Two phase flow pressure drop in pipelines API-RP14E

The two phase flow density calculation

𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟎∗𝑺𝑳 ∗𝑷+𝟐.𝟕∗𝑹∗𝑺𝒈
𝜌𝑚 =
𝟏𝟗𝟖.𝟕∗𝑷+𝑹∗𝑻∗𝒁
𝑷 = operating pressure, psia.
𝐓= operating temperature, R.
Z= gas compressibility factor, dimensionless.
𝜌𝑚 = gas/liquid mixture density at flowing pressure and temperature, lbs/ft3 .
R = gas liquid ratio, ft3/barrel at standard conditions.
𝑺𝒈 = gas specific gravity (air = i).
𝑺𝑳 = liquid specific gravity (water = 1).
Two phase flow pressure drop in pipelines API-RP14E

Minimum pipe line cross section to avoid erosion

𝑹∗𝑻∗𝒁
𝟗.𝟑𝟓+
𝟐𝟏.𝟐𝟓∗𝑷
A=
𝐕𝐞

A = minimum pipe cross-sectional flow area required, in2/1000 barrels liquid per day.
𝑉𝑒 = fluid erosional velocity, feet/second.
𝑷 = operating pressure, psia.
𝐓= operating temperature, R.
Z= gas compressibility factor, dimensionless.
R = gas liquid ratio, ft3/barrel at standard conditions.
Two phase flow minimum cross section area API-RP14E

𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝐴𝐶𝐹𝐷
R( gas /liquid ratio) =
𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝐵𝑃𝐷
Two phase flow pressure drop in pipelines API-RP14E

The pressure drop. The pressure drop in a two-phase steel pi ing system may be estimated using a simplified darcy
equation from the GPSA Engineer- ing Data Book (1981 Revision).

𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟔∗𝒇∗𝑾𝟐
∆𝑷 =
𝒅𝟓 ∗𝝆𝒎
∆𝑷 = pressure drop (psi/100ft).
𝐝 = pipe inside diameter (inch).
F = Moody friction factor.
𝜌𝑚 = gas/liquid mixture density at flowing pressure and temperature, lbs/ft3 .
W = total liquid plus vapor rate, lbs/hr
W may be calculated using the following derived equation: where:

W = 3180*𝑸𝒈 ∗ 𝑺𝒈 +𝟏𝟒. 𝟔 ∗ 𝑸𝑳 ∗ 𝑺𝑳
𝑸𝒈 = gas flow rate, million cubic feet/day (14.7 psia and 60°F).
𝑺𝒈 = gas specific gravity (air = i).
𝑸𝑳 = liquid flow rate, barrels/day.
𝑺𝑳 = liquid specific gravity (water = 1).
Piping system curve
Minor losses: Major losses:
Due to pressure drop across fitting and resistive elements Due to pressure drop across pipelines
such as: elbows, tees, branch connections, valves,
orifices, heat exchangers, scrubbers, sudden expansion , 𝐋 𝐕𝟐
sudden contraction, ------- ∆𝐡𝐩𝐢𝐩𝐞 =𝐟𝐩𝐢𝐩𝐞 * ∗
𝐃 𝟐𝐠
𝟏 𝐋
𝐕𝟐
∆𝐏𝐦𝐚𝐣𝐨𝐫 =𝐟𝐩𝐢𝐩𝐞 ∗ 𝛑 𝟐
∗ *𝐐𝟐 *𝛒
∆𝐡𝐟𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 =𝐤 𝐟𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 ∗ 𝟐∗ 𝐃𝟓
𝟐𝐠 𝟒
𝟏
∆𝐏𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐨𝐫 = σ 𝐊𝐟𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 ∗ *𝐐𝟐 *𝛒
𝟐∗𝐀𝟐
D = pipe nominal size (feet).
L = actual length of pipe (feet).
psi(ib/in2) = psf(ib/ft2)/144 ∆P = pressure drop (ib/ft2).
V = velocity (ft/s).
ρ = density (ib/ft3)= 62.32 ib/ft3 for water.
psi∗2.31 Q = flow rate (ft3/s).
Head loss (ft)=
sp. gravity ∆h = head loss (ft).
g = gravitational constant ( 32.174 ft/sec2).
fpipe = friction factor ( Moody chart).
Head loss (∆𝐡𝐩𝐢𝐩𝐞 )

