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You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on
Reading Passage 2 below.
The Dawning Vision
Galleo Galilei, a monumental figure in the pantheon of scientific
revolutionaries, fundamentally altered the trajectory of natural philosophy and
the nascent discipline of modern science. Born in 1564 in Pisa, Italy, Galileo's
intellectual pursuits encompassed mathematics, physics, and astronomy,
fields in which he established foundational principles that persist in scientific
discourse to this day. His methodological rigor and defiance of dogma set him
apart as both a beacon of innovation and a lightning rod for controversy.
Galileo's most significant contributions to astronomy include his refinement of
the telescope and subsequent celestial discoveries. Though rudimentary
telescopic devices existed prior, Galileo's enhancements increased
magnification substantially, allowing unprecedented observations. Through
this lens, he made landmark discoveries: Jupiter's four largest moons, now
named the Galilean satellites (lo, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto), which
provided tangible evidence that not all celestial bodies orbited the Earth. This
revelation constituted a formidable challenge to the Ptolemaic model of
geocentricity, which had been upheld by scholastic and ecclesiastical
authorities for centuries.
The Copernican heliocentric theory, which posited the Sun at the center of the
universe, gained empirical support through Galileo's observations. The phases
of Venus, discernible through his telescope, corroborated the model of
heliocentrism, suggesting that Venus orbited the Sun and not Earth. Such
findings underscored a paradigm shift that eventually dislodged the geocentric
worldview entrenched within the Aristotelian framework and endorsed by the
Roman Catholic Church.
Galileo's meticulous approach to experimentation and quantification
revolutionized the study of physics. His investigations into the dynamics of
motion were pioneering, particularly his studies on the acceleration of falling
bodies. Disputing Aristotelian assumptions that heavier objects fall faster than
lighter ones, Galileo established through inclined plane experiments that
objects accelerate uniformly regardless of their mass, laying the groundwork
for Newton's formulation of the laws of motion. The equation s=12gt2s =
\frac{1}{2}gt^2s=21gt2, derived from Galileo's work, accurately described the
distance traversed by an object under uniform acceleration, with ggg
representing the acceleration due to gravity.
However, Galileo's scientific acumen was not universally lauded in his lifetime.
The dissemination of his heliocentric support attracted the ire of the
Inquisition, culminating in his 1633 trial. The Church condemned his works as
"vehemently suspect of heresy," leading to his forced abjuration and house
arrest. While the condemnation temporarily stymied the acceptance of
heliocentric theory, Galileo's writings, most notably Dialogue Concerning the
Two Chief World Systems, circulated clandestinely and continued to influence
the scientific community.
The trial of Galileo remains emblematic of the tension between dogmatic
authority and empirical inquiry. His conviction underscored the constraints
imposed by religious orthodoxy on intellectual freedom during the
Renaissance, a period otherwise marked by the rebirth of critical thinking and
exploration. Ironically, the Church's attempt to suppress Galileo's findings
amplified their influence, as the conflict rendered the clash between science
and religion a subject of enduring philosophical contemplation.
Galileo's legacy extends beyond his astronomical and physical findings; he
championed the empirical method as a superior means of acquiring
knowledge. His insistence on observation and experimentation as opposed to
reliance on established doctrine set a precedent for the burgeoning scientific
method. His dictum, "Measure what is measurable, and make measurable
what is not so," encapsulated the emerging ethos of precision and empiricism
that would come to define modern science.
The ramifications of Galileo's work permeate contemporary thought,
undergirding fields as diverse as astrophysics, engineering, and applied
mathematics. His challenges to orthodoxy catalyzed an intellectual upheaval,
inspiring successive generations of scientists to question received wisdom
and seek verifiable truths. Galileo's synthesis of theory and practice, his
relentless pursuit of knowledge, and his courage in the face of formidable
opposition resonate with the core tenets of scientific inquiry.
In conclusion, Galileo Galilei's pioneering contributions marked the dawn of
modern science. His astronomical observations, redefinition of physical
principles, and advocacy for empirical methodologies were revolutionary.
Although subjected to institutional censure, Galileo's enduring influence
manifests in the sustained emphasis on observational precision and rational
analysis in scientific endeavors. His indelible impact continues to inspire an
unyielding quest for understanding, embodying the spirit of discovery that
propels humanity forward.
Questions 14-18
Choose the correct answer (A, B, C, or D).
14. What significant discovery did Galileo make using an improved telescope?
A. The phases of Mercury
B. The rings of Saturn
C. The moons of Jupiter
D. The comet trajectories
15. Why was Galileo's support for the heliocentric theory considered
controversial?
A. It contradicted Copernican principles.
B. It challenged the established Church doctrines.
C. It opposed Aristotle's ideas about Earth's immobility.
D. It disputed the mathematics of Ptolemy.
16. How did Galileo's study of motion contribute to physics?
A. It proved heavier bodies fall faster than lighter ones.
B. It refuted Copernicus' theories on celestial orbits.
C. It introduced the concept of uniform acceleration.
D. It demonstrated objects move in elliptical orbits.
17. What outcome followed Galileo's trial in 1633?
A. He was imprisoned for life in a fortress.
B. His works were permanently banned from circulation.
C. He was sentenced to house arrest.
D. He successfully defended his scientific findings.
18. Which of the following best describes Galileo's broader impact on scientific
methods?
A. Advocating for theoretical assumptions over observational data
B. Encouraging reliance on religious doctrine for explanations
C. Promoting systematic experimentation and quantification
D. Emphasizing unprovable hypotheses to challenge norms
Questions 19-22
Match each statement with the correct figure from the box.
Figures:
A. Galileo Galilei,
B. Nicolaus Copernicus,
C. Sir Isaac Newton,
D. Aristotle
19. Advocated a model with Earth at the center of the universe
20. Supported the idea that the Sun is central in the solar system
21. Formulated laws based on Galileo's study of motion
22. Was recognized for pioneering empirical methods of observation
Questions 23-26
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from
the passage for each answer.
Galileo's improvement of the telescope allowed him to observe celestial
objects, including the four largest 23………….orbiting Jupiter. These findings
reinforced the 24……………...model of the solar system, which proposed that
the 25……………was not the center of all orbits. Despite facing significant
resistance, Galileo's methods laid the foundation for 26…………..emphasizing
observation and empirical data over traditional beliefs.
Questions 14-18
14. C. The moons of Jupiter
15. B. It challenged the established Church doctrines.
16. C. It introduced the concept of uniform acceleration.
17. C. He was sentenced to house arrest.
18. C. Promoting systematic experimentation and quantification
Questions 19-22
19. D. Aristotle
20. B. Nicolaus Copernicus
21. C. Sir Isaac Newton
22. A. Galileo Galilei
Questions 23-26
23. moons
24. heliocentric
25. Earth
26. scientific method
