2.

Sexual Reproduction
in Flowering Plants

Biology Smart Booklet

Theory + NCERT MCQs + NEET PYQs

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 Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants

Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants:

• Sexual reproduction is the process by which new organisms are formed from
the fusion of male and female gametes from two parents.
• The flower is the primary reproductive structure. Within the flowers, the
reproductive organs, or sporophylls, are produced.
• Sporophylls are classified into two types: microsporophylls (stamen) and
megasporophylls (carpel).
• A carpel is an ovary that contains an ovule, a style, and a stigma.
• There are three types of stamen: filament, anther, and connective.
• Stamen is distinguished as filament, anther and connective.

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants can be broken down into

three steps:
• Pre-fertilization
• Double fertilization
• Post-fertilization

Pre-fertilization:
Several structural and hormonal changes lead to formation and development of
the floral primordium. Inflorescence is formed that bears floral buds and then
flower. In flowers, male (androecium) and female (gynoecium) differentiate and
develops in which male and female gametes are produced.

Stamen, Microsporangium and Pollen Grain:

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 • Stamen consists of long and slender stalk called filament and generally
bilobed anthers. Each lobe contains two theca (dithecious).
• The anther is four-sided structure consisting of four microsporangia, two in
each lobes.
• Microsporangia develop further and become pollen sacs which contain
pollen grains.
• A typical angiosperm anther is bilobed with each lobe having two theca,
i.e., they are dithecous.
• The anther is a four-sided (tetragonal) structure consisting of four
microsporangia located at the corners, two in each lobe.
• The microsporangia develop further and become pollen sacs.

Structure of microsporangium:
A typical microsporangium appears near circular in outline It is generally
surrounded by four wall layers epidermis, endothecium, middle layers and the
tapetum. The outer three wall layers perform the function of protection and help
in dehiscence of anther to release the pollen. The innermost wall layer is the
tapetum. It nourishes the developing pollen grains. When the anther is young, a
group of compactly arranged homogenous cells called the sporogenous tissue
occupies the center of each microsporangium.

Microsporogenesis: The process of formation of microspores from a pollen mother

cell through meiosis is called microsporogenesis The microspores, as they are
formed, are arranged in a cluster of four cells–the microspore tetrad As the anthers
mature and dehydrate, the microspores dissociate from each other and develop
into pollen grains.

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Pollen grain: The pollen grains represent the male gametophytes Pollen grains are
generally spherical measuring about 25-50 micrometers in diameter. It has a
prominent two-layered wall. The hard outer layer called the exine is made up of
sporopollenin which is one of the most resistant organic materials known. It can
withstand high temperatures and strong acids and alkali. Pollen grain exine has
prominent apertures called germ pores the inner wall of the pollen grain is called
the intine. It is a thin and continuous layer made up of cellulose and pectin.

When the pollen grain is mature it contains two cells, the vegetative cell and
generative cell The generative cell is small and floats in the cytoplasm of the
vegetative cell.

The Pistil, Megasporangium (ovule) and Embryo sac:

The gynoecium represents the female reproductive part of the flower.

Monocarpellary or Multicarpellary: The gynoecium may consist of a single pistil

Monocarpellary or may have more than one pistil multicarpellary.

Syncarpous or Apocarpous: When there are more than one, the pistils may be
fused together syncarpous or may be free apocarpous.

Each pistil has three parts: The stigma, style, and ovary.

The stigma serves as a landing platform for pollen grains. The style is the elongated
slender part beneath the stigma. The basal bulged part of the pistil is the ovary.

Inside the ovary is the ovarian cavity The placenta is located inside the ovarian
cavity Arising from the placenta are the megasporangia, commonly called
ovules.

The Megasporangium:
The ovule is a small structure attached to the placenta by means of a stalk called
funicle. The body of the ovule fuses with funicle in the region called hilum Each
ovule has one or two protective envelopes called integuments. Integuments
encircle the ovule except at the tip where a small opening called the micropyle is
organized. Opposite the micropylar end, is the chalaza, Enclosed within the
integuments is a mass of cells called the nucellus. Located in the nucellus is the
embryo sac or female gametophyte.

Megasporogenesis:

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The process of formation of megaspores from the megaspore mother cell is called
megasporogenesis. Ovules generally differentiate a single megaspore mother cell
(MMC) in the micropylar region of the nucellus. It is a large cell containing dense
cytoplasm and a prominent nucleus. The MMC undergoes meiotic division. Meiosis
results in the production of four megaspores.

Embryo Sac:
This method of embryo sac formation from a single megaspore is termed
monosporic development. The nucleus of the functional megaspore divides
mitotically to form two nuclei which move to the opposite poles, forming the 2-
nucleate embryo sac. and the formation of the 4-nucleate and later the 8-
nucleate stages of the embryo sac. After the 8-nucleate stage, cell walls are laid
down leading to the organization of the typical female gametophyte or embryo
sac. Six of the eight nuclei are surrounded by cell walls and organized into cells the
remaining two nuclei, called polar nuclei are situated below the egg apparatus
in the large central cell. Three cells are grouped together at the micropylar end
and constitute the egg apparatus. consists of two synergids and one egg cell.
Three cells are at the chalazal end and are called the antipodals. a typical
angiosperm embryo sac, at maturity, though 8-nucleate is 7-celled.

Pollination
Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma.

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Autogamy: Transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma of same flower.
Produce two types of flower.

Cleistogamous: Flower which do not open. cleistogamous flowers are

autogamous as there is no chance of cross-pollen landing on the stigma.
Cleistogamous flowers produce assured seed-set even in the absence of
pollinators. e.g., Viola (common pansy), Oxalis, and Commelina.

Chasmogamous: Flowers which are similar to flowers of other species with

exposed anthers and stigma

Geitonogamy: Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of different flower

of same plant. Geitonogamy is functionally cross-pollination involving a
pollinating agent, genetically it is similar to autogamy since the pollen grains
come from the same plant.

Xenogamy: Transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma of different plant’s

flower of same species.

Agents of pollination: It includes abiotic (water, wind) and biotic (insects, butterfly,
honeybee etc. large number of pollen grains are produced by plants using abiotic
mode of pollination as most of pollen grains are wasted during transfer.

Adaptations in flowers for Pollination

Wind Pollination:

• Pollen grains: Light, non- sticky, winged

• Anther: Well exposed
• Stigma: Large and feathery
• Flower: One ovule, arranged as inflorescence

Example: corn cob, cotton, date palm

Water Pollination:

Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Algae.

Pollen grains: protected by mucilaginous covering.

Example: Fresh water plants- Vallisneria, Hydrilla Sea grass- Zostera

Main features of wind and water pollinated plants:

• Produce pollen grains in large no.

• Do not produce nectar.

Insect Pollination:

• Flowers: Large, colorful, fragrant, rich in nectar.

• Pollen grains: Sticky.
• Stigma: Sticky.

