BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY FOR SUPPLY

CHAIN TRANSPARENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
MOHAMMAD DANISH
RAHUL KUMAR MEENA
DHRUV GAUR
VILAS CHOURIYA
KESHAV JANGIR

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

Vivekananda Global University

10/2024
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY FOR
SUPPLY CHAIN TRANSPARENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY” is the
Bonafede work of “MOHAMMAD DANISH, RAHUL KUMAR MEENA,

DHRUV GAUR, VILAS CHOURIYA, KESHAV JANGIR

” who carried out the project work under my/our supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL
EXAMINER
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................11
1.1. Identification of Client/ Need/ Relevant Contemporary issue......11
1.2. Identification of Problem.................................................................11
1.3. Identification of Tasks......................................................................11
1.4. Timeline............................................................................................. 11
Organization of the Report..............................................................11
1.5.
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW/BACKGROUND STUDY............12
2.1. Existing solutions..............................................................................12
2.2. Bibliometric analysis.........................................................................12
2.3. Review Summary..............................................................................12
2.4. Problem Definition............................................................................12
Goals/Objectives................................................................................12
2.5.
CHAPTER 3. DESIGN FLOW/PROCESS.....................................................13
3.1. Evaluation & Selection of Specifications/Features........................13
3.2. Design Constraints............................................................................13
3.3. Analysis of Features and finalization subject to constraints.........13
3.4. Design Flow....................................................................................... 13
3.5. Design selection.................................................................................13
3.6. Implementation plan/methodology.................................................13

CHAPTER 4. RESULTS ANALYSIS AND VALIDATION.........................14

 4.1. Implementation of solution..............................................................14
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK..............................15
5.1. Conclusion......................................................................................... 15
5.2. Future work.......................................................................................15
REFERENCES.................................................................................................16
APPENDIX...................................................................................................... 17
1. Plagiarism Report................................................................................17
Design Checklist...................................................................................17
2.
USER MANUAL.............................................................................................18

Abstract
For the past few years, the market has changed a lot and it has become dynamic
and demanding which has put the market into a competitive environment. The
supply chain plays a crucial role to adapt the business to the dynamic environment
as it is very reliant on collaboration integration as well as flexibility. The
applications related to the supply chain have gotten the attention of many
business owners and to improve the flow control of the supply chain many
specialized applications are implemented. One of the most important new
technological applications in the supply chain is blockchain technology which has
garnered the attention of many business owners as it can be quickly adapted to
dynamic market conditions and in the business environment. One upon reading
this will get to know about the effect of blockchain technology utilization on this
field. The results of the research paper recommend that companies invest in
blockchain technology so that the supply chain becomes more transparent, flexible,
and secure. There is no doubt in the fact that blockchain technology plays an
important role in developing trust with the stakeholderof the supply chain. In the
end, the research paper has also given some considerations on the implications that
are positive as well as the potential of the blockchain in the field of collaboration.
 Keywords
—Blockchain, Supply Chain Management, Industry 4.0, Smart Contracts,
Transparency, Trust, Traceability, Flexibility
 INTRODUCTION

Most global companies have always faced challenges in supply chain

management. The company has always devoted a lot of resources which leads to
various inefficiencies and to figuring out cost reduction. With the approach of
blockchain technology, companies have thought of thinking forward. This
technology could help in the evolution of the supply chain. According to
analysts, blockchain technology can enhance the contemporary structure of the
supply chain by enhancing supply chain efficiency, trustas well as
transparency. Moreover, the future of the supply chain is blockchain solutions
according to many supply chain leaders. The survey performed by PwC in2019 has
revealed that more than 24% of the industrial manufacturing industry is looking to
implement blockchain technology in supply chain management. The 2020
survey of Deloitte global blockchain reveals that more than 55% of the
senior executive, as well as practitioners, looked up to blockchain as their top
priority.

1.1 Identification of Need

 The need for blockchain technology for supply chain transparency and
sustainability is based on the following points:

 The issue at hand exists through statistics and documentation: According to a

report by the World Economic Forum, the global supply chain accounts for 80% of
global trade, 60% of greenhouse gas emissions, and 40% of employment.
However, the supply chain also faces many challenges, such as inefficiency,
opacity, fraud, corruption, and human rights violations. Blockchain technology,
which is a distributed ledger that records and verifies transactions in a secure and
transparent way, can help address these challenges and improve the supply chain
performance and impact

 It is a problem that someone needs resolution: The supply chain stakeholders, such
as producers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and consumers, need a solution
that can enhance the visibility, traceability, and accountability of the supply chain
processes and products. Blockchain technology can enable the sharing and
 verification of information among the supply chain participants, without the need
for intermediaries or central authorities. This can reduce the costs, risks, and delays
in the supply chain, and increase the trust, quality, and value of the products

 The need is justified through a survey or reported after a survey: A survey

conducted by Deloitte in 2020 revealed that 39% of the respondents across various
industries have already incorporated blockchain technology into their production
processes, and 55% of the respondents consider blockchain as one of their top five
strategic priorities. The survey also identified the main benefits and barriers of
blockchain adoption for supply chain management, such as improved security,
speed, and efficiency, as well as regulatory uncertainty, lack of standardization,
and technical complexity

 It is a relevant contemporary issue documented in reports of some agencies:

Blockchain technology for supply chain transparency and sustainability is a current
topic that has been studied and reported by various agencies, such as the United
Nations, the World Bank, the International Trade Centre, and the World Wildlife
Fund. These agencies have explored the potential and challenges of blockchain
technology for various supply chain sectors and issues, such as agriculture,
fisheries, textiles, minerals, climate change, and human rights

1.2 Identification of Problem

How to improve the visibility, traceability, and accountability of the supply
chain processes and products across various sectors and issues?

