integer type using the as.integer() function. You can also use the
capital ‘L’ notation as a suffix to denote that a particular value is of the integer data type .

Logical Datatype
R has logical data types that take either a value of true or false. A logical value is often
created via a comparison between variables.

Complex Datatype
R supports complex data types that are set of all the complex numbers. The complex data
type is to store numbers with an imaginary component.

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Character Datatype
R supports character data types where you have all the alphabets and special characters. It
stores character values or strings. Strings in R can contain alphabets, numbers, and symbols.
The easiest way to denote that a value is of character type in R is to wrap the value inside
single or double inverted commas.

Addition

Subtraction

Multiplication

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Division

R VECTORS
Numeric vector
The decimal values are known as numeric data types in R. If we assign a decimal value to
any variable d, then this d variable will become a numeric type. A vector which contains
numeric elements is known as a numeric vector.

Integer vector
A non-fraction numeric value is known as integer data. This integer data is represented by
"Int." The Int size is 2 bytes and long Int size of 4 bytes. There is two way to assign an
integer value to a variable, i.e., by using as.integer() function and appending of L to the value.

Character vector
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A character is held as a one-byte integer in memory. In R, there are two different ways to
create a character data type value, i.e., using as.character() function and by typing string
between double quotes("") or single quotes('').

Logical vector
The logical data types have only two values i.e., True or False. These values are based on
which condition is satisfied. A vector which contains Boolean values is known as the logical
vector.

Vector Operation

In R, there are various operation which is performed on the vector. We can add, subtract,
multiply or divide two or more vectors from each other. In data science, R plays an important
role, and operations are required for data manipulation. There are the following types of
operation which are performed on the vector.

1)Combining vectors

The c() function is not only used to create a vector, but also it is also used to combine two
vectors. By combining one or more vectors, it forms a new vector which contains all the
elements of each vector. Let see an example to see how c() function combines the vectors.

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2) Arithmetic operations

We can perform all the arithmetic operation on vectors. The arithmetic operations are
performed memberby-member on vectors. We can add, subtract, multiply, or divide two
vectors. Let see an example to understand how arithmetic operations are performed on
vectors.

3) Logical Index vector

With the help of the logical index vector in R, we can form a new vector from a given vector.
This vector has the same length as the original vector. The vector members are TRUE only
when the corresponding members of the original vector are included in the slice; otherwise, it
will be false. Let see an example to understand how a new vector is formed with the help of
logical index vector.

4) Numeric Index

In R, we specify the index between square braces [ ] for indexing a numerical value. If our
index is negative, it will return us all the values except for the index which we have specified.
For example, specifying [-3] will prompt R to convert -3 into its absolute value and then
search for the value which occupies that index.

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5) Duplicate Index

An index vector allows duplicate values which means we can access one element twice in
one operation. Let see an example to understand how duplicate index works.

6) Range Indexes

Range index is used to slice our vector to form a new vector. For slicing, we used colon(:)
operator. Range indexes are very helpful for the situation involving a large operator. Let see
an example to understand how slicing is done with the help of the colon operator to form a
new vector.

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LAB 3
IMPLEMENT THE CONCEPT OF DATAFRAME IN R
Data Frames in R Language are generic data objects of R which are used to store the tabular
data. Data frames can also be interpreted as matrices where each column of a matrix can be of
the different data types. Data Frame is made up of three principal components, the data, rows,
and columns.To create a data frame in R use data.frame() command and then pass each of the
vectors you have created as arguments to the function.

Creating Data Frame

To create a data frame in R use data.frame() command and then pass each of the vectors you
have created as arguments to the function.

Structure Of R-Data Frame

One can get the structure of the data frame using str() function in R.

Summary Of Data In The Data Frame

In R data frame, the statistical summary and nature of the data can be obtained by applying
summary() function.

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Extract Data From Dataframe In R Language

Extract data from a data frame means that to access its rows or columns. One can extract a
specific column from a data frame using its column name.

Expanding Data Frame

A data frame in R can be expanded by adding new columns and rows to the already existing
data frame.

Use Of Bind

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LAB 4
PERFORM COMPUTATIONS OF MATRICES IN R.
1. Create two 2x3 matrices column wise and perform addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division.

