ee EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET Fastracl« Revision > Atom: The smallest invisible particle of an element that can exist is known as atom. Atom is electrically neutral, therefore it contains equal amount of positive and negative charges. > Thomson's Model of an Atom: An atom consists of positively charged matter in which the negatively charged electrons are uniformly embedded like plums in a pudding. This model could not explain scattering of a-particles through thin foils and hence discarded. > Alpha-particle Scattering Experiment: At the suggestion of Ernst Rutherford in 1911, H. Geiger and E. Marsden performed this experiment. The Following Figure shows schematic diagram of this experiment. Thin gold foi Smal angle rl scattering ‘ofsome \ asporticles Lead bricks, Nes J. _wigeanse NA secenard Lacing eng ofsome YY alma catty “ED ctaveryamel fractam I 800 oF 5) Detector (ieroseope) Schematic arrangement of the Geiger-Marsden experiment. In this experiment, alpha-particles emitted by a source were collimated into a narraw beam by their passage through lead bricks. The beam was allowed to Full on a thin Foil of gold thickness 2.1 x 10" m. The scattered alpha-particles were observed through rotatable detector consisting of zinc sulphide (ZnS) screen anda microscope. The scattered a-particles on striking the screen produced brief light flashes or scintillation viewed bya microscope, » Rutherford's Model of an Atom: Gelger and Marsden In their experiment on scattering of alpha-particles found that most of the alpha-particles passed undeviated through thin folls but some of them were scattered through very large angles. From the results of these experiments, Rutherford proposed the following model of an atom: > An atom consists of a small and massive central core in ‘hich the entire positive charge and almost the whole mass of the atom are concentrated. This core is called the nucleus. > The nucleus occupies a very small space as compared tothe size of the atom, > The atom is surrounded by a suitable number of electrons so that thelr total negative charge is equal to the total positive charge on the nucleus and the atom as awhole is electrically neutral > The electrons revolve around the nucleus in various orbits just as planets revolve around the sun. > The centripetal force required for their revolution is provided by the electrostatic attraction between the electrons and the nucleus. > Drawbacks of Rutherford Model > This model could not explain stability of the atom because according to classical electromagnetic theory the electron revolving around the nucleus must continuously radiate energy revolving around the nucleus in the form of electromagnetic radiation and hence it should fall into the nucleus. > This model cannot explain the characteristic line spectra of atoms of different elements. » Distance of Closest Approach: When an alpha-particle of mass m and velocity v moves directly towards a nucleus of atomic number Z, its initlal energy E, which Is just the kinetic eneray K, gets completely converted into potential eneray Uat stopping point. This stopping point happens to be at a distance of closest approach d from the nucleus. 1 1_2eze_2ze2 Keon? -—— EK Fay dared 2ze? wenee, bogey » Alpha-particle Trajectory: The trajectory traced by an alpha-particle depends on the Impact parameter (8) of collision So target nucleus Trajectory of a-partiles In the coulomb field of a target nucleus. Impact Parameter: It is the perpendicular distance OF the initial velocity vector of the a-particle From the centre of the nucleus as shown in Figure. Scattering Angle: itis the angle (0) by which a-particle gets deviated from its original path around the nucleus. Rutherford deduced the following relationship between the impact parameter 6 and the scattering angle 6: Y Y @ Ze? cots. 4 2 Grey EEEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EE EEE EEE EIDE EEE EEE EE EE ee > Electron Orbits: For a dynamically stable orbit in 3 hydrogen atom, Fe where F,= electrostatic Force Fes centripetal Force Ht . ant “neg? The kinetic energy (k) and electrostatic potential energy (U) of the electron in hydrogen atom are Vim? uf < Kolm andy 2 Beye ‘rege ‘Thus, the total energy £ of the electron in a hydrogen atom is e @ Bregr 4xz9r we Bregr The total eneray of the electron is negative. This implies the fact that the electron Is bound tothe nucleus. IF Ewere positive, an electron will not Follow a closed orbit around the nucleus, > Quantisation or Discretisation: The quantisation or discretisation of a physical quantity means that it can not vary continuously to have any arbitrary value but can change only discontinuously to take certain specificvalues > Bohr’s Model for the Hydrogen Atom: Bohr combined classical and early quantum concepts and gave his theory Inthe Form of three postulates. > Stationary Orbits: While revolving in the permissible orbits, an electron does not radiate energy. These rnon-radiating orbits are caled stationary orbits. > Quantum Condition: OF all the possible circular orbits allowed by the classical theory, the electrons are permitted to circulate only in such orbits in which the angular momentum of an electron Is an integral multiple of h/2r, where h being Planck's constant. ah Angular momentum, L= mur = where, is called principal quantum number and values n=1,2,3, > Frequency Condition: An atom can emit or absorb radiation in the Form af discrete energy photons only, when an electron jumps from a higher to a lower orbit or from a lover to a higher orbit. IF E, and E are the