All Question and Answers related to Blockchain and its

Development

What are the key drivers and barriers of blockchain adoption in the Indian
automotive industry, according to Springer?

According to Springer, some of the key drivers of blockchain adoption in the Indian automotive
industry are: increasing customer demand for transparency and traceability, improving
operational efficiency and cost reduction, enhancing data security and privacy, and enabling new
business models and revenue streams. Some of the barriers of blockchain adoption are: lack of
awareness and understanding, regulatory uncertainty and legal issues, interoperability and
scalability challenges, high initial investment and maintenance costs, and resistance to change
and collaboration.
 How can blockchain technology enable smart contracts and digital payments
for the Indian renewable energy sector, according to Frontiers?

According to Frontiers, blockchain technology can enable smart contracts and digital payments
for the Indian renewable energy sector by: facilitating peer-to-peer energy trading and grid
management, reducing transaction costs and intermediaries, ensuring transparency and
accountability, incentivizing renewable energy generation and consumption, and supporting
decentralized and resilient energy systems

What are the three key effectiveness drivers that supply chain executives are
focusing their strategic investments on, according to Deloitte US?

According to Deloitte US, the three key effectiveness drivers that supply chain executives are
focusing their strategic investments on are: predicting supply chain risk, enabling
environmental, social, and governance (ESG) tracking through supply chain traceability, and
enhancing trust in a complex, multi-stakeholder environment

What are the benefits of applying blockchain traceability to enhance

sustainability communication in food supply chains, according to MDPI?

According to MDPI, some of the benefits of applying blockchain traceability to enhance

sustainability communication in food supply chains are: improving food quality and safety,
reducing waste and fraud, increasing consumer trust and loyalty, verifying sustainability claims
and certifications, and supporting social and environmental responsibility

1.3 Identification of Tasks

Improving the visibility, traceability, and accountability of supply chain
processes and products across various sectors and issues can be achieved
through the implementation of blockchain technology

 Define your supply chain goals and objectives, such as increasing efficiency,
resilience, responsiveness, and sustainability, and align them with your business
strategy and stakeholder expectations.

 Identify and map your supply chain actors and activities, such as suppliers,
manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and customers, and collect and verify relevant
 data and information about their provenance, sourcing practices, conversion
processes, and product flows.

 Implement and integrate appropriate technologies and tools that enable the sharing
and verification of data and information among the supply chain participants, such
a3s blockchain, barcodes, QR codes, RFID tags, IoT devices, and cloud platforms.

 Develop and apply effective and coherent policies and standards that support and
promote supply chain transparency and traceability, such as certifications, labels,
audits, and reporting frameworks, and comply with the relevant regulations and
requirements.

 Engage and communicate with your supply chain stakeholders and customers, and
provide them with access and insight into your supply chain processes and
products, and demonstrate your performance, impact, and value proposition.

How can blockchain technology help Indian farmers to access fair

prices and markets for their produce, according to Economic
Times?
According to Economic Times, blockchain technology can help Indian farmers to access fair
prices and markets for their produce by facilitating peer-to-peer transactions, eliminating
intermediaries, ensuring quality and quantity standards, and enabling traceability and
provenance of agricultural products. For example, Agri10x, a blockchain-based agtech startup,
has partnered with the Indian government to help farmers sell their produce directly to buyers
through a network of common service centers

What are the challenges and opportunities of implementing

blockchain technology in the Indian textile industry, according to
MDPI?

According to MDPI, the challenges and opportunities of implementing blockchain technology

in the Indian textile industry are related to the following aspects: supply chain transparency,
traceability, and sustainability; smart contracts and payment processing; customer engagement
and loyalty; and regulatory and legal issues3. Some of the opportunities are: improving the
efficiency and security of the supply chain, reducing fraud and counterfeiting, increasing
customer confidence and satisfaction, and supporting social and environmental
responsibility. Some of the challenges are: lack of awareness and understanding, high initial
investment and maintenance costs, interoperability and scalability issues, and regulatory
uncertainty and legal complexity.
How can blockchain technology improve the efficiency and
transparency of the Indian logistics sector, according to Business
Standard?

According to Business Standard, blockchain technology can improve the efficiency and
transparency of the Indian logistics sector by enabling real-time monitoring, predictive
maintenance, and open operations4. Blockchain technology can provide a decentralized,
immutable, and transparent ledger that records every transaction and piece of data in the
logistics process, ensuring the integrity and trustworthiness of the information. Smart contracts
can automate many of the manual processes involved in logistics, speeding up operations and
reducing human error. IoT devices can gather and send information about the location,
condition, and status of goods, ensuring the quality and safety of the products

What are the four features of blockchain technology that offer a

promising solution to address the limitations of current supply
chain practices, according to Singh et al.?
According to Singh et al., the four features of blockchain technology that offer a promising
solution to address the limitations of current supply chain practices are: immutability,
distributed ledger, decentralization, and smart contracts1. These features can enhance the
transparency, traceability, security, and efficiency of supply chain transactions and processes,
as well as reduce intermediaries and cost

How can blockchain technology help control Scope 3 emissions in

resource-intensive industries, according to Deloitte US?
According to Deloitte US, blockchain technology can help control Scope 3
emissions in resource-intensive industries by enabling transparency and traceability of the
environmental impact of products and materials across the supply chain2. Blockchain
technology can provide a decentralized, immutable, and transparent ledger that records every
transaction and piece of data related to the carbon footprint and sustainability performance of
the products and materials, ensuring the integrity and trustworthiness of the information2. This
can help companies monitor and verify their Scope 3 emissions, as well as incentivize and
reward sustainable practices among their suppliers and customers

What is the name of the methodology used by Singh et al. to

analyze the data collected from 17 experts on the barriers of
blockchain adoption in the construction industry?