𝐋 𝐕𝟐
∆𝐡𝐩𝐢𝐩𝐞 =𝐟𝐩𝐢𝐩𝐞 ∗ ∗
𝐝 𝟐𝐠
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟑 ∗ 𝐋 ∗ (𝐛𝐩𝐡)𝟐
∆𝐡𝐩𝐢𝐩𝐞 =𝐟𝐩𝐢𝐩𝐞 ∗
𝒅𝟓
𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟏𝟐 ∗ 𝐋 ∗ (𝐠𝐩𝐦)𝟐
∆𝐡𝐩𝐢𝐩𝐞 =𝐟𝐩𝐢𝐩𝐞 ∗
𝒅𝟓

d= pipe nominal size (inch).

V= velocity (ft/s).
ρ= density (ib/ft3)= 62.32 ib/ft3 for water.
L= actual length of pipe (feet).
g = gravitational constant ( 32.174 ft/sec2).
fpipe = friction factor ( Moody chart).
Friction factor
Friction factor

𝟏 Ɛ 𝟐. 𝟓𝟏
= −𝟐 ∗ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 ∗ +
𝐟 𝟑. 𝟕𝐃 𝐑𝐧 ∗ 𝐟

𝐕∗𝐃 𝐕∗𝐃∗𝛒 D= pipe nominal size (feet).

𝐑𝐧 = = d = pipe nominal size (inch).
𝛝 𝛍∗𝟑𝟐.𝟏𝟕𝟒
𝟑𝟏𝟔𝟐 ∗ (𝐠𝐩𝐦) V= velocity (ft/s).
𝐑𝐧 = ρ = density (ib/ft3)= 62.32 ib/ft3 for water.
𝐝∗𝐤 𝜇 = dynamic viscosity (ib-s/ft2).
𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟒 ∗ (𝐛𝐩𝐡) 𝜗 = kinematic viscosity (ft2/s).
𝐑𝐧 = 𝑘 =kinematic viscosity (centistokes).
𝐝∗𝐤 Ɛ = absolute roughness (feet).
𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟖𝟓 ∗ (𝐠𝐩𝐦)
𝐕=
𝒅𝟐
𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟗 ∗ (𝐛𝐩𝐡)
𝑽=
𝒅𝟐
 Velocity Head (∆𝐡𝐟𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 )
𝐕𝟐
∆𝐡𝐟𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 = =0.0155*𝐕 𝟐
𝟐𝐠
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟕 ∗ (𝐛𝐩𝐡)𝟐
∆𝐡𝐟𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 =
𝐝𝟒
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟗 ∗ (𝐠𝐩𝐦)𝟐
∆𝐡𝐟𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 =
𝐝𝟒

d= pipe nominal size (inch).

V= velocity (ft/s).
g = gravitational constant ( 32.174 ft/sec2).
Equivalent length of pipe and fittings-table x
Equivalent length of fittings-feet- table 1
 Piping system curve

The system curve shows the head required to make the fluid flow through the
system of the piping, valves, fittings, orifices, and resistive element such as
vessels, heat exchangers, coolers , heaters, filters, strainers, -----
The head in a typical system is made of
1. Static head (positive for suction lift and negative for suction head)
2. Pressure head (positive down-stream the pump and negative up- stream
the pump)
3. All losses ( minor, major, and resistive elements)
 Piping system curve

Total system head = ∆𝐡𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 + ∆𝐡𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 + ∆𝐡𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐨𝐫 + ∆𝐡𝐦𝐚𝐣𝐨𝐫 + resistive

element looses.
∆𝐡𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 = pressure at the end of line – pressure at start point of the line
∆𝐡𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 = elevation at the end point – elevation at suction
Orifice and venturi mass flow rates for liquid and gas according ISO 5167 :