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Certain rewards to pollinators

• Nectar and (edible) pollen grains as foods.

• Provide safe place for laying eggs.
• Example: Amorphophallus, Yucca.

Outbreeding Devices:
The various mechanisms take discourage self-pollination and encourage cross
pollination as continued self-pollination leads to inbreeding depression. It includes

• Pollen release and stigma receptivity not synchronized.

• Anther and stigma are placed at different position.
• Inhibiting pollen germination in pistil.
• Production of unisexual flowers.

Pollen pistil interaction:

The pistil has ability to recognize the compatible pollen to initiate post pollination
events that leads to fertilization. Pollen grain produce pollen tube through germ
pores to facilitate transfer of male gametes to embryo sac.

Artificial Hybridization:
• Crossing diff varieties of species- Hybrid individual- with desirable
characters of the parent plants
• Desired pollen grains for pollination- stigma protected from contamination
• Emasculation: Removal of anther.
• Bagging: Flower covered- bag made up of butter-prevent contamination
of stigma from unwanted pollen.
• Bagged flower- attains receptivity- mature pollen grains- dusted on the

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 stigma – rebagged- fruits allowed to develop.

Double Fertilization:
After entering the one of the synergids, each pollen grain releases two male
gametes. One male gametes fuse with egg (Syngamy) and other male gametes
fuse with two polar nuclei (triple fusion) to produce triploid primary endosperm
nucleus (PEN). Since two types of fusion takes place in an embryo sac the
phenomenon is called double fertilization. The PEN develops into the endosperm
and zygote develops into embryo.

Post fertilization events: Include endosperm and embryo development,

maturation of ovules into seeds and ovary into fruits.

Endosperm:
The primary endosperm cell divides many times to forms triploid endosperm tissue
having reserve food materials.

Two types of endosperm development:

• Free nuclear type (common method).

• Cellular type.

Non-albuminous: Endosperm completely utilized- before maturation of seeds. e.g

pea, groundnut.

Albuminous: A portion of endosperm remain in mature seeds. e.g wheat, maize,

castor.

Embryo:
Embryo develops at the micropylar end of the embryo sac where the zygote is
located.

Embryogeny: Early stages of embryo development. The zygote gives rise to the
proembryo and subsequently to the globular, heart-shaped, and mature embryo.

Embryo consists of:

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 • Embryonal axis.
• Cotyledons.
• Plumule
• Radicle

Seed:
Fertilized and mature ovule develops into seed.

Monocotyledonous Seed:

• Scutellem: Cotyledon
• Coleorrhiza: Undifferentiated sheath covering radical & root cap
• Coleoptile: Sheath covering plumule

Seed consists of: Cotyledon(s), embryonal axis, Seed coat- double layered-
formed by integuments. Testa (outer coat), Tegmen (inner coat).

Micropyle: Small opening on seed coat, it facilitates entry of H2O & O2 into seeds
(for germination).

Hilum: Scar on seed coat.

Seed: Albuminous/ Non-Albuminous.

Perisperm: Remnants of nucellus that is persistent. e.g., Black pepper.

Dormancy: State of inactivity.

Pericarp: The wall of ovary develops into wall of fruit called pericarp. In true fruits
only ovary contributes in fruit formation by in false fruit thalamus also contributes in
fruit formation.

Apomixis: Form of asexual reproduction- mimics sexual reproduction- seed formed

without fertilization

Formation of apomictic seeds: Diploid cell (formed without meiosis)- develop into
embryo without fertilization. Cells of nucellus (2n) surrounding embryo sac-
protrude into embryo sac- develop into embryos. e.g., Citrus and Mango.
Polyembryony: Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed, often associated with
apomixes. Ex: Citrus, groundnut.

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 NCERT LINE BY LINE QUESTIONS
1. The end products of sexual reproduction is/ are – Page No.-20, Easy
A) Fruit B) Seeds C) Flower D) A & B both
2.1 Flower
2. Floriculture deals with –
A) Flower B) Seed culture C) Fruit D) Both B & C
Page No.-20, Easy
3. Page No.-20, Easy

(a) (b) (c) (d)

A Style Filament Stigma Ovary
B Filament Style Ovary Stigma
C Filament Style Thalamus Anther
D Style Filament Stigma Ovule

2.2.2 The pistil, Megasporangium

(Ovule) and Embryo sac
4. Choose incorrect statement –
A) Several hormonal & structural changes are initiated which lead to redifferentiation and
further development of the floral primordium.
B) Inflorescences are formed which bear the floral buds and then the flower
C) In the flower male and female reproductive structures, the androecium and the gynoecium
differentiate and develop
D) None of these
Page No.-20, Easy
5. Reproductive organ of flower doesnot comprises-
A) Androecium B) Stamen C) Gynoecium D) Tepals
Page No.-21, Easy
2.2.1 Stamen, Microsporangium & Pollen grains
6. A typical angiosperm anther is _______ with each lobe having _______ theca i.e. they are
______
A) Bilobed, two, dithecous
B) Dithecous, two, bilobed
C) Bilobed , four, dithecous
D) Dithecous, four, bilobed
Page No.-21, Easy
7. Often theca is separated by
A) Transverse groove

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 B) Longitudinal groove
C) Diagonal groove
D) All of these
Page No.-21, Easy
8. The dithecous consist of ______microsporangia located at the corners,________ in each lobe.
A) Two, one B) Two, two
C) Four, two D) Both A & C
Page No.-21, Easy
9. Arrange microsporangial wall in sequence of outside to inside
A) Epidermis, middle layer, endothecium, tapetum
B) Epidermis, endothecium, middle layer, tapetum
C) Epidermis, middle layer, tapetum, endothecium
D) Endothecium, middle layer, tapetum, epidermis
Page No.-21, Easy
10. How many of microsporangial wall perform function of protection and help in dehiscence of
anther to release pollen
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
Page No.-21, Easy
11. ________ is responsible for nourishment of pollen grain.
A) Tapetum B) Endothecium C) Epidermis D) Middle layer
Page No.-21, Easy
12. Which of the following undergo meiotic division to form microspore tetrad
A) Sporogenous tissue B) Generative tissue
C) MicrosporeD) A & B
Page No.-21, Easy
13.

a B C d e
A Tapetum Microspore endothecium epidermis Middle
mother cell layer
B Tapetum Microspore epidermis endothecium Middle
mother cell layer
C Tapetum Middle layer Microspore endothecium epidermis
mother cell
D epidermis Middle layer Microspore endothecium Tapetum
mother cell
Page No.-22, Medium
14. Microsporogenesis –
A) Process of formation of microspore
B) Development of pollen grain from pollen mother cell