Addition

Subtraction

Multiplication

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Division

2. Create two 2x3 matrices row wise and perform the addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division.

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Scalar Multiplication:

Multiplying Matrices:

Mutiplying Matrices With Vector:

Multiplying Matrices Using Operators:

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LAB 5
CONTROL STRUCTURES IN R
In R programming, there are 8 types of control statements as follows:
1. if condition
2. if-else condition
3. for loop
4. nested loops
5. while loop
6. repeat and break statement
7. return statement
8. next statement

• If-condition

• If-else condition

• for loop

• Repeat loop and break condition

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• While loop

• return statement

• next, break

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• Compare two numbers

• Find out Positive, Negative and Zero for given Numbers

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LAB 6

IMPLEMENT DATA IMPORT AND EXPORT FUNCTIONALITY IN

R

Importing Data in R
First, let’s consider a data set that we can use for the demonstration. For this demonstration,
we will use two examples of a single dataset, one in .csv form and another .txt

Importing Data in R Script

Reading a Comma-Separated Value (CSV) File

Method 1: Using read.csv() Function Read CSV Files into R

The function has two parameters:
 file.choose(): It opens a menu to choose a CSV file from the desktop.
 header: It is to indicate whether the first row of the dataset is a variable name or
not. Apply T/True if the variable name is present else put F/False

Method 2: Using read.table() Function

This function specifies how the dataset is separated, in this case we take sep=”, “ as an
argument.

1.Importing Comma Separated Value(CSV) file

2. Importing Text File

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Exporting Data from R Scripts

When a program is terminated, the entire data is lost. Storing in a file will preserve one’s
data even if the program terminates. If one has to enter a large number of data, it will take a
lot of time to enter them all. However, if one has a file containing all the data, he/she can
easily access the contents of the file using a few commands in R. One can easily move his
data from one computer to another without any changes. So those files can be stored in
various formats. It may be stored in .txt(tab-separated value) file, or in a tabular format
i.e .csv(comma-separated value) file or it may be on the internet or cloud. R provides very
easy methods to export data to those files.

1. Exporting to Comma Separated Value (CSV) file

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LAB 7

APPLYING THE BASIC VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUES IN R TO

UNDERSTAND DATA

1. Bar Plot
A)

B)

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C)

2. Histogram
A)

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B)

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C)

3. Pie chart
A)

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B)

C)

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D)

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LAB 8
Apply some advanced visualization techniques in R to analyse
the data

1.Line Chart - Data Set used: pressure (inbuilt)

2.Scatter Plot - Data Set used: air quality (inbuilt)

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3.Box Plot - Data Set used: mtcars (inbuilt)

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Lab 9
Mini Project
(COVID19 CASES IN CHINA IN FEB 2020)

Dataset Used- Covid19Data

Introduction:
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has led to
unprecedented global health challenges since its emergence in late 2019. China, as the initial
epicenter of the outbreak, has been at the forefront of battling and managing the spread of the
virus. This dataset aims to provide a comprehensive overview of COVID-19 cases across
various regions in China, offering insights into the geographical distribution, temporal trends,
and impact of control measures implemented by authorities.
I have found this dataset on kraggle.

Importing the Data Set and Analysing it:

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Confirmed Cases:
A. Bar graph

B. Histogram

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C. Pie chart

Deaths:

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A. Bar graph

B. Histogram

C. Pie Chart

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Recovered cases:

A. Bar graph

B. Histogram

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C. Pie Chart

Line Graph Analysis & Visualization

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Scatter Plot Analysis & Visualization

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Box Plot Analysis & Visualization

Observation:

The dataset encompasses data collected from diverse regions within China, spanning from the
onset of the pandemic to the present. It includes information such as the number of confirmed
cases, recoveries, fatalities, testing rates, and demographic characteristics of affected
individuals. Analysis of the data reveals spatial variations in the intensity and trajectory of the
outbreak, with some regions experiencing higher infection rates and mortality rates compared
to others. Temporal analysis highlights the evolution of the pandemic over time, including the
emergence of new variants, the efficacy of vaccination campaigns, and the effectiveness of
containment measures such as lockdowns and social distancing protocols.

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Conclusion:

In conclusion, the dataset provides valuable insights into the dynamics of COVID-19
transmission and control efforts in different regions of China. By analyzing the data,
policymakers, researchers, and public health officials can better understand the factors
influencing the spread of the virus and develop targeted strategies to mitigate its impact.
Moreover, the dataset serves as a resource for future studies aimed at improving pandemic
preparedness, response mechanisms, and public health interventions to combat emerging
infectious diseases.

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