Singh et alSingh et al. used the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) technique to analyze the
data collected from 17 experts on the barriers of blockchain adoption in the construction
industry1. The ISM technique is a methodology that helps identify and understand the complex
relationships among various factors or variables in a system1. Singh et al. used the ISM
technique to construct a hierarchical structure of the barriers and classify them into four groups
based on their driving and dependence power using the cross-impact matrix multiplication
applied to the classification (MICMAC) technique

How can blockchain technology enable circular economy practices

in supply chains, according to Accenture?
According to Accenture, blockchain technology can enable circular economy practices in
supply chains by combining blockchain, digital identity, and payments technologies to allow
customers to identify individual producers who use sustainable methods and financially reward
them with a “tip” made by direct payment3. This can create a circular supply chain capability
that leverages cutting-edge technologies and a collaboration with Mastercard, Amazon Web
Services, Everledger and Mercy Corps to promote financial inclusion, empower consumers, and
incentivize sustainable practices

What are the challenges and risks of implementing blockchain

technology in supply chain management, according to KPMG?
According to KPMG, some of the challenges and risks of implementing blockchain technology
in supply chain management are: lack of standardization and interoperability, regulatory
uncertainty and compliance issues, data quality and governance, scalability and performance,
cybersecurity and privacy, and organizational and cultural barriers4. These challenges and risks
require careful assessment and mitigation strategies to ensure the successful adoption and
integration of blockchain technology in supply chain management

What are the three main types of blockchain platforms that can be
used for supply chain applications, according to IBM?
According to IBM, the three main types of blockchain platforms that can be used for supply
chain applications are: Hyperledger Fabric, Ethereum, and Corda1. Hyperledger Fabric is a
permissioned blockchain platform that supports smart contracts, data privacy, and scalability.
Ethereum is a public blockchain platform that supports smart contracts, decentralized
applications, and a native cryptocurrency. Corda is a permissioned blockchain platform that
supports smart contracts, interoperability, and regulatory compliance

How can blockchain technology improve the traceability and

quality assurance of pharmaceutical products, according to
Deloitte US?
 According to Deloitte US, blockchain technology can improve the traceability and quality
assurance of pharmaceutical products by enabling real-time monitoring, predictive
maintenance, and open operations2. Blockchain technology can provide a decentralized,
immutable, and transparent ledger that records every transaction and piece of data in the
pharmaceutical supply chain, ensuring the integrity and trustworthiness of the information.
Smart contracts can automate many of the manual processes involved in pharmaceutical
production, distribution, and regulation, speeding up operations and reducing human error. IoT
devices can gather and send information about the location, condition, and status of
pharmaceutical products, ensuring the quality and safety of the products.

What are the key factors that influence the adoption of blockchain
technology in the textile and apparel industry, according to MDPI?
According to MDPI, some of the key factors that influence the adoption of blockchain
technology in the textile and apparel industry are: relative advantage, compatibility, perceived
trust, top management support, absorptive capacity, information sharing and collaborative
culture, and trading partners’ influence3. These factors can affect the supplier firms’ intention to
adopt blockchain technology in their supply chains, as well as the actual adoption behavior. The
study also found that the adoption of blockchain technology can have a positive impact on the
supplier firms’ sustainable performance, as well as their customer satisfaction and loyalty