𝑞𝑚 = mass flow rate (kg/s)

𝑞𝑣 = volume flow rate (m3 /s)
C = Orifice or venturi discharge coefficient
b = orifice bore diameter (m)
β = beta ratio =d/D
D = pipe inner diameter (m)
ρ1 = upstream density (kg/m3 ) [the fluid density at the temperature and pressure for which the volume is stated]
ε = expansibility [expansion] factor[ε =1 for liquid]
∆p = pressure drop (Pa)
 Control valve flow-pressure drop equation

𝑞𝑚 = mass flow rate (kg/h)

𝑞𝑣 = volume flow rate (m3 /h)
ρ1 = upstream density (kg/m3 ) [the fluid density at the temperature and pressure for which the volume is stated]
ε = expansibility [expansion] factor[ε =1 for liquid]
∆p = pressure drop (kPa)
Cv = valve coefficient from manufacture table at required valve % opening (gpm/psi1/2 )
 Control valve flow-pressure drop equation for liqiud

SG

qv = volume flow rate (gpm)

SG = liquid specific gravity [ratio of density of liquid at flowing temperature to density of water at 60°C]
∆p = pressure drop (psi)
Cv = valve coefficient from manufacture table at required valve % opening (gpm/psi1/2 )
 Example- fitting equivalent length and constant friction factor
Water is service fluid= SG=1
Commercial carbon steel
Flow rate=37 gpm
Pipe diameter= 2 inch pressure head= 26 psig Control valve
= 60 feet ∆p
qvalve = Cv [gpm]
SG
∆pvalve = 2*SG*q valve 2 [psi]
At valve opening of 50% CV=2 2.31
∆hvalve = (0.25*qvalve 2 )*( ) [feet]
SG

L= 5 feet
Fittings from table 1 (equivalent length method)
Static head=70 feet

1 Gate valve loss= 2 feet

1 Check valve loss= 17 feet
3 long elbows=3*5=15 feet
Friction head= 18.9 feet Sudden enlargement=7 feet
L= 7 feet

gate check Sudden contraction=3 feet

Fitting total head loss= 2+17+15+7+3=44 feet
Major losses
𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟏𝟐∗𝐋∗(𝐠𝐩𝐦)𝟐
∆𝐡𝐩𝐢𝐩𝐞 = 𝐟𝐩𝐢𝐩𝐞 ∗ = 𝐟𝐩𝐢𝐩𝐞 *0.03112*(7+10+20+5)*q2/(25)
pressure head= 0 psig L= 10 feet 𝒅𝟓
L= 20 feet
=0.041 ∗ 𝐟𝐩𝐢𝐩𝐞 * q2

Total head loss=70 + 60 + 44+ (0.58 +(0.041 ∗ 𝐟𝐩𝐢𝐩𝐞 ))*q2

• (fittings losses assumed fixed with flow rate variations)

• If fitting loss coefficient is known, head loss variation with flow rate
across the fitting could be stated.
• In case of pipe diameter change, the loop is segmented and head
loss separately calculated for each segment and major losses are
finally summed as a function of flow rate and friction factor.
• For considering the 𝐟𝐩𝐢𝐩𝐞 is varied with flow rate Reynold number
should be calculated for each flow and using Moody chart to
calculate the relevant 𝐟𝐩𝐢𝐩𝐞 .
 Example- fitting head loss and friction factor variations with flow
Water is service fluid= SG=0.99 -Commercial carbon steel -ε= 0.00015 feet- Pipe diameter D= 2/12 feet

