Project Report
Sub: Embedded System Design Year: SY BTech
Div D
GROUP MEMBERS:
Title: Plant Watering System
Introduction
A smart plant watering system automates the process of watering
plants based on environmental conditions, ensuring optimal moisture
levels for plant health. This project uses an ESP32 microcontroller, a soil
moisture sensor, and a temperature and humidity sensor to monitor soil
and environmental conditions. When specific thresholds are met, the
system automatically activates a water pump or sends a notification via
cloud services. This project is ideal for learning about IoT, automation,
and sensor integration in smart agricultural solutions.
Working Principle
The plant watering system operates by continuously monitoring the
soil’s moisture level and environmental conditions. The ESP32, equipped
with built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, gathers data from the soil moisture
sensor and the temperature and humidity sensor. Based on the
readings, the ESP32 triggers actions like turning on a water pump or
sending alerts through cloud platforms like Blynk.
• Flow Process:
1) Initialization: The ESP32 and sensors are initialized.
2) Data Monitoring: Sensors continuously monitor soil moisture,
temperature, and humidity.
3) Threshold Check: The system checks if moisture levels are below
the set threshold.
4) Action Trigger: If moisture is insufficient, the water pump is
activated.
5) Cloud Connectivity: Data is sent to the cloud for real-time
monitoring.
6) Reset and Monitor: After watering, the system resets and resumes
monitoring.
Components Used
1) ESP32: The central microcontroller, responsible for processing sensor
data and controlling the water pump, with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
capabilities for cloud connectivity.
2) Soil Moisture Sensor: Measures the moisture content in the soil,
sending data to the ESP32.
3) Temperature and Humidity Sensor (DHT11/DHT22): Provides real-
time environmental data to optimize watering based on external
conditions.
4) Rain Sensor Module: Detects Rain Drops and sends data to ESP32.
5) Water Pump: Controlled by the ESP32 to irrigate plants automatically
when needed.
6) Relay Module: Allows the ESP32 to control the water pump by acting
as a switch.
7) Power Supply: Provides the necessary voltage for the ESP32 and the
connected components.
8) Breadboard & Jumper Wires: Used for prototyping and connecting
various components.
Software and Libraries Used
1) Arduino IDE: For programming the ESP32.
2) Blynk: For cloud connectivity and real-time monitoring.
3) Libraries:
a) DHT for temperature and humidity sensors.
b) WIFI and Blynk libraries for cloud communication.
Circuit Diagram
System Flow:
1) Start: ESP32 initializes sensors and cloud connection.
2) Monitor: Soil moisture and temperature/humidity data are collected.
3) Analyze: If soil moisture is below threshold, the water pump is
activated.
4) Cloud Update: Data is sent to the cloud for remote monitoring.
5) Reset: System resets and continues monitoring.
Limitations
1) Sensor Accuracy: Variations in soil type may affect sensor accuracy.
2) Environmental Factors: External weather conditions like rain may
cause false triggers.
3) Power Dependence: Requires continuous power supply for effective
operation. 4) Range: Limited by Wi-Fi connectivity range.
Applications
The system has a wide range of practical applications:
1) Smart Agriculture: Automated irrigation in fields and greenhouses.
2) Home Gardens: Maintain optimal soil moisture for indoor and outdoor
plants.
3) Urban Landscaping: Used in parks and urban areas for efficient water
management.
4) Remote Monitoring: Ideal for users who travel and need to monitor
plants from a distance.
Future Improvements
1) AI Integration: Incorporating machine learning algorithms to analyze
patterns and optimize water usage based on plant types and
weather predictions.
2) Wireless Sensors: Using wireless soil moisture sensors for greater
flexibility and reduced wiring complexity.
3) Solar Power: Implementing solar panels for a sustainable, off-grid
solution.
4) Advanced Notifications: Enhancing cloud connectivity with smart
notifications via AI-powered platforms, enabling alerts based on
precise weather forecasts.
Conclusion
The ESP32-based plant watering system offers a smart solution to
maintaining optimal soil conditions, ensuring plant health while
conserving water. By integrating environmental sensors and cloud
connectivity, this system automates irrigation and provides real-time
monitoring, making it a practical application for agriculture, home
gardening, and landscaping. Future advancements in AI and wireless
connectivity will further enhance its efficiency and scalability in smart
farming applications.
DATA SHEET:
Rain Drop Sensor:
General Specifications:
Power Input: +5V DC
Output format: Digital Switching output (0 and 1) Analog voltage
output A0
Area: 50mm x 40mm nickel plate on side
PCB dimension: 32mm x 14mm
VCC Input Supply (+5VDC)
GND Ground
DO Digital Output (0- rain drops detected) (1-No rain drops
detected)
AO Analog Output (0-1023)
Soil Moisture Sensor:
General Specifications:
Operating Voltage: 3.3V to 5V DC
Operating Current: 15mA
Output Digital: 0V to 5V, Adjustable trigger level from preset
Output Analog: 0V to 5V based on infrared radiation from fire
flame falling on the sensor
PCB Size: 3.2cm x 1.4cm
The Vcc pin powers the module, typically
VCC 1
with +5V
GND 2 Power Supply Ground
DO 3 Digital Out Pin for Digital Output
AO 4 Analog Out Pin for Analog Output
LM393 based design
DHT 11 Sensor:
1 Vcc Power supply 3.5V to 5.5V
2 Data Outputs both Temperature
and Humidity through serial
Data
3 NC No Connection and hence not
used
4 Ground Connected to the ground of
the circuit
For DHT11 Sensor module
1 Vcc Power supply 3.5V to 5.5V
2 Data Outputs both Temperature
and Humidity through serial
Data
3 Ground Connected to the ground of
the circuit
DHT11 Specifications
Operating Voltage: 3.5V to 5.5V
Operating current: 0.3mA (measuring) 60uA (standby)
Output: Serial data
Temperature Range: 0°C to 50°C
Humidity Range: 20% to 90%
Resolution: Temperature and Humidity both are 16-bit
Accuracy: ±1°C and ±1%
Relay Module:
Single-Channel Relay Module Specifications
Supply voltage – 3.75V to 6V
Quiescent current: 2mA
Current when the relay is active: ~70mA
Relay maximum contact voltage – 250VAC or 30VDC
Relay maximum current – 10A