energies associated with these permitted orbits then the Frequency of the emitted absorbed radiation is, v= 6,6, > Some Terms Related to Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen ‘Atom > Velocity of an Electron in the nth Orbit: ke? te oh 9 TT 0 2nke? oh is fine structure constant. > Energy of an Electron in nth Orbit 2n2mk2z204 whe Here negative sign shows that electron Is bound with the nucleus. The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom: According to the third postulate of Bohr’s model, when an atom makes a transition from the higher energy state with quantum number n; to the lower energy state with quantum Ey number nj(ny This model is applicable only to hydrogen-tike atoms and Falls in case of higher atoms. > It could not explain the fine structure of the spectral lines in the spectrum of hydrogen atom. > Bohr's model is unable to account for intensity variations, > This model does not explain why orbits of electrons are taken as crcular whereas elliptical orbits are also possible.ee EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET ® Multiple choice Questions y QL When c-particles are sent through a thin gold foil, most of them go straight through the foil, because: 2a. a-particles are positively charged b, mass of a-particle is more than mass of electran most of the part of an atom is empty space d. a-particles moves with high velocity Q2. The existence of positively charged nucleus was established by: 2. Bohr's model of Heator b. positive ray analysis © a-scattering experiment 4. Thomson's model of atom Q3. Inan experiment of scattering of a-particle showed for the first time that the atom ha: a. electron b. proton © neutron d. nucleus Q4. In Geiger-Marsden experiment, the expression of distance of closest approach to the nucleus of an alpha-particle before it comes to momentarily at rest and reverse its direction is: 2 3 2 » ze Gnegk 2eok 2 2 « a Ze Deegk Beok Q5. What was the order of thickness of gold foil on which beam of a-particles allowed to fall in Geiget-Marsden experiment? a 1o2m bm <1t%m 6.10%m Q6. Which of the following statements is not correct according to Rutherford model? a, Most of the space inside an atom Is empty bo. The electrons revolve around the nucleus under the influence of coulomb force acting on them ‘© Most part of the mass of the atom and its positive charge are concentrated at its centre . The stability of atom was established by the model Q7. When alpha particles are sent through a thin gold foil, most of them go straight through the foil, because: (CBSE SOP 2023-24) 2. alpha particles are positively charged b. the mass of an alpha particle is more than the mass of an electron © most of the part of an atom is empty space ¢. alpha particles move with high velocity QB. The radius of an atomic nucleus have an order of: aioe ri b.10"%m cm 10m bey Practice Exercise 9. According to Bohr’s postulates, an electron revolve around the nucleus in. orbits. 3. dynamic b. stationary «lower 4. first 10. The energy of an electron in nth orbit of hydrogen atom is E, = — 13.6/n* eV. The negative sign of energy indicates that: (cose sop 2023-24) a. electron is free to move. b electron Is bound to the nucleus. kinetic energy of electron is equal to potential energy of electron, <. atom is radiating energy QIL An electron with angular momentum £ moving around the nucleus has a magnetic moment given by (cosesqp 2023-24) a. eL/2m b elm cela delim 12. The diagram shows four energy level of an electron jin Bohr model of hydrogen atom. Identify the transition in which the emitted photon will have the highest energy. (cese 2023) I 3 u nea | W v i net al ball cll av 13. The radius of the nth orbit in Bohr model of hydrogen atom is proportional to: (cs 2023), 14. The relationship between kinetic energy (K) and potential energy (U) of electron moving in an orbit around the nucleus is: a. U=-K b U=-2k c Us-3K 15. The value of ionisation energy of the hydrogen atom is: a. 1209 eV b. 10.6 ev c BGeV d. 434eV Q16. The energy required to excite an electron in hydrogen atom to its first excited state i a ase b.102eV 27eV d. 136 evQI7. What is the order of velocity of electron in a hydrogen atom in ground state? a. 10%ms" b. 10°ms* 10ms"! ¢. 10°ms" QB. The radius of the innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3 10°"? m. The radius of the n=3 orbitis: (CBSE SQP 2022-23) a. 101x 10m, b, 159.10" m © 212%10-%m, 6,477 «107% m Q19. The number of de-Broglie wavelengths contained in the second Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom is: a4 ba c2 a1 -Y Assertion & Reason type Questions \ Reason (R): According to classical Physics, all moving electrons radiate. 24. Assertion (A): Electrons in the atom are held due to, ‘coulomb forces. Reason (R): The atom is stable only because the centripetal force due to Coulomb's taw is balanced by the centrifugal force. Q25. Assertion (A): The whole mass of the atom is considered in the nucleus. Reason (R): The mass of a nucleus can be either less than or more than the sum of the masses of nucleons present in it. Q26. Assertion (A): It is essential that all the lines available in the emission spectrum will also be available in the absorption spectrum Reason (R): The spectrum of hydrogen atom is only Directions (QNos. 20-26): In the following questions, 0 statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as: -& Fill in the Blanks type Questions y absorption spectrum. ee EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) isthe correct explanation of Assertion (A). b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R} Is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A), Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false d. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are false Q20. Assertion (A): The force of repulsion between atomic nucleus and alpha-particle varies with distance according to inverse square law. Reason (R): Rutherford did alpha-particle scattering experiment. AL. Assert (A:T aN hig ea ot atom has a radius of atmost 10° Reason (R): In alpha-particle scattering experiment, His anes octal appro fr apia-pareles 107 Q22. Assertion ni |: For the scattering of alpha-particles at a large angle, only the nucleus of the atom is, responsible. Reason (R): Nucleus is very heavy in comparison to electrons. Q23. Assertion (A): Bohr had to postulate that the electrons in stationary orbits around the nucleus do not radiate. Q27. The angle of scattering 0 for zero value of impact parameter bis. Q28. An c-particle contains Neutrons. Q29. The force responsible for scattering of alpha-particle with target nucleus is Q30. The scattering angle will decreases with the sw if impact parameter. QL. The SI unit of impact parameter is 32. The Rutherford's model of an atom cannot explain the characteristics .nconen spectrum emitted by H-atom, Q33. The frequency spectrum of radiation emitted as per, Rutherford's model of atom is.. 934. According to the Rutherford’s model of an atom, the most of space in atom is.. 35. According to Bohr’s atomicmodel,the circumference of the electron orbit is always an... multiple of de-Brogtie wavelength. Q.36. If the size of first orbit of hydrogen atom is 0.5 A, the size of 2nd orbit of hydrogen atom would be protons and Answers} v 1. (€) most of the part of an atom is empty space 2. (0) a-scattering experiment 3. (0) nucleus ze? TREK 5. ()107%m. 6. (d) The stablity of ator was established by the model. 40 7. (c) most of the part of an atom is empty space In Rutherforc's alpha scattering experiment. when ‘we pass the alpha particle on gold foil there are a few observations which is recorded as: (i) Most of the particles remain undeflected (i) Some of the particles are deflected through a small angles. (ii) Very few particles are deflected by 180° and came back So. we can concluide from that atom has most space as empty.10. 0. 2. B 4 5. 16. 18, 18, 20. 2 EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET ee (b) 10% 22. (a) We know that. an electron Is very Uight particle {b) stationary as compared to an a-particle Hence, electron {b) electron is bound to the nucleus cannot scatter the wparticle at large angles (a) eL2m according to law of conservation of momentum. On (ow the other hand, mass of nucleus Is comparable with the mass of a-particle, hence only the nucleus of Pieociy ie can ea. ay transit slwew Rb atom is responsible for scattering of a-particles, energy levels n= 2to n= 1 will be maximum, Thus. the transition represented by will emit the highest 23 (b) Bohr postulated that electrons _In_stationary mmereyancen orbits around the nucleus do not radiate <= ae ‘This is one of the Bohr's postulate. According to this, 2 {ao the moving electrons radiate only when they go (0) U=-2k 2 fram one orbit to the next Lower orbit Kinetic energy. Ke-tmw2s © 24, (c) According ta postulates of Bohr’s atomic madel, a Bagt the electron revolve round the nucleus in fixed orbit 2 f definite radi. As long as the electron isin a certain in 7 # oe - Spe ERE ETE eae orbit it does not radiate any energy. = U=-2k 25, (c) The whole mass of the atom is concentrated (c) 136 eV at nucleus and M, < (Sum of the masses of The minimum energy required to free the electron nucleons) because. when nucleons combines. some from the ground state of the hydrogen atom Is energy is wasted. called the lonisation energy of hydrogen atom. Its 26. (d) Emission transition can take place between any value is 136 eV. higher energy level and any energy level below it (o)102ev while absorption transitions start from the lowest ‘As we know that energy level only and may end at any higher ene’ level Hence. number of absorptions. transition between two given energy Levels is always less than the number of emission transition between same two levels © c 8 8 Absopion Emission Hence. required energy = E,~E, oe i, two. dwn rade May, 29, clectrostaticforce 30. increase (2) 108s" BL metre 32. tine (8477 10" m 33. continuous 34, empty Given; radius of innermost orbit, r)= 5.3 x 10" m 35. integral 36. 2A Let be the radius of n= 3 orbit Then, re rPr a (3)®x53% 10m <) Case Study Based Questions y 47710 m 2 Y we man aman ts Case Study 1 Given a A. radioactive source emitting alpha-particles 2aty= 2 was enclosed within a protective lead shield 2 x de-Broglle wavelength The radiation was focused into a narrow beam (8) Rutherford confirmed the repulsive force on after passing through a slit in a lead screen. A q@eparticle due to nucleus varies with distance thin section of gold foil was placed in front of according to_inverse square law and that the the slit and a screen coated with zinc sulphide to posltve charges are concentrated af the centre and PEGs ERASER Saved a4 BETS Cte not distributed throughout the atom tlpha- particles. As each alpha-paticle struck the (2) Experimentally, it \s found that the average radius of a nucleus is given by R=RoAY2 where Ro fluorescent screen, it produced a burst of light called a scintillation, which was visible through fm a viewing microscope attached to the back of the par’ee sereen. The screen itself was movable, allowing to determine whether or not any a-particles were being deflected