1.4Timeline

1.5 Organization of the Report

The report explores the need, problem, and tasks of using blockchain technology
for supply chain transparency and sustainability. The report shows that blockchain
technology can help address the challenges and improve the performance and
impact of the global supply chain, which accounts for 80% of trade, 60% of
emissions, and 40% of employment. The report also reveals that blockchain
technology is a strategic priority for many industries and sectors, and has been
studied and reported by various agencies. The report proposes a five-step process
to implement blockchain technology for supply chain management, which involves
defining goals and objectives, identifying and mapping actors and activities,
implementing and integrating technologies and tools, developing and applying
policies and standards, and engaging and communicating with stakeholders and
customers.
 LITERATURE STUDY
LITERATURE REVIEWA.Blockchain in Supply Chain
Management1)BlockchainTechnologydefinition and its boundariesIt has been
discussed above that blockchain is a distributed ledger database that consists of
records or transactions or various digital incidents that are executed by the
participants. Some articles have been published to a clarification on
blockchain technology and how it works in the recent past[14]. Cryptocurrencies
are one of the most popular examples of blockchain technology has been also
named Bitcoin. Apart from these cryptocurrencies, there are also human
implications of this blockchain such as supply chain, financial services,and
manufacturing. This research paper has focused on the implementation of
blockchain in supply chain management rather than concluding the technical
mechanism of the blockchain technologies[15]. The paper has not talked about
blockchain technology's key aspects like the protocols, algorithm, wallet signature
and hash function.2)Supply chain management definition and its boundariesThe
definition of supply chain management is not the same for all others; however,
according to [16], supply chain management is a process of handling the entire
integrative flow of materials ranging from a raw material supplier to
production warehousing and transportation to the users. There are various
methods involved in supply chain management and it is important to identify
its boundaries[12]. In this research paper, all the supply chain activities
ranging from supply to manufacturing, distribution and the activities related to
customers has been discussed. Apart from this, supply chain management also
discusses the management of the entire chain in the study. 3)Blockchain-based
supply chainThere is uncertainty about the adoption of blockchain, globally as
well as logistically[17]. The reason is the immaturity of blockchain, and it is
looking to transform the SC activities by helping enhance as well as accountability.
According to [18], transparency is a crucial factor in the traceability level.
However, [19]hascome up with 3 types of transparency in an SC. They are a
range of transparency products, transparency, and participation transparency.
Thus to implement blockchain-based SCs, it is necessary to analyze the SC
transparency factor and to correlate it with the opportunity as well as list
perspective analysis so that it could help in assessing the mystery gains or losses.
To understand blockchain technology in the supply chain, it is necessary to
consider interdisciplinary investigation so that theoriescan be built and designed
for blockchain technology[20]. Moreover, the firms can be benefited from
blockchain-based social sustainability and responsibility to extend visibility and
assure due diligence. It has been found that there is a lack of experience in
understanding and knowledge about blockchain technology and there is also a
labour skill gap with this technology that is required to be fixed. Moreover,
according to [17], blockchain technology for technologyand business needs to be
addressed properly because there is a lot of expectation from this technology that
can lead to the field adoption of this technology in the industry.Blockchain
technology can assist in achieving the seven objectives of SCM: theircost,
quality, speed, dependency, risk reduction, sustainability as well as
flexibility[21]. [21]has discussed blockchain as a capability to break down
data silos and provide one data source in digitization with the help of real-time data
control that is required for all trusted partners in the network. With the help of
blockchain trust and security can easily be enhanced and apart from this, there also
exist business values that would help in building trust with the help of
blockchain by improving efficiency, reputation, and responsiveness[17]. It can
be easily concluded that the blockchain has a huge impact on the
performance of the supply chain however when it comes to operation
management, the blockchain provides a lot of advantages over the existing
systems. According to [22], enterprise resource planning, radio frequency
identification, and the blockchain are regarded as complementary
technologies and it is extremely important to analyze their best combination
so that we can maximize effect and impact.According to [20], there are four
barriers to blockchain development-enabledSCs are interested-organizational
organizational, technical as well as external variables. There is no doubt that
despite these barriers, blockchain technology is extremely useful as the driver of
digitization in the SC[20].
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4. Blockchain-based supply chain management[1].Fig. 1. Blockchain Utilization in
Supply Chain [22].4)Blockchain Technology and supply chain transparencyAs
shown in Fig 4 and 5 the field of the supply chain, blockchain plays a crucial
role in solving two major issues based on transparency, traceability, and
irreversibility of transaction data. The two major issues of the supply chain are the
difficulty and inadequacy in moving and claiming responsibility because of
the insufficient information transparency and the inferior product quality that is
not easy to be eliminated because of the multizone and long-term
characteristics of the logistics[23]. For better tracking and reporting, blockchain
plays a crucial role it also allows for better transparency in logistics. Moreover,
the company can be benefited by improving the delivery timeline[24]. The wide
distribution of supply leads to an increased risk of mismatch conflict and
inconsistency related to the old fashion supply chain. To eradicate this issue,
blockchain can play a crucial role and theimplementation of GPS-based vehicle
tracking can be useful by integrating it with blockchain technology.
Moreover, blockchain technology is also a good option for logistics as there is the
involvement of vehicle Location tracking to reduce cost and increase
efficiency[17].In the field of manufacturing, blockchain technology offers a lot of
potential by assuring security transparency as well as stability that has no central
data storage Technology[2]. Blockchain technology can prove to be better than
traditionalBlockchain TechnologySupply Chain FlexibilityTrust in SupplierSupply
Chain Transparency
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October202264centralized solutions by offering promising results in the
organization and economic criteria.5)Blockchain Technology and supply chain
flexibilityThe present supply chain functions are in amore complex and uncertain
business environment than before. Customer expectation is very high because of
the product diversity and the short Product life cycles. All these domains
require flexibility in the supply chain and if the supply chain is flexible then
the company and its supply structure are required to adapt to the changes in the
environment[25]. Flexibility in the supply chain is defined as the ability to meet
and react to a wide customer base to gain a competitive advantage against
competitor. There is no doubt in the fact that the business has experienced a highly
ambitious situation because of continuous change[26]. The government can
make use of flexibility so that it can adapt andrespond quickly to the
massive change of the absence of good information. In the supply chain, it is
necessary to create a flexible one so that the company can achieve a sustainable
competitive advantage in the present environment that calls
fordynamism,uncertainty, and unpredictability. Moreover, if there is a flexible
supply chain then the company can be assured of an improved delivery process
and the product can be easily transported to the market in the required
quantities[27]. Moreover, the improved supply chain can help in handling the
challenges of the environment because business transactions are becoming much
more volatile and global.When an organization can properly respond to and adapt
to disruption and demand then it can achieve flexibility across the total supply
chain against the competitor to cater to the customer need. To achieve flexibility in
internal and external supply chains, it is necessary to focus on rapid economic and
technological development[25]. Companies that have a flexible supply chain
will find it easy to respond faster in situations that are not certain.
Moreover, a flexible supply change can also enhance the company's ability in
presenting the product and services clearly and effectively to the customer and
meet their needs[27].One of the most suitable technologies for achieving
flexibility is blockchain technology by facilitates tracking and tracing in the
various stages of production. The implementation of blockchain technology in
the supply chain lies at specific contact points[28]. Blockchain technology will
allow the organization to control data security for all the supplies in transactions.
Apartfrom this it can also enhance the visibility of the supply chain and offer
real-time data sharing on the network. Therefore, the blockchain can assist in
supply chain flexibility strategies by meeting the various numbers of stakeholders
that are affected due to an outage[29]. The technology can also integrate the
various supply chain processes and can enhance production and management
which would result in a more realistic supply and inventory management. Another
advantage of using blockchain technology in the supply chain system is that it can
offer the design-related documents that are to be shared and used[24]. All these
factors will help the organization to improve decision-making throughout the
supply chain as the various documents can be easily provided to all the
participants.6)Blockchain technology and trust in the supply chainThere is no
doubt in the fact that in modern society the trade network has become much
more complex and the variousforms within the network are forced to interact
with companies that they are not well aware of. Thus it is necessary to develop
trust between the firms to call for supply chain success and there is a necessity
for optimum information success to ensure trust[30]. The supply chain
stakeholders look to get rid of uncertainty risk by information sharing. This leads
to dealing with ethical noncompliance, lack of communication, and infidelity.
To get rid of the possibility of trustbeing damaged in the field of the supply chain
the two things that are required to be assessed are connectivity and vulnerability.
One of the most important steps is the risk assessment process where one
needs to figure out the supply chain partner[31]. This is followed by the supply
chain map that showcases the relevant information flows and how it is created. By
identifying the floors one can predict the potential bottleneck as well as studies and
attack levels.The information sharing in the supply chain process has many
important factors that drive bloat blockchain technology; development is
regarded as the most crucial factoras demonstrated in Fig.6 and Fig. 7. In
blockchain technology, the transactions are identified in a time-stamped and
observable manner and then confirmed, there is no point in changing the
transaction once the right parties approved the name. Talking about data
integrity and security, blockchain technology is much more secure, traceable,
efficient, and transparent in the field of supply chain transactions[32]. There is
no way of changing the record on the blockchain hence the supply chain members'
transactions and decisions are properly recorded and documented on the
blockchain technology.As shown in Fig.8 the supply chain members are well
aware of the transaction accuracy and the activities. If any situation arises where
it can lead to controversial business results, the members of the supply chain
can easily monitor the name and take necessary action and adjust the activities
accordingly at the time of finalizing the future transaction[33]. A smart
contract is another part of the blockchain that creates trust in the supply chain
process. The application of blockchain as well as smart contracts can be
implemented in various areas ranging from insurance returns to financial
transactions as well as corporate transactions[33]. Just because of this reason
the various numbers of blockchain and smart contract applications has increased
over time. The smart contract feature of the blockchain can be easily applied in
the supply chain that comprises multiple tiers of suppliers as well as
subcontractors[34]. Things that can negatively affect the trust between buyer and
supplier are the conflicting goals[17]. With the implementation of blockchain,
this thing can be easily resolved and the negative impact on this conflict
can be mitigated by enhancing trust in the supply chain.
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2. Blockchain technology for bridging trust, traceability and transparency in
circular supply chain[26].Fig. 3. Blockchain and Supply Chain Flexibility [29].Fig.
4. Blockchain and Trust in Suppliers[13].
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October202266B.Current ChallengesThe study has pointed to the implementation
of blockchain in the field of supply chains. The blockchain is at an early stage but
the study has predicted to bring revolution in the supply chain in the future with
the implementation of blockchaintechnology[17]. It has been predicted by
scholars that the implementation of blockchain in supply chain management
can bring a lot of positive results[35]and therefore, they areoptimistic about
this technology. An increasing number ofpapers havenow been made on the
blockchain in the field of supply chain management[17].C.Literature GapIn supply
chain management, there are very limited papers on blockchain technology.
[36]hastalked about the transparency and traceability that blockchain technology
can bring into supply chain management and [20]has come up with a study that
has explored the adoption of blockchain. [21]explored the supply chain
management of the tips. This technology has not only attracted the attention of
the managers of the supply chain but there are other technologies such as smart
 contracts, the internet of things,and artificial intelligence thatcould bring a
revolution in supply chain management significantly[37]. However, there is a
shortage of research papers that study the role of integrated technologies in
supply chain management along with blockchain technology.Moreover, there
were very few literature reviews have been conducted on blockchain in the
field of supply chain management over the past few years[19]. Few papers have
concentrated on certain aspects of the supply chain like sustainability,
provenance,and resilience, while other literature reviews have explored the
topic with a broad comprehensive view. An in-depth analysis of this literature
review based on the citation and bibliography can help in gaining insights
that were not obtained in the previous pieces of research.