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 C) It involve meiosis
D) All of these
Page No.-22, Easy
15. Pollen grain represents –
A) Male gametophyte
B) Male sporophyte
C) Female gametophyte
D) Female sporophyte
Page No.-22, Easy
16. Choose correct about pollen grain walli)
i) It has two layered prominent wall
ii) Hard outer layered prominent wall
iii) Exine is composed of sporopollenin
iv) Sporopollenin form continuous exine
A) i, ii, iii, iv B) i, ii, iii C) i, iii D) i & iv
Page No.-22, Medium
17. Sporopollenin is absent in –
A) Intine B) Germpore C) Exine D) A & B both
Page No.-23, Medium
18. Pollen grains are well preserved as fossil because of
A) Presence of intine
B) Presence of germpore
C) Presence of sporopollenin
D) All of these
Page No.-23, Medium
19. Sporopollenin is degraded by –
A) Engyme
B) High temperature
C) Strong acid & alkali
D) None of these
Page No.-23, Medium
20. Inner wall of pollen grain is –
A) Intine, made up of cellulose & lignin
B) Thin discontinuous intine
C) Both A & B
D) None of these
Page No.-23, Medium
21. When pollen grain mature –
A) It consist of two cell that are two male gamete only.
B) It consist of two cell that are generative & vegetative cell
C) It consist of two cell that are two male gamete arise from vegetative cell and one generative
cell
D) It consist of three cell that are two male gamete develop meiotically from generative cell
and one vegetative cell Page No.-23, Easy
22. Choose incorrect statement among following:
A) In over 60% of angiosperm, pollen grains are shed at 3 – cell stage
B) In over 60% of angiosperm, pollen grains are shed at 2 – cell stage
C) Both A & B
D) None of these Page No.-23, Easy
23. Pollen allergy is not correlated with-

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 A) Cause of parthenium
B) Cause chronic respiratory disorder
C) Carrot grass that come into India as a contaminant with imported rice
D) None of these Page No.-24, Easy
24. Pollen grain of rice is viable upto-
A) 30 min
B) Several month
C) Same as in sonaceae
D) Both B & C Page No.-24, Easy
25. Which temperature is correct to store semen for artificial insemination-
A) 196°C B) -196°C C) 34°C D) 4°C Page No.-24, Easy
2.2 Pre – fertilization : structure & events:
26. Papaver show
i) Multicarpellary
ii) Apocarpous
iii) Syncarpous
iv) Monocarpellary
A) i, ii B) i, iii C) iv, ii D) iv, iii Page No.-24, Easy
27. Given diagram is of –

A) Multicarpellary apocarpous gynoecium of michelia

B) Multicarpellary synocarpous gynoecium of michelia
C) Multicarpellary synocarpous gynoecium of papaver
D) Multicarpellary apocarpous gynoecium of papaver Page No.-25, Easy
28. Which of following serves as a landing platform for pollen grain?
A) Stigma B) Style C) Anther D) Filament Page No.-25, Easy
29. Choose correct statement:
A) Inside the ovary is the ovarian cavity, also known as lodicule
B) Megasporangia is commonly called ovules
C) The placenta is located outside ovarian cavity
D) A & C both Page No.-25, Easy
30. Choose incorrect statement –
A) The number of ovules in an ovary is one in paddy
B) The number of ovules in an ovary is many in papaya

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 C) The number of ovules in an ovary is one in orchid
D) Wheat mango consist of one ovule Page No.-25, Easy
31. Ovule is attached to placenta by –
A) Funicle B) Integument C) Hilum D) Nucellus Page No.-25, Easy
32. Hilum represents the junction between
A) Ovule & ovary B) Ovule & funicle
C) Ovule & integument D) None of these Page No.-25, Easy
33. Chalaza end represent –
A) Basal part of ovule
B) Apical part of ovule
C) Basal part of ovary
D) Apical part of ovary Page No.-25, Easy
34. Female gametophyte of angiosperm represented by –
A) Nucellus B) Embryosac C) Integument D) Both A & B
Page No.-25, Easy
35. An ovile generally has ______ embryo sac formed from a megaspore through ________
division
A) Single, equational B) Single, reductional
C) Four, meiotic D) Four, mitotic Page No.-25, Easy
36. Megasporogenesis is not related to –
A) Formation of megaspore from megaspore mother cell
B) MMC undergoes meiotic division for megaspore
C) Formation of microspore
D) Both A & C Page No.-25, Easy
37. Ovules generally differentiate a single megaspore mother cell in –
A) Chalazal end B) Micropylar region
C) Both A & B D) Integument Page No.-25, Easy
38. In a majority of flowering plants
A) One of the megaspore is functional while other three degenerate
B) All four megaspore can develops into female gametophyte in almost all angiosperm
C) Three megaspore is functional while other one degenerated
D) Both A & B Page No.-26, Easy
39. Monosporic embryo development involve –
A) One functional megaspore
B) One haploid cell formed in egg apparatus
C) Four functional megaspore
D) None of these Page No.-26, Easy
40. Choose correct statement –
A) The nucleus of the functional megaspore divides mitotically to form two nuclei which
move to the opposite poles, forming the 2-nucleate embryo sac
B) Two more sequential mitotic nuclear division in 2-nucleate embryo sac result in formation
of 4- nucleate
C) Mitotic division in embryo sac formation upto 8-celled is strictly free nuclear
D) All of these Page No.-26, Medium
41. How many of eight nuclei of typical embryosac is surrounded by cell wall
A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 7
Page No.-26, Medium
42. Central cell of typical embryosac is situated –
A) Below egg apparatus B) Above egg apparatus
C) At chalazal end D) None of these

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 Page No.-26, Easy
43. Choose the correct about egg apparatus of typical embryosac
A) Situated at micropylar end
B) Consist of three cells
C) Both A & B
D) Consist of all cells having special cellular thickening at micropylar tip
44. Typical embryo-sac of angiosperm at maturity is –
A) 8 celled, 8 nucleate B) 7 celled, 8 nucleate
C) 8 celled, 7 nucleate D) 7 celled, 7 nucleate
Page No.-26, Easy

45.

a b c d e f
A Antipodal Polas Central Egg Synergid Filiform
nuclei cell apparatus
B Antipodal Polas Embryo Egg Synergid Filiform
nuclei sac apparatus
C Antipodal Polas Egg Embryo Filiform Synergid
nuclei sac apparatus
D Antipodal Central Polas Egg Filiform Synergid
cell nuclei apparatus
Page No.-26, Easy
2.2.3 Pollination
46. Pollination is-
A) transfer of motile pollen to stigma
B) transfer of non-motile anther to stigma
C) transfer of motile anther to stigma
D) transfer of non-motile pollen to stigma Page No.-27, Easy
47. Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of same flower is called-
A) Autogamy B) Geitonogany C) Xenogeny D) None of these Page No.-27, Easy
48. Read the given statements-
(i) Autogamy cannot occur in open flower.
(ii) Geitonogany cannot occur in closed flower.
Choose the appropriate answer-
A) (i) is correct but (ii) is wrong