by the gold foil Fuoresoont son Undenectes Mealfot earls Read the given passage carefully and give the answer of the following question QL The particles which were deflected backwards in Rutherford's experiment were hit upon by: a. nucleus bb. empty space «. electrons 4. protons Q2. According to the Rutherford's atomic model, the whole atom is: a positively charged —_b. negatively charged neutral 4, None of these 3. Rutherford in his atomic model could not explain the behaviour of which of the following? a. Proton b, Neutron «Electron ¢. Neutrino 4. Electron revolves around the nucleus in orbits which have: 2. variable energy « infinite energy b. fixed energy d. zero energy EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET Answers: 1. a. nucleus 3. c Electron 2 cneutral 4. b fired energy Case Study 2 Hydrogen is the simplest atom of nature. There is one proton in its nucleus and an electron moves around the nucleus in a circular orbit. According to Niels Bohr, this electron moves in a stationary orbit. When this electron is in the stationary orbit, it emits no electromagnetic radiation. The angular momentum of the electron is quantized, ie. mur = (nhi2n), where m = mass of the electron, v = velocity of the electron in the orbit, r= radius of the orbit and 2 = 1, 2, 3, wm When transition takes place from kth orbit to jth orbit, energy photon is emitted. If the wavelength of the emitted photon is 2, we find that eR |, where R is Rydberg's constant au gz. Qa. aa, On a different planet, the hydrogen atom’s structure was somewhat different from ours. The angular momentum of electron was P = 2n(h/2n), ie., an even multiple of (//2n). Read the given passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions: What is the minimum permissible radius of the orbit? In our world, the velocity of electron is vp, when the hydrogen atom is in the ground state. Find the velocity of electron in this state on the other planet. In our world, the fonisation potential energy of a hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. What will be the lonisation potential energy on the other planet? What Is the total energy (E,) of the electron in the stationary states in the nth orbit of the hydrogen atom? Answers +> Puttingn =1.we get r= #9 mae’ 2 On our planet, vp 2egh On other planet. v==—®_ = “0 2eg(2nyh 2ee EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET @ Very Short Answer type Questions y Q1. Suppose you are given a chance to repeat the -particle scattering experiment using a thin sheet of solid hydrogen in place of the gold-foil. (Hydrogen is solid at temperature below 14 K.) ‘What result do you expect? (NCERT EXERCISE) ‘Ans. Hydrogen nuclel (proton) are very tight from cparticles. Hence a-particles will not be scattered by solid hydrogen, They will pass the hydrogen sheet without deviation 2. Show the trajectory of the alpha-particle when it approaches an atam of atomic number Z. (case 2017) Ans. 3. What is impact parameter? ‘Ans. Impact parameter is the perpendicular distance of the initial velocity vector of the a-particle from the centre of the nucleus, when it Is far away from the atom. Ze? core fingers Q4. Name the experiment responsible for the discovery of atomic nucleus. ‘Ans, Rutherford's a-scattering experiment. QS. The KE of a-particle incident on gold foil is doubled. How does the distance of closest approach change? (€85€2017, 15) Ans. Distance of closest approach 1_{2ze? 1 do) de mf) = Hence. distance of closest approach will be halved when KE is doubled. Q6. In the Rutherford’s scattering experiment, the distance of closest approach for an cpatticle Is dp. Hacparticleis replaced bya proton,howmuch kinetic energy in comparison to a-particle will it require to have the same distance of closest approach d,? Sol Energy of apart, Ey, « - 2e)2e) Tats dy (eye) and energy of proton. Ey % do Q7. Determine the distance of closest approach when an alpha-particle of kinetic energy 4.5 MeV strikes nucleus of Z= 80, stops and reverses its direction. (c8se2015) 1_(22e?) Sa. Distance of closest opproac. =e MP pp =9.109, 2280.61 Ys tm 45c0agx1T” TiP Students should practice enough numerical related to closest approach for better understanding. 6. Aproton and an electron have equal speeds. Find the ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths associated with them. (case 2020) Sol We know that, Se. ip AlmVv my Bue mat 7x17 bg and meg 1 so Ay 9be10r Re Te7x10 44x10 : 12 1 1838 = lyk Q9. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom I: “13.6 eV. What are the kinetic and potential energies of electron in this state? Sol. Given total ground state energy =-126 eV Kinetic energy = ~ Total ground state energy (436 eV) = 13.6 eV Potential energy = 2 « Total energy =2x (136) =-272 eV Q10. What is the maximum number of spectral lines emitted by a hydrogen atom when it isin the third excited state? Sol. Number of spectral tines obtained due to transition of electran from n = 4 (2rd excited state) to n= 1 (ground state) is according to formula _Ala=1) 44-1) 4x3 ~~? er QL Define ionisation energy. What is its value for a hydrogen atom? Ans, It Is defined as the energy required to remove an electron from an atom. le, the energy required to take an electron from its ground state to the outermost orbit (n = «). lonisation energy for hydrogen atom = €, —E; =~ (136 eV) =+136 eV Nee EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET uz. A difference of 2.3 eV separates two energy-levels in an atom. What is the frequency of radiation ‘emitted when the atom makes transition from the upper level to the lower level? (wCERT EXERCISE) Sol Accarding to Bohr's postulate, E~ & = hv % 5-€ Frequency of emitted radiation. v= 27 —t 23 23016.) 