2.1.
Existing solutions
Some of the existing solutions for blockchain technology for
supply chain transparency and sustainability are:
 Blockchains for international container logistics to automate global trade through
data transparency and security. This solution uses blockchain to record and share
the information and documents related to the shipment of goods across different
parties, such as shippers, carriers, customs, and regulators. This can reduce the
paperwork, errors, fraud, and delays in the supply chain, and improve the
efficiency, reliability, and compliance of the trade process. An example of this
solution is TradeLens, a platform developed by IBM and Maersk that connects
over 300 organizations in the global trade ecosystem.

 Blockchains for digital and automated customs clearance. This solution uses
blockchain to streamline and simplify the customs clearance process, which
involves the declaration, inspection, and taxation of imported and exported goods.
This can reduce the costs, risks, and time of the customs clearance process, and
enhance the security, accuracy, and traceability of the data and documents. An
example of this solution is the World Customs Organization’s Blockchain Project,
which aims to facilitate the exchange of information and best practices among
customs administrations on the use of blockchain technology.

 Blockchains for food freshness and safety across the entire supply chain. This
solution uses blockchain to track and monitor the quality and condition of food
 products from farm to fork, using sensors, smart contracts, and digital identities.
This can improve the visibility, traceability, and accountability of the food supply
chain, and ensure the freshness, safety, and authenticity of the food products. An
example of this solution is IBM Food Trust, a platform that connects farmers,
processors, distributors, and retailers in the food industry, and provides them with a
shared record of the food provenance, location, and status.

 Blockchains for sustainability to ensure a high standard of sustainability by means

of transparent traceability. This solution uses blockchain to verify and certify the
environmental and social impacts of the supply chain processes and products, such
as the carbon footprint, water footprint, energy consumption, waste generation,
labor conditions, and human rights. This can increase the trust, reputation, and
value of the supply chain participants, and encourage them to adopt more
sustainable practices and behaviors. An example of this solution is Provenance, a
platform that enables businesses and consumers to access and share information
about the origin, journey, and impact of the products they buy and sell.