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 B) (i) is wrong but (ii) is correct
C) (i) and (ii) are both correct
D) (i) and (ii) are both wrong Page No.-28, Easy
49. Complete autogamy is rare in-
A) Closed flower B) Open flower
C) Both open and closed flower D) Neither open nor closed flower
Page No.-28, Easy
50. Flowers that do not open at all are called
A) Chasmogamous B) Polygamous
C) Cleistogamous D) Xenogamous Page No.-28, Easy
51. Oxalis produce-
A) Cleistogamous flowers B) Chasmogamous flowers
C) Both (A) and (B) D) Can't say Page No.-28, Easy
52. How many of the given characters are necessarily present in cleistogamous flower.
(i) Anthex and stigma lie close to each other.
(ii) There is synchrony in pollen release and stigma receptivity.
(iii) Lengths of anther and stigma are very different.
(iv) Flower is necessarily dioecious.
(v) Assured seed-set even without pollinators.
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
Page No.-28, Easy
53. Geitonogamy is-
A) Functionally self-pollination and genetically cross-pollination
B) Genetically self-pollination and functionally cross-pollination
C) Cross-pollination both genetically and functionally
D) Self-pollination both genetically and functionally
Page No.-28, Easy
54. Xenogamy is-
A) Functionally self-pollination and genetically cross-pollination
B) Genetically self-pollination and functionally cross-pollination
C) Cross-pollination both genetically and functionally
D) Self-pollination both genetically and functionally
Page No.-28, Easy
55. Autogamy is-
A) Functionally self-pollination and genetically cross-pollination
B) Genetically self-pollination and functionally cross-pollination
C) Cross-pollination both genetically and functionally
D) Self-pollination both genetically and functionally
Page No.-27, Easy
56. Genetically different type of pollen is brought to stigma by-
A) Atutogamy only
B) Geitonogamy only
C) Xenogamy only
D) More than one options Page No.-28, Easy
57. (a) Pollination by abiotic agents is a chance factor.
(b) Pollen is produced in enormous amount as compared to number of ovules.
Choose the best answer.
A) a and b are correct and b is the reason for a
B) a and b are correct and a is the reason for b
C) a is incorrect and b is correct

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 D) b is incorrect and a is correct Page No.-28, Easy
58. Which is more common abiotic agent for pollination-
A) Wind B) Insect C) Water D) Animal
Page No.-28, Easy
59. The pollen grains in wind pollinated plants should be-
A) Heavy and sticky
B) Heavy and non-sticky
C) Light and sticky
D) Light and non-sticky Page No.-28, Easy
60. Wind pollinated flowers often have ____ in each ovary and flowers are after ____.
(i) (ii)
A) Single Single
B) Multiple Single
C) Single packed in inflorescence
D) multiple packed in inflorescence
Page No.-28, Easy
61. The tassels in corn cob are-
A) Filaments of anthers B) Stigma and style
C) Reduced leaf D) Stalk of ovule Page No.-28, Easy
62. Match the columns.
Column-I Column-II
(i) Wind pollination (a) Maize
(ii) Water pollination (b) Hydrilla
(iii) Biotic pollination (c) Monocots
(iv) Freshwater pollination (d) Amorphophallus
A) (i)-d, (ii)-b, (iii)-d, (iv)-c
B) (i)-c, (ii)-d, (iii)-a, (iv)-b
C) (i)-a, (ii)-c, (iii)-d, (iv)-b
D) (i)-b, (ii)-a, (iii)-c, (iv)-d Page No.-28, Easy
63. (a) Distribution of some bryophytes & pteridophytes is limited.
(r) Transport of male gamete in bryophytes & pteridophyte is dependent on water.
Choose the correct options.
A) a and r are correct but r is correct explanation for a
B) a and r are correct but r is not correct explanation for a
C) Both a and r are incorrect
D) a is correct but r is incorrect Page No.-29, Easy
64. Aquatic plants pollinated by water are given, except-
A) Zostera B) Hydrilla
C) Water hyacinth D) More than one option Page No.-29, Easy
65. Pollination in water lily occurs by-
A) Water B) Wind C) Insects D) Both B and C Page No.-29, Easy
66. Choose the correct statements for pollination in sea grasses-
(i) Female flower reach surface of water.
(ii) Female flower remain submerged.
(iii) Pollen released on water surface.
(iv) Pollen release inside water.
(v) Pollen grains are carried passively by water.
(vi) Pollen grains are carried actively in water.
(vii) Most of the pollen reach stigma.
(viii) Some of the pollen reach stigma.

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 A) (i), (iii), (v), (vii) B) (ii), (iv), (vi), (vii)
C) (ii), (iv), (v), (vii) D) (ii), (iv), (v), (viii) Page No.-29, Easy
67. Choose correct statements for pollination in vallisneria-
(i) Female flower reach surface of water.
(ii) Female flower remain submerged.
(iii) Pollen released on water surface.
(iv) Pollen release inside water.
(v) Pollen grains are carried passively by water.
(vi) Pollen grains are carried actively in water.
(vii) Most of the pollen reach stigma.
(viii) Some of the pollen reach stigma.
A) (i), (iii), (v), (vii) B) (ii), (iv), (vi), (vii)
C) (i), (iii), (v), (viii) D) (ii), (iv) (v), (viii) Page No.-29, Easy
68. Requirement for pollen of water pollinated plants are-
(i) Light pollen (ii) Pollen with mucilagenous cover
(iii) Non-sticky pollen (iv) Long ribbon-like pollen
A) (i) and (iii) B) (iii) and (iv) C) (i) and (ii) D) (ii) and (iv)
Page No.-29, Easy
69. Majority of angiosperms use ____ for pollination-
A) Wind B) Water C) Animals D) Both A and B
Page No.-28, Easy
70. Identify the given labels-

(i) (ii)
A) Chasmogamous, autogamy Cleistogamous, allogamy
B) Chasmogamous, allogamy Cleistogamous, autogamy
C) Cleistogamous, autogamy Chasmogamous, allogamy
D) Cleistogmous, allogamy Chasmogamous, autogamy
Page No.-28, Easy
71. The figure shows-
A) Wind pollination in freshwater Vallisnaria
B) Water pollination in marine Hydrilla
C) Water pollination in marine Lostera
D) Water pollination in freshwater Vallineria
Page No.-29, Easy
72. Dominant biotic pollinating agents are-
A) Bees B) Birds C) Butterflies D) Ants Page No.-29, Easy
73. How many of the following may act as pollinators-?
Bees, butterflies, wasps, beetles, leopard, bats, pigeon
A) 5 B) 4 C) 3 D) 2 Page No.-29, Easy
74. Insect-pollinated flowers are-
A) Large, colourful, rich in nectar B) Large, colourless, rich in nectar
C) Small, clustered, fragrant, sticky D) More than one option is correct