6631 as 5.55 «10 Hz. Short Answer type-| Questions y QL Define the distance of closest approach. An Ans. gz. Ans. ‘-particle of kinetic energy 'k’ is bombarded on a thin gold foil. The distance of the closest approach is What will be the distance of closest approach for a a-particle of double the kinetic energy? (ces 2017) Ata certain distance rfrom the nucleus, whole af the KE of a-particle goes on converting into electrostatic potential energy and a:particle cannot go farther close to nucleus, this distance (7 is called distance of closest approach, 0 2) From eqs (1) and (2). we get 1 It is clear fram the above expression, when K Is doubled, r becomes half The trajectories, traced by different a-particles, in Geiger-Marsden experiment were observed as shown in figure. (i) What names are given to the symbols’b’ and 0" shown here? (li) What can we say about values of b for (a) 0=0° (b) 0= 1 radians? 4 A B (© Target nuctous + (i) Symbol “by represents impact parameter and ‘0 mena Q3. Ans. Qa. Ans. ii) Impact parameter. (a) When 6 = 0°, b is maximum and represent the atomic size (b) When 0 © x radians. b is minimum and represent nuclear size a Write two important limitations of Rutherford nuclear model of the atom. (case 2017) Limitations of Rutherford Nuclear Modet: () Inconsistent: As the revolving electrons looses energy continuously. it must spiral inwards and eventually fall into the nucleus. (ii) Spectrum: Atoms should emit continuous spectrum but what we observe is only a line spectrum. Using Bohr’s atomic model, derive an expression for the radius of nth orbit of the revolving electron ima hydrogen atom. (cBst 2023,20) Lete.mand v be respectively the charge. mass and velocity of the electron and rbe the radius of the orbit. { The positive charge on the nucteus is Ze. where Zis the atomic number {in case of hydrogen atom, Z» 1). As the centripetal force is provided by the electrostatic force of attraction, we have me? 1 (exe Taney p2 2 Zee 5; ina 0 Fram the first postulate of Bohr's atomic model the angular momentum of the electron Is or mv mmvren @) where, n= 1, 2.3, 's principal quantum number. From eqs. (I) and (2). we get neta, Thists the equation for the rail of the permitted orbits. {COMMONJERROR Derivation for the velocity of electron also have the common starting Qs. Ans. Using Bohr’s atomic model, derive the expression for the velocity of electron revolving in the nth orbit of hydrogen atom. (case 2020) Centripetal force « electrostatic attraction between nucleus and G electron (¢") g= mbeZt 0 0 org By Bohr's second postulate. angular momentum of &° nh rv fy (2) Dividing eq (1) by eq, (2). we get . ze? Hence, speed of electron, v,=—22 me °° Jenn Q6. What is the nuclear radius of "7*Fe, if that of ?7AL is 3.6 fermi? (cBse sop 2022-23) Sol. From the relation R= RyAY, where Ry is a constant and Als the mass number of nucleus Relay = (Arca)? = (125/27) Fee 5/3 Ra = 5/3*36 = 6 ferm So, the nuclear radius of '?°Fe is 6 fermi. Q7. Calculate the orbital period of the electron in the first excited state of hydrogen atom. (cise 2019) 1 Ze? Sol. The velocity of electron. v,= +22 T2heg Here, Z=1, ea 16x10°C, eg =8.85%10-2NCm~ fhe6.62x10™ Js and nw 2 (in first excited state) Putting the values, we get re(L6x10"9P 22x(662s10")x(8.85x10"2) LORI m/s thee Radius of orb. ry une Here, m=3.1510- kg 2)? (6.6210)? (8.85 x10 B14x(9.be10™")x(L6x10" 2212x179 m Time period or orbital period, 2nry_ 263.142.1210 Th 122K s, % 108x108 gy TiP Write all the values in starting to avoid any calculation enror. Q8. Obtain the expression for the ratio of the de-Broglie wavelengths associated with the electron orbiting in the second and third excited states of hydrogen atom. (case 2019) Hence. ry EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET ee Ans. [cCOMMONJERROR ‘Students often rake n = 3 for second excited state Asweknowthat —fystfan? where, ra~ Gohr's radius = 059 A For second excited state (m= 3).ry =f (3)? For third excited state (n= 4).r, = *(4)? Aean. 2 Accordingly, 297235. = 2nl(g(3-J=3az aU) An) Similarly, 2elrg(4)P)=4A, ) Dividing ea (1) by eq. (2). we have 2m@? Fy 2nrgla)? 4h5 3 Hence, 25:43=3:4 ‘and so on. Qo. Ans. Quo. Sol qu. State Bohr postulate of hydrogen atom that gives the relationship for the frequency of emitted photon in a transition, (CBSE 2016) or State Bohr’s postulate of hydrogen atom which successfully explains emission lines in the spectrum of hydrogen atom. (CBSE 2025) Bohr's Postulate of Transition: When an electron ‘makes a transition fram higher energy level (E) to lower energy level (E). a photon is emitted which have the energy equal to the energy difference of two levels, le. PRE rE This equation is called Bohe's frequency condition, The radiug of innermost orbit ofa hydrogen atom is 5.3 x 10°* m.What are the radii of n= 2 and n= 3 orbits? (ucerr exencise) ‘The radi of Bohr's orbits are given by eqhPr? a For ground state n= 1.7, = 53 10-"'m (given) For y=(3)? 