2.2. Bibliometric analysis

Bibliometric analysis is a method that uses quantitative and qualitative techniques

to analyze the scientific literature on a given topic, such as the key features,
effectiveness, and drawbacks of blockchain technology for supply chain
transparency and sustainability. Bibliometric analysis can help identify the main
authors, journals, keywords, themes, trends, and gaps in the research field, and
provide insights and directions for future studies

Some of the key features of blockchain technology for supply chain

transparency and sustainability are:
 Decentralization: Blockchain technology enables a distributed network of nodes
that can store, validate, and share data and transactions without the need for
intermediaries or central authorities. This can reduce the costs, risks, and delays in
the supply chain, and increase the trust, quality, and value of the products

 Immutability: Blockchain technology ensures that the data and transactions

recorded on the blockchain are permanent and tamper-proof, using cryptographic
hash functions and consensus mechanisms. This can improve the visibility,
 traceability, and accountability of the supply chain processes and products, and
ensure the freshness, safety, and authenticity of the products

 Smart contracts: Blockchain technology allows the execution of self-enforcing and

self-verifying contracts that can automate the supply chain processes and
transactions, using predefined rules and conditions. This can enhance the
efficiency, responsiveness, and compliance of the supply chain, and reduce the
errors, fraud, and disputes

Some of the effectiveness of blockchain technology for supply chain

transparency and sustainability are:

 Blockchain technology can help address the challenges and improve the performance and impact
of the global supply chain, which accounts for 80% of trade, 60% of emissions, and 40% of
employment.

 Blockchain technology can help achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs) related to the
supply chain, such as SDG 8 (decent work and economic growth), SDG 9 (industry, innovation,
and infrastructure), SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production), and SDG 13 (climate
action).

 Blockchain technology can help create and sustain millions of jobs and livelihoods in the supply
chain sector, especially for the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and the marginalized and
vulnerable groups.

Some of the drawbacks of blockchain technology for supply chain transparency and
sustainability are:

 Blockchain technology faces technical, economic, and social barriers that hinder its adoption and
implementation in the supply chain, such as regulatory uncertainty, lack of standardization,
technical complexity, high energy consumption, low scalability, and low public awareness.

 Blockchain technology may have some environmental and social impacts that need to be
considered and addressed, such as the carbon footprint, water footprint, energy consumption,
waste generation, labor conditions, and human rights.

 Blockchain technology may have some risks and trade-offs that need to be balanced and
managed, such as the security, privacy, and governance of the data and transactions, the
interoperability and integration of the systems and technologies, and the inclusion and
participation of the stakeholders and users.

2.3. Review Summary

 The literature review findings on blockchain technology for supply chain transparency and
sustainability reveal the potential for significant improvements in supply chain management.
The studies highlight the application of blockchain in various industries, including
manufacturing, agriculture, and food, and emphasize its role in enhancing traceability,
transparency, and accountability in supply chains. The research also underscores the economic,
environmental, and social perspectives of blockchain adoption for sustainable supply chain
management.

 The status and trends of blockchain technology in the supply chain, such as the drivers and barriers of
blockchain adoption, the benefits and challenges of blockchain implementation, and the policies and
regulations that support and promote blockchain development and deployment.

 The potential and impact of blockchain technology for various supply chain sectors and issues, such as
international container logistics, digital and automated customs clearance, food freshness and safety, and
sustainability certification and verification.

 The methods and tools for blockchain technology for supply chain management, such as the analytic
hierarchy process, the life cycle assessment, the techno-economic analysis, and the social life cycle
assessment.

The literature review on blockchain technology for supply chain transparency and sustainability is
relevant and useful for the project at hand, which is to improve the visibility, traceability, and
accountability of the supply chain processes and products across various sectors and issues. The literature
review provides the following links and insights for the project:

 The literature review provides the background and context of the problem, the motivation and rationale
for the solution, the research questions and hypotheses, and the outline of the report.

 The literature review identifies the research gaps and opportunities on blockchain technology for supply
chain management, which can guide the design and development of the solution, which could be a
product, a service, a policy, or a strategy, that addresses the problem and the research questions.

 The literature review reviews the relevant literature and best practices on blockchain technology for
supply chain management, which can inform and inspire the solution, and provide the benchmarks and
references for the evaluation and validation of the solution.

 The literature review describes the methods and tools used to build and test the solution, such as the
design process, the development tools, the evaluation methods, and the data collection and analysis
techniques.

 The literature review discusses the implications and contributions of the solution, highlighting its
strengths and weaknesses, and its potential for scalability and generalization.

2.4. Problem Definition

 The lack of transparency, traceability, and accountability in supply chain processes and
products across various sectors and issues is a significant problem. This problem arises due to
the complexity of supply chains, which makes it difficult to track the movement of goods from
the source to the consumer. This lack of transparency and traceability can lead to issues such as
fraud, corruption, deforestation, and insufficient information flow. The solution to this problem
is the implementation of blockchain technology,

To solve this problem, the following steps are to be done:

 Define the supply chain goals and objectives, such as increasing efficiency, resilience,
responsiveness, and sustainability, and align them with the business strategy and stakeholder
expectations.

 Identify and map the supply chain actors and activities, such as suppliers, manufacturers,
distributors, retailers, and customers, and collect and verify relevant data and information about
their provenance, sourcing practices, conversion processes, and product flows.

 Implement and integrate appropriate technologies and tools that enable the sharing and
verification of data and information among the supply chain participants, such as blockchain,
barcodes, QR codes, RFID tags, IoT devices, and cloud platforms.