19
 Page No.-30, Easy
75. Floral rewards are-
A) Nectar B) Pollen grains
C) Both B and A D) None of these Page No.-30, Easy
76. Floral reward in Amorphophallus is-
A) Nectar B) Safe place to lay-eggs
C) Colourful petals D) Fragrance to attract insects Page No.-31, Easy
77. Which of the statements is true about
(a) Pronuba moth and
(b) Yucca plant?
A) (a) is dependent on (b) for life cycle but the opposite is not true
B) (b) is dependent on a for life cycle but the opposite is not true
C) Both (a) and (b) are interdependent on each other for their life cycle
D) Both (a) and (b) are independent of each other for life cycle
Page No.-30, Easy
78. Outbreeding devices are used to prevent-
A) Self-fertilization B) Cross-pollination
C) Both self and cross pollination D) Xenogamy
Page No.-31, Easy
79. Inbreeding depression is a result of-
A) Self-fertilization followed by cross fertilization
B) Cross-fertilization followed by self fertilization
C) Continued cross-fertilization
D) Continued self-fertilization Page No.-31, Easy
80. Self-pollination can be prevented by separation of anther and stigma in-
A) time (maturity) B) place (position)
C) none of these D) both of these Page No.-31, Easy
81. Self-incompatibility is not-
A) Genetic mechanism
B) Positional separation of anther and stigma
C) Prevention for geitonogamy
D) More than one option Page No.-31, Easy
82. Production of unisexual flowers on a plant assures prevention of-
A) Autogamy only
B) Autogamy and geitonogamy
C) Geitonogamy only
D) Autogamy and Xenogamy Page No.-31, Easy
83. Monoecious plants assures-
A) no autogamy
B) no autogamy and geitonogamy
C) no autogamy and xenogamy
D) no geitonogamy and xenogamy Page No.-31, Easy
84. Dioecious plants assures-
A) no autogamy B) no autogamy and geitonogamy
C) no autogamy and xenogamy D) no geitonogamy and xenogamy
Page No.-31, Easy
85. If a wrong pollen (from other species or self-incompatible) lands on stigma-
A) Pollen germinates but pollen tube cannot grow in style
B) Pollen germinates, grows in style but cannot enter ovary
C) Does not germinate at all

20
 D) Both A and C Page No.-31, Easy
86. When pollen grain germinates and produce pollen tubes
A) Content of pollen grain is distributed uniformly
B) Content of pollen grain move into pollen tube
C) Content of pollen grain is distributed non-uniform, more in pollen grain
D) Content of pollen grain is distributed non-uniformly, more in pollen tube
Page No.-31, Easy
87. Filiform apparatus is present at-
A) Micropylar part of synergid B) Chalazal part of synergid
C) Micropylar part of antipodal D) Chalazal part of antipodal
Page No.-32, Easy
88. Emasculation is done in-
A) Male parent B) Female parent
C) Both male and female parent D) Depends on the project
Page No.-33, Easy
89. The emasculated flowers are bagged to-
A) Protect flower from strong sunlight
B) Protect flower from rain
C) Protect flower from unwanted pollen
D) Protect flower from insects Page No.-33, Easy
90. If female parent produces unisexual flowers, there is-
A) no need of emasculation & bagging
B) need of emasculation & bagging
C) no need of emasculation but bagging is needed
D) no need of bagging but emasculation is needed
Page No.-33, Easy
91. Identify the filiform apparatus in given figure-

A) I B) II C) III D) IV
Page No.-32, Easy
2.3 Double Fertilization
92. Pollen tube release male gametes into-
A) Cytoplasm of Egg cell
B) Nucleus of Egg cell
C) Cytoplasm of Synergids
D) Cytoplasm of Antipodals Page No.-34, Easy
93. Which of the following is incorrect about double fertilization?
A) One male gamete fuses with nucleus of egg cell
B) Syngamy results into dyad of cells
C) Second male gamete move toward polar nuclei
D) Triple fusion results into PEN Page No.-34, Easy
94. Triple fusion is-
A) Fusion of third male gamete with polar nuclei
B) Fusion of three haploid cells

21
 C) Fusion of second male gamete with egg cell
D) Fusion of three haploid nuclei Page No.-34, Easy
95. Which of these is correct?
A) Syngamy = Triple fusion + Double fertilization
B) Double fertilization = Syngamy + Triple fusion
C) Triple fusion = Double fertilization – Syngamy
D) More than one option is correct Page No.-34, Easy
96. Central cell after double fertilization becomes-
A) Zygote B) PEN C) PEC D) Embryo
Page No.-34, Easy
97. Identify the correct labels.

(i) (ii) (iii)

A) Zygote PEN Degenerating antipodals
B) Zygote PEC Degenerating antipodals
C) Zygote PEN Degenerating synergids
D) Zygote PEC Dengenerating synergids Page No.-34, Easy
98. Identify the correct labels.

i ii iii iv
A Globular embryo Heart shaped Suspensor Cotyledon
embryo
B Heart shaped Globular embryo Cotyledon Suspensor
embryo
C Globular embryo Heart shaped Cotyledon Suspensor
embryo
D Heart shaped Globular embryo Suspensor Cotyledon
embryo
Page No.-34, Easy
99. The figure shows stages in-

22
 A) Embryo development in dicot
B) Embryo development in monocot
C) Embryo development in gymnosperm
D) Both A and B
Page No.-34, Easy
2.4 Post Fertilization : Structure and Events
100. Post fertilization includes how many of the following events-
(i) endosperm development
(ii) zygote formation
(iii) embryo development
(iv) seed formation
(v) fruit formation
A) 5 B) 4 C) 3 D) 2
Page No.-34, Easy
2.4.1 Endosperm
101. Select correct statement-
A) Endosperm development proceeds embryosac development
B) Endosperm development precedes embryo development
C) Embryo development precedes endosperm development
D) More than one option is correct
Page No.-35, Easy
102. Endosperm tissue is-
A) Haploid B) Diploid C) Triploid D) Tetraploid
Page No.-35, Easy
103. In free-nuclear endosperm-
A) PEN undergoes successive nuclear divisions
B) PEC undergoes successive cellular divisions
C) PEN undergoes successive cellular divisions
D) More than one option is correct
Page No.-35, Easy
104. Cells of endosperm tissue are filled with-
A) reserve food materials for plant cells
B) reserve food material for embryo
C) reserve food material for developing zygote
D) more than one option is correct
Page No.-35, Easy
105. Coconut water from tender coconut is ____and white kernel is ____.
(i) (ii)
A) Cellular endosperm Free-nuclear endosperm
B) Free nuclear endosperm Cytoplasmic endosperm