429x530 10-477 1m Consider two different hydrogen atoms. The electron in each atom is in an excited state. Is it possible forthe electrons tahave different energies but same orbital angular momentum according to the Bohr model? Justify your answer. (CBSE SP 2022 Term2), ee Ans, No: because according to Bahr’s madel, energy of electron in nth orbit of H-atom. Hence. electrons having different energies belong to different energy levels. Le. different values of n Therefore, their angular momentum will be different due to diferent values of n. ih Angular momentum, = mvr 2 12. Find out the wavelength of the electron orbiting in the ground state of hydrogen atom. (case 2017) Sol. For an electron revolving in nth orbit of radius r, then. we have m= 2em where, 2, Is the wavelength of electron. For electron arbiting in ground state n = Vache 2nr, 22m xn?ry =2exO5A on aed IGA TiP For ground state n= 1 Q13. An o-particle and a proton are accelerated through the same potential difference. Find the ratio of their de-Broglie wavelengths. (cse2017) Sol. From de-Broglie equation. we know that -@ Short Answer type-li Questions & QL (i) Draw a graph to show the variation of the ‘number of scattered particles detected (N) in Geiger-Marsden experiment as a function of scattering angle (0). (case 2023) (li) Discuss briefly two conclusions that can be drawn from this graph and how they lead to the discovery of nucleus in an atom? Ans. (i) Graph showing the variation of the number of scattered particles: No, of seaterad 04s apr 135" 180" ‘Scattering angle © —> (i) Conclusions : (a) Entire positive charge and most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in the ‘ucleus with the electrons some distance away. (b) Size of the nucleus is about 103m to 10m. while size of the atom is 10m. so the electrons are at distance 10m to 105m from the nucleus and being large empty space In the atom, mast particles go through the empty space, Q2. (i) In Rutherford scattering experiment, draw the trajectory traced by c-particles in the coulomb field of target nucleus and explain, how this ted to estimate the size of the nucleus. i) State Bohr’s quantisation condition for defining stationary orbits. Ans. (i) The trajectory. traced by the «particles in the coulomb field of target nucleus, has the form as shawn below a a es n $F 0 toe mcs Dee The size of the nucleus was estimated by observing the distance (d) of closest approach. of the u-particles. This distance is given by: 1__(2e\(Ze) Trey K where, K = kinetic energy of the a-particles when they are far away fram the target nucle (i) Quantum Condition: The stationary orbits are those in which momentum of electron is an Integral multiple of h/2a. mur = tes 2r where n=1.2.3, Integer n is called the principal quantum number and this relation 1s called Gohr's quantum condition93. (i) Explain briefly, how Rutherford scattering of a-particle by a target nucleus can provide information on the size of the nucleus? (ii) Show that density of nucleus is independent of its mass number A. (case 2019) Ans. (i) According to Rutherfords experiment. following ‘observations were made (a) Most of the a-particles passed through the gold foi without any appreciable deflection. (b) Only 0149% oF incident a-particies scattered bby more than T- But about 1 e-particle in every 8000 particles deflected by more than 90° Thus. all these leads to the conclusion that atom has a lat of empty space and practically the entire mass of the atom is confined to ‘an extremely small centered core called nucleus. whose size is of the order from 107 mto 1 m. (i) Radius of nucleus, r=rQA!? Also, we know that Density =-Mas_ __mA Voume “% 3 a where, m= mass on a nucleus, ‘As mass number of nucleus. Again, Density ms Sega? Sula?) mA__3m Suga ong Hence, nuclear density is independent of A (4. Using Bohr postulates, derive the expression for the total energy of the electron in the stationary states of the hydrogen atom. Ans. Since, wr = w But centripetal force = electrostatic force me 7 ag (2 é (2) = me 2) tag From egs. (I) and (2), we get r ah 4et9| Sem | egnth? ame? Potential energy, PE « me* ae 4a rhe 2 1 1 fon y tenetic energy. KE = mv? = 1 wy. Ke Im? =} mh heemet atiegath® Berek aan Total energy = KE + PE Ke met “acgreh? me* ‘eet? 5. (i)State Bohrs postulate to define stable orbits in hydrogen atom. How does de-Broglie’s hypothesis explain the stability of these orbits? (ii) A hydrogen atom initially in the ground state absorbs a photon which excites it to the m= 4 level. Estimate the frequency of the photon, (case 2018) Ans. () Bohr’s postulate for stable orbits. states the electron in an atom, revolves around. the nucleus onty in those orbits for which its angular me' an? | 2 aegnr rmementum isan integral multiple of 2 (here, Planck's constant), h vans (n= 1.2.3.0) a ‘As per de-Broglle hypothesis. gett 2) p mv For a stable orbit. we must have circumference of the orbit ‘2nr=nh (where, n= 1, 2.3...) ian | h which is same as €9, (1. Thus, de-Broglie hypothesis shows that formation of stationary pattern for integral gives rise to stability of the atom. This is exactly the same as Bohs postulate to define stable orbits. (i) We know that. energy of electron in nth orbits, BSEnergy difference, AE=E,-€, 38-cno] ev Also, energy of photon is aeehy > |, 16x” Hence, 66210 ve31010!5 Hz TiP Csankel compa mabe Bopeenipntone mash recoll. Q6. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. The photon emitted during the transition of electron from m = 3 to n=1 state, is incident ona photosensitive material of unknown work function. ‘The photoelectrons are emitted from the material with the maximum kinetic energy of 9 eV. Calculate the threshold wavelength of the material used. (Case Sap 2022-23) Sol. Fora transition from n= 3 to n= 1state, the energy of the emitted photon. 