fr.
Flow ε/D ρ µ k Rn factor(ϝ) 1/sqrt(ϝ) -2log[(ε/3.7d)+(2.51/Re.sqrt(ϝ))] ∆hpipe Major losses
gpm g/cm3 cp c.Stokes feet 𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟏𝟐∗𝐋∗(𝐠𝐩𝐦)𝟐
∆𝐡𝐩𝐢𝐩𝐞 = 𝐟𝐩𝐢𝐩𝐞 ∗ = 𝐟𝐩𝐢𝐩𝐞 *0.03112*(42)*q2/(25)
𝒅𝟓
5 0.0009 0.99 0.89 0.89899 8793 0.0334 5.4685 5.4874 0.03
10 0.0009 0.99 0.89 0.89899 17586 0.0287 5.9028 5.9286 0.12 =0.041 ∗ 𝐟𝐩𝐢𝐩𝐞 * q2
15 0.0009 0.99 0.89 0.89899 26380 0.0265 6.1430 6.1642 0.24 𝟑𝟏𝟔𝟐 ∗ (𝐠𝐩𝐦)
𝐑=
20 0.0009 0.99 0.89 0.89899 35173 0.0245 6.3888 6.3108 0.40 𝐝∗𝐤
25 0.0009 0.99 0.89 0.89899 43966 0.0243 6.4150 6.4301 0.62 𝟏 Ɛ 𝟐. 𝟓𝟏
30 0.0009 0.99 0.89 0.89899 52759 0.0235 6.5233 6.5136 0.86 = −𝟐 ∗ 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟏𝟎 ∗ +
𝐟 𝟑. 𝟕𝐃 𝐑𝐧 ∗ 𝐟
35 0.0009 0.99 0.89 0.89899 61552 0.0243 6.4148 6.5937 1.22
40 0.0009 0.99 0.89 0.89899 70346 0.0229 6.6111 6.6391 1.50 • Calculate Reynold No. (Rn)
45 0.0009 0.99 0.89 0.89899 79139 0.0222 6.7116 6.6819 1.84 • Assume f
𝟏
• Let x=
𝐟
Ɛ 𝟐.𝟓𝟏
• Let y= −𝟐 ∗ 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟑.𝟕𝐃 +
𝐑𝐧∗ 𝐟
• Change f until x=y within a target digit to fulfill the required accuracy.
Pump performance curves

Pump power Pump laws

Mass flow rate∗head For constant pump diameter and efficiency
Powerhydraulic =
33,000 q1 N1
=
gpm ∗ head ∗ SG q 2 N2
Powerbrake =
3,960 ∗ pump efficiency h1 N1 2
=
h2 N2
bpd ∗ head ∗ SG
Powerbrake = p1 N1 3
135,768 ∗ pump efficiency =
p2 N2
For constant pump speed and efficiency
gpm ∗ pressure head q1 D
Powerbrake =
1,714 ∗ pump efficiency = D1
q2 2
2
bpd ∗ pressure head h1 D1
Powerbrake = =
58,800 ∗ pump efficiency h2 D2
3
p1 D1
pump brake power =
Motor𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = p2 D2
motor efficiency q = flow rate
N = speed
Power = (hp) h = head
mass flow rate = (ib/min) p= hydraulic power
Head = (ft) D = pump diameter
pressure head = psi
gpm = gallon per minutes
bpd = barrel per day
SG = specific gravity
Pump performance curves

Pump laws
For constant pump diameter and efficiency
q1 N1
=
q2 N2
h1 N1 2
=
h2 N2
p1 N1 3
=
p2 N2
For constant pump speed and efficiency
q1 D
= D1
q2 2
2
h1 D1
=
h2 D2
3
p1 D1
=
p2 D2
q = flow rate
N = speed
h = head
p= hydraulic power
D = pump diameter
Pump NPSHs NPSHA
Flooded suction
ha = 33.96 ft
Atmospheric pressure
water @ 68° F
h va = 0.783 ft NPSHA = ha - hva + hst - hfs (ft)
hst = 10 ft
hfs = 2.92 ft Suction lift

NPSHA = 33.96 - 0.783 + 10 - 2.92 = 40.26 ft NPSHA = ha -hva -hst -hfs (ft)
10 ft

NPSHA = Net Positive Suction Head Available (ft)

NPSHA > NPSHR h a = absolute suction pressure (ft)
hva = the vapor pressure (ft)
hst = the static head (ft)
hfs = suction minor and major losses (ft)

hst > ha - hva - NPSHR - hfs