23
 C) Free-nuclear endosperm Cellular endosperm
D) Cytoplasmic endosperm Cellular endosperm
Page No.-35, Easy
106. Endosperm is completely consumed by developing embryo before seed maturation
in-
A) Groundnut B) Castor C) Coconut D) All of these
Page No.-35, Easy
107. Endosperm persists in mature seeds in-
A) Castor B) Pea C) Beans D) More than one option is correct
Page No.-35, Easy
2.4.2 Embryo
108. Embryo develops at
A) micropylar end
B) chalazal end
C) either micropylar or chalazal end
D) neither microplar nor chalazal end
Page No.-35, Easy
109. Choose the correct order of embryo development in dicots-
(i) Zygote (ii) Heart-shaped embryo
(iii) Mature embryo (iv) Proembryo
(v) Globular embryo
A) i-iv-ii-v-ii B) i-iv-ii-v-iii C) i-iv-iii-ii-v D) ii-iv-v-ii-iii
Page No.-35, Easy
110. How many of the given parts are present in dicot embryo-
Embryonal axis, Cotyledons, Scutellum, Hypocotyl, Root cap
A) 5 B) 4 C) 3 D) 2
Page No.-35, Easy
111. How many of the given parts are present in monocot embryo-
Cotyledon, scutellum, Coleoptile, Radicle, Root cap
A) 5 B) 4 C) 3 D) 2
Page No.-35, Easy
112. Hypocotyl terminates in-
A) Plumule B) Radicle C) Root tip D) More than one option is correct
Page No.-35, Easy
113. (i) In dicot embryo, root tip is covered by root cap.
(ii) In dicot embryo, scutellum is situated towards one side of embryonal axis.
(iii) Cylindrical portion below the level of cotyledons is hypocotyl in dicots embryo.
(iv) In dicot embryo, epicotyl terminates with stem tip.
How many of the above statements is incorrect?
A) Zero B) One C) Two D) Three
Page No.-35, Easy
114. In grass family, the scutellum is-
A) Cotyledon B) Root tip C) Epiblast D) Shot tip
Page No.-35, Easy
115. Identify the given figures
A) (i) is embryo of grass B) (ii) is embryo of dicots
C) (ii) is embryo of monocot D) More than one option is correct
Page No.-35, Easy
116. Identify the correct labels-
(i) (ii) (iii)

24
 A) Cotyledon Plumule Hypocotyl
B) Radicle Cotyledon Plumule
C) Hypocotyl Plumule Cotyledon
D) Cotyledon Plumule Epicotyl
Page No.-35, Easy
117. Identify the correct labels-
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
A Epiblast Scutellum Coleoptile Root cap
B Scutellum Epiblast Shoot apex Radicle
C Epiblast Scutellum Root cap Shoot apex
D Scutellum Epiblast Radicle Coleoptile
Page No.-35, Easy
118. Coleoptile is-
A) hollow structure
B) solid structure
C) sometimes hollow and sometimes solid structure
D) semi-solid Page No.-35, Easy
119. Coleorhiza is-
A) hollow structure
B) foliar structure
C) undifferentiated sheath
D) more than one option is correct Page No.-36, Easy
2.4.3 Seed
120. Read the following statements-
(i) Seed is final product of sexual reproduction is plant.
(ii) Seed is fertilized ovule.
(iii) Seed is formed inside fruit.
(iv) Seed consists of seed coat(s), cotyledon(s) and embryo axis.
How many of the statements is incorrect?
A) Zero B) One C) Two D) Three
Page No.-36, Easy

121. Non-albuminous seeds-

A) have residual endosperm B) retain a part of endosperm
C) is found in castor D) None of these Page No.-36, Easy
122. Groundnut is-
A) Albuminous
B) Non-albuminous
C) Has residual endosperm in mature seed
D) More than one option is correct Page No.-36, Easy
123. Perisperm is-
A) Persistent nucleus B) Found in beet
C) Residual endosperm D) More than one option Page No.-36, Easy
124. Integument of ovules mature into-
A) Ovary wall B) Pericarp C) Seed coat D) Perisperm
Page No.-36, Easy
125. Micropyle is-
A) Absent in seed B) Present inside seed
C) Present on surface of seed D) Present on seed coat
Page No.-36, Easy

25
126. Micropyle plays role of-
A) Stalk for seed B) Scar of stalk
C) Facilitating entry of water into seed D) Facilitating escape of seed metabolites
Page No.-36, Easy
127. Mature seed has-
A) More water content and more metabolism
B) Less water content and more metabolism
C) Less water content and less metabolism
D) More water content and more metabolism
Page No.-36, Easy
128. The embryo in a mature seed-
A) Germinates essentially
B) May enter dormancy
C) Always enters dormancy first, followed by germination
D) Both B and C Page No.-36, Easy
129. Choose the correct match regarding the maturing of flower into fruit-
A) Wall of ovule – pericarp B) Nucellus – periderm
C) Ovary – seed D) None of these
Page No.-36, Easy
130. Fleshy fruit is-
A) Mustard B) Groundnut C) Guava D) More than one
Page No.-36, Easy
131. In false fruits, select incorrect statement-
A) Floral parts other than ovary are involved
B) Thalamus may contribute to fruit formation
C) Examples include apple, cashew, groundnut
D) Fruit does not develop from ovary Page No.-36, Easy
132. Which of these is incorrect about parthenocarpy-
A) Plant formed without fertilization
B) Banana is example
C) Induced by application of growth harmones
D) Such fruits are seed less Page No.-36, Easy
133. Identify the endosperm in the given figure–

A) I B) II C) III D) IV
Page No.-37, Easy
134. Identify cotyledon in the given figure of seed

26
 A) I B) II C) III D) IV
Page No.-37, Medium
135. Identify scutellum in the given figure –

A) I B) II C) III D) IV
Page No.-37, Medium
136. The given figure shows –

A) Eucarp of apple and lithi

B) Pseudocarp of apple litchi
C) Eucarp of apple and strawberry
D) Pseudocarp of apple and strawberry Page No.-37, Medium
137. In angiosperm, pollination and fertilization are –
A) Both independent of water
B) Both dependent of water
C) Only pollination is essentially on water
D) Only fertilization is dependent on water Page No.-37, Medium
138. For storage of seeds –
A) Dehydration is important
B) Dormancy is important
C) Neither dehydration nor dormancy is needed
D) Both dehydration and dormancy are crucial
Page No.-37, Easy
139. The oldest yet viable seed found is –
A) Lupinus from arctic tundra
B) Phoenix from arctic tundra
C) Lupinus from king herod’s palace
D) Phoenix from king herod’s palace Page No.-37, Easy
140. Phoenix dactylifera is commonly known as–
A) Fig B) Coconut C) Cashew D) None of these
Page No.-37, Easy
2.5 Apomixis and Polyenbryony
141. Apomixis is –
A) Fruit without fertilization B) Seed without fertilization
C) Plant without fertilization D) More than one option
Page No.-38, Easy
142. Apomixis is –