 Develop and apply effective and coherent policies and standards that support and promote supply
chain transparency and traceability, such as certifications, labels, audits, and reporting
frameworks, and comply with the relevant regulations and requirements.

 Engage and communicate with the supply chain stakeholders and customers, and provide them
with access and insight into the supply chain processes and products, and demonstrate the
performance, impact, and value proposition.

The following steps are not to be done:

 Ignore the problem: This step involves neglecting or denying the existence or importance of
the problem, or postponing or avoiding its solution. This step can lead to negative consequences,
such as worsening the environmental and social issues related to energy production and
consumption, losing the competitive advantage and opportunities of renewable energy, and
failing to meet the national and international commitments on energy security and climate
change.

 Copy the solution: This step involves replicating or adopting the existing solutions or best
practices on blockchain technology for supply chain management without considering the
specific context and needs of the problem. This step can lead to ineffective or inappropriate
 solutions, such as mismatching the blockchain platforms and protocols with the supply chain
requirements and conditions, overlooking the potential risks and trade-offs of blockchain
projects, and ignoring the feedback and preferences of the stakeholders and users.

 Impose the solution: This step involves forcing or imposing the solution on the problem
without involving or consulting the stakeholders and users. This step can lead to unsatisfactory
or unacceptable solutions, such as creating resistance or opposition from the affected parties,
violating the rights or interests of the marginalized or vulnerable groups, and undermining the
legitimacy or credibility of the solution.

2.5. Objectives :- The objectives and milestones for the project on blockchain
technology for supply chain transparency and sustainability can be outlined as follows:

Objective 1: Enhance Transparency and Traceability

Milestone: Implement blockchain technology to create a transparent and tamper-proof record of
supply chain activities

Milestone: Enable traceability of products from raw material extraction to final usage using
blockchain

Objective 2: Improve Sustainability Performance

Milestone: Utilize blockchain to monitor sustainability performance and evaluate suppliers to
ensure adherence to sustainable practices

 Milestone: Track and trace products and labor conditions along the supply chain to
promote sustainability and ethical practices

Objective 3: Ensure Accountability and Compliance

Milestone: Use blockchain to provide immutable certification and automated reporting of ESG
metrics to ensure accurate and trustworthy reporting

 Milestone: Implement blockchain to ensure compliance with regulations and enhance

transparency in supply chain activities

Objective 4: Mitigate Risks and Costs

 Milestone: Reduce administrative costs and mitigate risks of counterfeit goods through
the implementation of blockchain technology

 Milestone: Benchmark and track environmental goals, such as reducing carbon

footprint, using blockchain technology
Objective 5: Address Interoperability and Data Quality

 Milestone: Address interoperability issues between different blockchains to ensure

seamless integration and data sharing

 Milestone: Ensure data quality and access to the right stakeholders while considering
the limitations of blockchain technology
 DESIGN FLOW/PROCESS
Blockchain technology can significantly enhance supply chain transparency and sustainability.
The design flow/process of implementing blockchain in supply chain management involves
several key steps:
Identify Use Cases: Determine specific areas within the supply chain where blockchain can
bring transparency and traceability benefits. This could include tracking the provenance of
goods, ensuring ethical sourcing, or verifying sustainability claims.
Select a Suitable Blockchain Platform: Choose a blockchain platform that aligns with the
requirements of the supply chain, such as permissioned or permissionless, public or private
blockchain, based on the need for transparency and data privacy.
Establish Trusted Participants: Form a consortium of trusted participants including suppliers,
manufacturers, logistics partners, and other stakeholders to ensure the integrity of the data
recorded on the blockchain.
Data Standardization and Integration: Standardize data formats and integrate existing supply
chain management systems with the blockchain to ensure seamless data flow and
interoperability.
Implement Smart Contracts: Utilize smart contracts to automate and enforce agreements
between parties, such as payment terms, delivery schedules, and quality standards, thereby
enhancing transparency and reducing disputes.
Ensure Data Security and Privacy: Implement robust security measures to protect sensitive
supply chain data while maintaining transparency for relevant stakeholders.
Pilot and Scale:

3.1. Evaluation & Selection of Specifications/Features

The features ideally required in a blockchain solution for supply chain

transparency and sustainability have been identified in the literature. These
features are critical for evaluating and selecting specifications for the
implementation of blockchain technology in the supply chain. The key
features identified in the literature include:

Transparency: Blockchain technology provides a transparent and tamper-

proof system, ensuring that data across the entire supply chain cannot be
manipulated, thus enhancing trust and accuracy.

Traceability: Effective traceability is a fundamental feature of blockchain,

enabling real-time tracking of products, data, owners, and actions taken at
any stage of the supply chain.

Decentralization: The decentralized nature of blockchain ensures that

there is no single point of control, enhancing the security and integrity of the
supply chain data.

Audibility: Blockchain offers audibility, allowing for the verification and

validation of transactions and data recorded on the blockchain, contributing
to the overall transparency and trustworthiness of the supply chain

Cybersecurity: The feature of cybersecurity is crucial in blockchain

technology, ensuring the protection of sensitive supply chain data from
unauthorized access and cyber threats.

Accountability: Blockchain technology facilitates accountability by

recording and timestamping all transactions and activities, thereby
attributing responsibility and ensuring accountability across the supply
chain.

Immutability: The immutability of blockchain data ensures that once

recorded, the information cannot be altered or deleted, providing a reliable
and tamper-resistant record of transactions and events.