1 mor 943 pyre 7 From Elnstelr’s photoelectric equation. we have ‘nv= Koc Wy Wa v= Kae = 1219 = 31 eV Threshold wavelength of the material used, he _662x10™ x3 108 Ap Bo x107 m 0° Bix16x10™ So, the threshold wavelength of the material used = 4 x 10 m Q7. The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of the hydrogen atom is about -3.4 eV. (i) What is the Kinetic energy of the electron in this state? (ii) What is the potential energy of the electron in this state? (ii) Which of the answers above would change if the choice of the zero of potential energy is changed? Sol. (Total energy of the electron. =—3.4 eV Kinetic energy of the electron is equal to the negative of the total energy. = Kea-E=-(-34)=+34eV Hence, the kinetic energy of the electron in the given state is + 3.4 eV, (i) Potential energy (U) of the electron is equal to the negative of twice ofits kinetic energy. = Us-2K -2%34-68eV Hence, the potential energy of the electron in the given state is - 6.8 ev. EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET ee (ii) The potentiat energy of a system depends on the reference point taken. Here. the potential energy of the reference point is taken as zero. If the reference point is changed. then the value of the potential energy ofthe system also changes. Since, total energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energies, total energy of the system will also change. Q8. A photon emitted during the de-excitation of electron from a state n to the first excited state in a hydrogen atom, irradiates a metallic cathode of work function 2eV, in a photocell, with a stopping potential of 0.55 V. Obtain the value of the quantum umber of the state n. (cBsE2019) Sol me2men 1a) 19 9 Fe | 2xTSHIO + 16x10" x0.55 7 = 6 62x10 x3x108 «1097 «0i(t +) (82 +08) «10°? decal 9 41) goa 7) 2 aure6.00-[ a @ Long Answer tupe Questions QL. State the postulates of Bohr’s model of hydrogen ‘atom and derive the expression for Bohr radius. (case 2020) Ans. Postulates of Bohr model of Hydrogen atom: Postulate-t The electrons revolve in_a circular orbit around the nucleus. The electrostatic force of attraction Between the posttvely charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons provide necessary ‘centripetal force for circular mation, Postulatesli: The electrons can revolve only in certain selected orbits in which angular momentum of electrons ie equal to the Intagral multiple where his Planck's constant. These orbits are known as stationary or permissible orbits. The electrons do not radiate energy while revolving in these orbits Postulate-: When an electrans jumps fram higher energy orbitto lower energy orbit. energyisradiated in the form of a quantum or photon of energy fw. iwhich i equal tothe difference of the energies of the electron in the two orbitsee EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET Expression for Bohr radius: From postulate Centripetal force = Electrostatic farce m2 1 1 fey 2 1 e& oe 1 Ang mr oy From postulate: ah or bit Zrmnr rhe on va @ Comparing eqs. (1) and (2). we get 12 eh? Baag iat phe ame? where, ms mass of an electron, reradus of the clcular orbit In which the electron s revolving vespeed of electron, range of electron Bohr radius, r= TiP ‘Students should carefully revise the relationship between the different variables in case of Bohr's postulates. Q2. (i) The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. If an electron makes a transition from an energy level -1.51 eV to -3.4 e¥, calculate the wavelength of the spectral line emitted. (li) Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the expression for the orbital period of the electron moving in the nth orbit of hydrogen atom. (case2017) Ans. (i) Energy levels of H-atom are as shown below. ~1stev aw 19.6 0. Wavelength of spectral line emitted. he ae 01240 eV am, We have. a€=E,-E, AE=-151-(-34)=189 ev 140 “TEs =656nm, (l) According to Bohr’s model the centripetal force required for the revolution of electrons around the nucleus Is provided by the electrostatic force of attraction between the electron and the nucleus. If rms the mass of electron moving with 3 velocity vin circular orbit of radius r. then the necessary centriptal farce is 2 Fm a Also, the electrastatic force of attraction between the nucleus of charge (+Ze) and electron of charge (27) Is 1 poe @ me 2 where, Ke — From eqs: (1) and (2). we get mv?_ KZe* 7A , 3 alee ) ow? tts ono o's poses aces hace electron revolves in stationary orbits where the sopplarrorietimn bf elecoon Is vtotaral h mute of Qn mvretth a Fie: is PaRECeeereanNertRaRy ae integer ie 12.3 oh - Jem 4) Fram eqs. (3) and (4). we get kze2 mv? 2nkZe? = ah (5) Now. we kniow frequency (v) of electron in Bahr’s stationary orbit is given by veno=st2av) v ‘ar From eq. (5). we get pe Bake? _ Ze? “lar har nr For hydrogen atom Z= 1, therefare ke? ahr Above expression is the arbital Frequency of electran moving in the nth orbit of hydrogen atom.Now. we know the orbital period (1) of the he 663% 10- 3108 electron moving in the nth orbit of hydrogen OF hee enue atoms T=. OM, Vv ke 663x131 1243 yg 3. A 12.75 eV beam is used to bombard gaseous 1Sxi0™¥(aeinev) AE IneV hydrogen at room temperature. What series of rifts de eaes Gas wy wavelengths will be emitted? _(NcERTExERcise] Dose ‘Ans. Energy of the hydrogen atom in lowest energy-tevel =136 eV. Now it is bombarded by a beam of 107 m=9749A electrons of energy = 1275 eV. The energy absorbed by It is E,=~136 eV + 1275 eV i poceLst-Laseve mee, =-085 ov Now €,==B8EV. gasey m=10196A ne Po 38 wig ny to m, AE = [-3.4 ~(-136]] eV = 10.2 eV, Bas 1243 or 4 250243107 me Ie6A, Possible transitians — 9(9=1)_4x(4=1) 02 2 2 1, to m, AE = (-0.85- (-3.4)) eV =255 ev, which are shown in the figure 1243-9 a Looe ty BE? m= 487454 3 =15tev - 15 to my AE = (-151— (-3.4)) eV = 189 eV, 2 —s4ev new 248 1g? ng = 243 10-7 m=65767 A 282 510-7 m=6576, ny to my, AE = (-0.85 - (-15I)] eV = 066 ev, Laan wa ig -242 10-7 m= 19833 The wavelengths emitted are 0.66 he The wavelengths emitted will be 9749 A. 1136 A, oe 1218.6 A 4874.5 A. 65767 A 18833 A respectively g Chapter Test Multiple Choice Questions Assertion (A) Is true but Reason (R) Is false QL In Bohr's model of an atom, which of the following d. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are false. is an integral multiple of 3. Assertion (A): Bohr’s third postulate states that the am stationary orbits are those for which the angular a. Kinetic energy b. Radius of an atom A «Potential energy d. Angular momentum ‘momentum is some integral multiple of Q2. The angular momentum of the electron in the nth allowed orbit is: Reason (R): Linear momentum of the electron in a2 of «2 at the atom is quantised. QA. Assertion (A): The whole mass of the atom is Assertion and Reason Type Questions ‘Seiad nth clas Directions (Q.Nos. 3-4): in the following questions, o Reason (R): The mass of a nucleus can be either statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of less than or more than the sum of the masses of Reoson (R). Mark the correct choice as: nucleons present init. a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and py Reason (Ris the correct explanation of Assertion Flltin the Blanks (a) QS. The Bohr’s model is applicable to atom. b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Q6. The scattering angle will decreases with the Reason (R) Is not the correct explanation of in impact parameter. Assertion (A). EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET eeee EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET Case Study Based Question Q7. NiclsBohrintroduced the atomic Hydrogen model in 1913, He described it as a positively charged nucleus, comprised of protons and neutrons, surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. In the model, electrons orbit the nucleus in atomic shells. The atom is held together by electrostatic forces between the positive nucleus and negative surroundings. Bohr correctly proposed that the energy and radii of the orbits of electrons in atoms are quantised, with energy for transitions between orbits given by DE = Av = &, — Ep where DE is the change in energy between the initial and final orbits and Av is the energy of an absorbed or emitted photon. Read the given passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions: () What is the angular speed of the electron in the nth orbit of Bohr’s hydrogen atom? (ii) When electron jumps from n = 4 level to m= 1 level, then what will be the change in the angular momentum of electron? (lil) Find the energy in lowest Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom. (iv) Which postulate of the Bohr model led to the quantisation of energy of the hydrogen atom? Very Short Answer Type Questions Q6. In accordance with the Bohr's model, what will be the quantum number that characteristics the ‘earth's revolution around the sun in an orbit of radius 1.5 x 10" m with orbital speed 3 x 10° ms *? (Take mass of earth = 6 x 1024 kg) Q9. The radius of innermost orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3 x 1071! m, What are the radii of n = 2 orbit? Short Answer Type-! Questions Q10. It Is found experimentally that 13.6 eV energy Is required to separate a hydrogen atom into a proton and an electron. Compute the orbital radius and the velocity ofthe electron in a hydrogen atom. What is meant by ionisation energy? Write its value for hydrogen atom. (c8se 2023) Qu. Short Answer Type-Il Questions Q2. Using Rutherford model of the atom, derive the expression for the total energy of the electron in hydrogen atom. What is the significance of total negative energy possessed by the electron? Draw a schematic arrangement of the Geiger- Marsden experiment. How did the scattering of c-particles of a thin foil of gold provide an important way to determine an upper limit on the size of the nucleus? Explain briefly. ‘An ccparticle after passing through a potential difference of 210° V falls on a silver foil. The atomic number of silver is 47, Calculate: (i) the kinetic eneray of the a-particle at the time of falling on the foil. (i) the kineticenergy ofthe u-particle ata distance of 5 x 10°** m from the silver nucleus. (il) the shortest distance from the nucleus of silver to which the a-particles reaches. 1 {e=1.6% 10" Cand G— =9.0x: 10° Nm?) eg Qua qu. Long Answer Type Questions QS. Answer the following questions, which help you to understand the difference between Thomson's model and Rutherford's model better: (0) Is the average angle of deflection of «particles bya thin gold-foil predicted by Thomson's model ‘much Less, about the same or much greater than, that predicted by Rutherford's model? (li) Is the probability of backward scattering (ie., scattering of a-particles at angles greater than 90°) predicted by Thomson's model much less, about the same or much greater than that. predicted by Rutherford's model? Keeping other factors fixed, it is found experimentally that for small thickness t, the number of a-particles scattered at moderate angles is proportional to t. What clue does this linear dependence on t provide? {iv) Inwhich model is it completely wrong to ignore ‘multiple scattering for the calculation of average angle of scattering of a-particles bya thin foil? In a Geiger-Marsden experiment, what is the distance of closest approach to the nucleus of a 7.7 MeV a-particle before it comes momentarily to rest and reverses its direction? Qis.