27
 A) A form of sexual reproduction that mimics asexual reproduction
B) A form of asexual reproduction that mimics sexual reproduction
C) Both of the above D) None of these
Page No.-38, Easy
143. Apomixis is found in –
A) Solanaceae B) Liliaceae C) Asteraceae D) Brassicaceae
Page No.-38, Easy
144. Mango contains –
A) Multiple ovaries in a flower B) Multiple ovules in an ovary
C) Multiple embryo in an ovule D) More than one option is correct
Page No.-38, Easy
145. What is the major constraint associated with hybrides?
A) Hybrides are not accepted by farmers
B) Hybrides are costly
C) Hybrid seeds have to be produced every year and the seeds from hybrid cannot be sown
D) More than one option is correct Page No.-38, Easy
146. What is the problem with sowing seeds from hybrid plant?
A) Seeds will not germinate (low germination rate)
B) Progeny will be unhealthy
C) Hybrid characters will be lost due to segregation
D) All of these Page No.-38, Easy

NEET PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following has proved helpful in preserving pollen as fossils? [2018]

(a) Pollenkitt (b) Cellulosic intine (c) Sporopollenin (d) Oil content

2. Pollen grains can be stored for several years in liquid nitrogen having a temperature of : [2018]

(a) – 120°C (b) – 80°C (c) – 160°C (d) – 196°C

3. Double fertilisation is: [2018]

(a) fusion of two male gametes of a pollen tube with two different eggs.

(b) fusion of one male gamete with two polar nuclei.

(c) syngamy and triple fusion.

(d) fusion of two male gametes with one egg.

4. Attractants and rewards are required for [2017]

(a) Entomophily (b) Hydrophily (c) Cleistogamy (d) Anemophily

5. Flowers which have single ovule in the ovary and are packed into inflorescence are usually
pollinated by: [2017]

(a) Bee (b) Wind (c) Bat (d) Water

6. A dioecious flowering plant prevents both: [2017]

(a) Autogamy and geitonogamy (b) Geitonogamy and xenogamy

28
 (c) Cleistogamy and xenogamy (d) Autogamy and xenogamy

7. Functional megaspore in an angiosperm develops into: [2017]

(a) Endosperm (b) Embryo sac (c) Embryo (d) Ovule

8. Which one of the following statements is not true? [2016]

(a) Tapetum helps in the dehiscence of anther.

(b) Exine of pollen grains is made up of sporopollenin.

(c) Pollen grains of many species cause severe allergies.

(d) Stored pollen in liquid nitrogen can be used in the crop breeding programmes.

9. Which of the following statements is not correct? [2016]

(a) Pollen grains of many species can germinate on the stigma of a flower, but only one pollen
tube of the

same species grows into the style.

(b) Insects that consume pollen or nectar without bringing about pollination are called
pollen/nectar robbers.

(c) Pollen germination and pollen tube growth are regulated by chemical components of pollen
interacting

with those of the pistil.

(d) Some reptiles have also been reported as pollinators in some plant species.

10. Filiform apparatus is characteristic feature of : [2015]

(a) Nucellar embryo (b) Aleurone cell (c) Synergids (d) Generative cell

11. Which one of the following may require pollinators, but is genetically similar to autogamy?
[2015]

(a) Xenogamy (b) Apogamy (c) Cleistogamy (d) Geitonogamy

12. Which one of the following statements is not true? [2015]

(a) Pollen grains of some plants cause severe allergies and bronchial afflictions in some people.

(b) The flowers pollinated by flies and bats secrete foul odour to attract them.

(c) Honey is made by bees by digesting pollen collected from flowers.

(d) Pollen grains are rich in nutrients, and they are used in the form of tablets and syrups.

13. The hilum is a scar on the [2015]

(a) fruit, where it was attached to pedicel. (b) fruit, where style was present.

(c) seed, where micropyle was present. (d) seed, where funicle was attached.

14. Which of the following are the important floral rewards to the animal pollinators? [2015]

(a) Nectar and pollen grains. (b) Floral fragrance and calcium crystals.

29
 (c) Protein pellicle and stigmatic exudates. (d) Colour and large size flower.

15. Geitonogamy involves [2014]

(a) fertilisation of a flower by the pollen from another flower of the same plant.
(b) fertilisation of a flower by the pollen from the same flower.

(c) fertilisation of a flower by the pollen from a flower of another plant in the same population.

(d) fertilisation of a flower by the pollen from a flower of another plant belonging to a distant
population.

16. Male gametophyte with least number of cell is present in [2014]

(a) Pteris (b) Funaria (c) Lilium (d) Pinus

17. Function of filiform apparatus is to [2014]

(a) recognise the suitable pollen at stigma. (b) stimulate division of generative cell.

(c) produce nectar. (d) guide the entry of pollen tube.

18. Non-albuminous seed is produced in: [2014]

(a) Maize (b) Castor (c) Wheat (d) Pea

19. Which one of the following statements regarding post-fertilization development in flowering
plants is incorrect ? [NEET-2019]

(1) Ovary develops into fruit (2) Zygote develops into embryo

(3) Central cell develops into endosperm (4) Ovules develop into embryo sac

20. Persistent nucellus in the seed is known as : [NEET-2019]

(1) Chalaza (2) Perisperm (3) Hilum (4) Tegmen

21. What is the fate of the male gametes discharged in the synergid? [NEET-2019]

(1) One fuses with the egg, other(s) degenerate(s) in the synergid.

(2) All fuse with the egg.

(3) One fuses with the egg, other(s) fuse(s) with synergid nucleus.

(4) One fuses with the egg and other fuses with central cell nuclei.

22. Which is the most common type of embryo sac in angiosperms ? [NEET-2019 ODISSA]

(1) Tetrasporic with one mitotic stage of divisions

(2) Monosporic with three sequential mitotic divisions

(3) Monosporic with two sequential mitotic divisions

(4) Bisporic with two sequential mitotic divisions

23. What type of pollination takes place in Vallisneria? [NEET-2019 ODISSA]

(1) Pollination occurs in submerged condition by water

30
 (2) Flowers emerge above surface of water, and pollination occurs by insects.

(3) Flowers emerge above water surface, and pollen is carried by wind.

(4) Male flowers are carried by water currents to female flowers at surface of water
24. In which one of the following, both autogamy and geitonogamy are prevented?
[NEET-2019 ODISSA]

(1) Wheat (2) Papaya (3) Castor (4) Maize

25. Which of the following is incorrect for wind-pollinated plants ? [NEET-2020 COVID]

(1) Well exposed stamens and stigma (2) Many ovules in each ovary

(3) Flowers are small and not brightly coloured (4) Pollen grains are light and non-sticky

26. The body of the ovule is fused within the funicle at [NEET-2020]

1) Chalaza 2) Hilum 3) Micropyle 4) Nucellus

27. In water hyacinth and water lily, pollination takes place by [NEET-2020]

1) Insects and water 2) Insects or wind 3) Water currents only 4) Wind and water

28. The plant parts which consist two generations -one within the other. [NEET-2020]

a) Pollen grains inside the anther b) Germinated pollen grain with two male gametes

c) Seed inside the fruit d) Embryo sac inside the ovule

1) a and d 2) a only 3) a, b, and c 4) c and d

29. A typical angiosperm embryo sac at maturity is [NEET-2021]

1) 7- nucleate and 8 – celled 2) 7- nucleate and 7- celled
3) 8 –nucleate and 8- celled 4) 8- nucleate and 7- celled
30. The term used for transfer of pollen grains from anthers of one plant to stigma of a different
plant which during pollination, brings genetically different types of pollen grains to stigma is
[NEET-2021]
1) Geitonogamy 2) Chasmogamy 3) Cleistogamy 4) Xenogamy
31. In some members of which of the following pairs of families, pollen grains retain their visibility
for months after release? [NEET-2021]

1) Poaceae ; Leguminosae 2) Poaceae ; Solanaceae

3) Rosaceae ; Leguminosae 4) Poaceae ; Rosaceae

32. Identify the incorrect statement related to pollination: [NEET-2022]
1) Pollination by water is quite rare in flowering plants
2) Pollination by wind is more common amongst abiotic pollination
3) Flowers produce foul odours to attract flies and beetles to get pollinated
4) Moths and butterflies are the most dominant pollinating agents among insects
33. Given below are two statements: [NEET-2022]
Statement I: Cleistogamous flowers are invariably autogamous
Statement II: Cleistogamy is disadvantageous as there is no chance for cross pollination
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given

31
 Below.
1) Bothe Statement I and Statement II are correct
2) Bothe Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
3) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
4) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
34. Which part of the fruit, labelled in the given figure makes it a false fruit? [NEET-2022]

1) A → Mesocarp 2) B → Endocarp
3) C → Thalamus 4) D → Seed

NCERT LINE BY LINE QUESTIONS – ANSWERS

1) D 2) A 3) B 4) A 5) D 6) A 7) B 8) C 9) B 10) C
11) A 12) A 13) B 14) D 15) A 16) B 17) D 18) C 19) D 20) D
21) B 22) A 23) C 24) A 25) B 26) B 27) A 28) A 29) B 30) C
31) A 32) B 33) A 34) B 35) B 36) C 37) B 38) A 39) A 40) D
41) C 42) A 43) C 44) B 45) A 46) D 47) A 48) A 49) B 50) C
51) C 52) C 53) B 54) C 55) D 56) C 57) B 58) A 59) D 60) C
61) B 62) C 63) A 64) C 65) D 66) D 67) D 68) C 69) C 70) C
71) D 72) A 73) A 74) D 75) C 76) B 77) C 78) A 79) D 80) D
81) B 82) A 83) A 84) B 85) D 86) B 87) A 88) B 89) C 90) C
91) A 92) C 93) B 94) D 95) D 96) C 97) B 98) A 99) A 100) B
101) B 102) C 103) A 104) D 105) C 106) A 107) A 108) A 109) D 110) B
111) B 112) D 113) B 114) A 115) C 116) C 117) C 118) A 119) C 120) A
121) D 122) B 123) B 124) C 125) D 126) C 127) C 128) B 129) D 130) C
131) A 132) A 133) B 134) A 135) D 136) D 137) A 138) D 139) A 140) D
141) B 142) B 143) C 144) C 145) D 146) C

NEET PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS-ANSWERS

1 (c) 2 (d) 3 (c) 4 (a) 5 (b) 6 (a) 7 (b) 8 (a) 9 (a) 10 (c)
11 (d) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14 (a) 15 (a) 16 (c) 17 (d) 18 (d) 19 (4) 20 (2)
21 (4) 22 (2) 23 (4) 24 (1) 25 (2) 26 (2) 27 (2) 28 (1) 29 (4) 30 (4)
31 (3) 32 (4) 33 (1) 44 (3)

NEET PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS-EXPLANATIONS

1. (c) Sporopollenin cannot be degraded by enzyme; strong acids and alkali, therefore it is helpful in
preserving pollen as fossil.

32
2. (d) Pollen grains can be stored for several years in liquid nitrogen at -196°C (cryopreservation).

3. (c) Double fertilisation is a unique phenomenon that occurs in angiosperms only.

4. (a) Insect pollinated plants provide rewards as edible pollen grain and nectar as usual rewards. In
order to materialise and maximise pollination, flowers have developed a set of attributes
which are aimed at attracting the pollinators called attractants.

5. (b) Wind pollination or anemophily occurs in flowers which are having a single ovule in each
ovary, and numerous flowers packed in an inflorescence. It is a nondirectional pollination.

6. (a) Autogamy occurs in bisexual flowers. Geitonogamous flowers are unisexual but present in the
same plant. Dioecious condition is observed when unisexual male and female flowers are
present on different plants and it prevents both autogamy and geitonogamy.

7. (b) The first cell of female gametophytic generation in angiosperm is megaspore. It undergoes
three successive mitotic division to form 8-nucleated and 7-celled embryo sac.

8. (a) Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains, as well as a source
of precursors for the pollen coat.

9. (a) Pollen grains of different species are incompatible, so they fail to germinate. If the pollen-
stigma interaction is compatible, the pollen grain hydrates and germinates shortly following
landing on the stigma.

10. (c) Synergids have filiform apparatus.

11. (d) Geitonogamy, genetically, shows similarity with autogamy because the pollen grains are
borne on the same plant.

12. (c) Honey is produced by worker bees using nectar (fructose) of flowering plants.

13. (d) The hilum is a scar found on the seed coat through which the developing seeds are attached to
the fruit.

14. (a) Nectar and pollen grains are the usual floral rewards which the animal pollinators get.

15. (a) Geitonogamy is the transfer of pollen grains in different flowers of same plant.

16. (c) Male gametophyte is highly reduced in angiosperm and is known as pollen grain. It is 2 or 3-
celled.

17. (d) Filiform apparatus helps in the entry of pollen tube into a synergid in ovule. Filiform
apparatus is in form of finger like projection comprising a core of microfibrils enclosed in a
sheath. It resembles transfer cells meant for short distance movement of metabolites. It is
responsible for the absorption of food from the nucleus.

18. (d) Exalbuminous (non-endospermic) seeds usually store reserve food material in cotyledons. In
these seeds, the endosperm is used up and not present in mature seeds, e.g., bean, gram and
pea.

26. The body of the ovule is fused within the funicle at hilum

27. water hyacinth and water lily are aquatic plants pollinated by insects or wind

28. Pollen grains is male gametophyte present within the parental sporophytic structure anther

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 Embryo sac is female gametophyte present within the parental sporophytic structure ovule

29. 8-nucleate and 7-celled

30. Xenogamy
31. Rosaceae; Leguminasae

32. Bees are the most dominant pollinates agents among insects.
33. Both the statement are correct
34. ‘C’ is thalamus which is edible part in the apple fruit

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