3.2. Design Constraints

When designing a blockchain solution for supply chain transparency and
sustainability, there are several design constraints that need to be considered.
These constraints include:
Standards and Regulations: Compliance with regulations and standards
related to economic, environmental, health, safety, professional, ethical,
social, and political issues should be considered in the design of the
blockchain solution

Manufacturability: The blockchain solution should be designed to be

easily manufacturable and scalable to meet the needs of the supply chain.

Cost: The cost of implementing and maintaining the blockchain solution

should be considered to ensure that it is economically feasible for the supply
chain.

Data Privacy: The blockchain solution should be designed to ensure data

privacy and protect sensitive supply chain data from unauthorized access.

Cybersecurity: The blockchain solution should be designed to ensure

cybersecurity and protect against cyber threats.

Ethical and Social Issues: The blockchain solution should be designed to

address ethical and social issues related to supply chain transparency and
sustainability, such as fair labor practices and environmental impact.
Environmental Impact: The blockchain solution should be designed to
minimize its environmental impact, such as by reducing energy consumption
and carbon emissions.

3.3. Analysis of Features and finalization subject to

constraints
Based on the design constraints, some features may need to be modified,
added, or removed from the blockchain solution for supply chain
transparency and sustainability. For example:

Standards and Regulations: Compliance with regulations and standards

related to economic, environmental, health, safety, professional, ethical,
social, and political issues should be considered in the design of the
blockchain solution.
Therefore, the blockchain solution should be designed to ensure compliance
with these regulations and standards.
Manufacturability: The blockchain solution should be designed to be
easily manufacturable and scalable to meet the needs of the supply chain.
Therefore, the blockchain solution should be designed to be easily integrated
with existing supply chain management systems.

Cost: The cost of implementing and maintaining the blockchain solution

should be considered to ensure that it is economically feasible for the supply
chain.
Therefore, the blockchain solution should be designed to be cost-effective and
scalable.

Data Privacy: The blockchain solution should be designed to ensure data

privacy and protect sensitive supply chain data from unauthorized access.
Therefore, the blockchain solution should be designed to incorporate privacy
features such as encryption and access controls.

Cybersecurity: The blockchain solution should be designed to ensure

cybersecurity and protect against cyber threats
Therefore, the blockchain solution should be designed to incorporate robust
security measures such as multi-factor authentication and intrusion detection
systems.

Ethical and Social Issues: The blockchain solution should be designed to

address ethical and social issues related to supply chain transparency and
sustainability, such as fair labor practices and environmental impact.
Therefore, the blockchain solution should be designed to incorporate features
that promote ethical and sustainable practices.

Environmental Impact: The blockchain solution should be designed to

minimize its environmental impact, such as by reducing energy consumption
and carbon emissions.

Therefore, the blockchain solution should be designed to incorporate energy-

efficient and sustainable features.

3.4. Design Flow

 Based on the literature, here are two alternative designs/processes/flows
for implementing blockchain technology in supply chain transparency and
sustainability:
Alternative Design/Process/Flow 1:

Transparency by Design: Implement a blockchain-based supply chain

system that focuses on transparency and traceability. This design
emphasizes the principles underlying the design of blockchain-based
supply chains to ensure a high degree of trust, accuracy, and real-time
tracking of products, data, owners, and actions taken at any stage of the
supply chain
.
Compliance and Sustainability Integration: Integrate features that
ensure compliance with regulations and standards related to economic,
environmental, health, safety, professional, ethical, social, and political
issues. This includes incorporating economic, environmental, and social
perspectives into the blockchain solution to promote sustainability in the
supply chain.

Cost-Effective Implementation: Design the blockchain solution to be cost-

effective, scalable, and manufacturable, ensuring that it aligns with the
economic sustainability of the supply chain while delivering transparency
and traceability benefits Alternative Design/Process/Flow 2:
Trust and Accountability Framework: Develop a comprehensive
framework that connects the technical characteristics of blockchain, such
as transparency, integrity, immutability, privacy, reliability, and
versatility, with the supply chain processes and performance. This
framework aims to explicitly match blockchain characteristics with the
requirements for implementing blockchain in supply chains, emphasizing
trust and accountability

Ethical and Social Impact Consideration: Incorporate features that

address ethical and social issues related to supply chain transparency and
sustainability, such as fair labor practices and environmental impact. This
involves designing the blockchain solution to promote ethical and
sustainable practices within the supply chain.
 Real-World Use Cases and Case Studies: Utilize real-world use cases and
case studies to analyze the requirements for implementing blockchain in
supply chains, focusing on specific sectors such as agriculture, food, and
healthcare. This approach provides practical insights into the application
of blockchain technology for supply chain transparency and sustainability

3.5. Design selection

After analyzing the two alternative designs/processes/flows for
implementing blockchain technology in supply chain transparency and
sustainability, the best design is selected based on the following comparison
and reasons:

Alternative Design/Process/Flow 1: Transparency by Design:

Focuses on transparency and traceability, providing a high degree of trust,
accuracy, and real-time tracking of products, data, owners, and actions taken
at any stage of the supply chain.

Emphasizes the principles underlying the design of blockchain-based supply

chains, ensuring a strong foundation for achieving transparency and
sustainability goals.

Integrates economic, environmental, and social perspectives into the

blockchain solution, promoting sustainability in the supply chain.

Alternative Design/Process/Flow 2:

Trust and Accountability Framework

Connects the technical characteristics of blockchain with the supply chain
processes and performance, explicitly matching blockchain characteristics
with the requirements for implementing blockchain in supply chains,
emphasizing trust and accountability.

Utilizes real-world use cases and case studies to analyze the requirements for
implementing blockchain in supply chains, focusing on specific sectors such
as agriculture, food, and healthcare.

Incorporates features that address ethnic and social issues related to supply
chain transparency and sustainability, such as fair labor practices and
environmental impact.

Implementation plan/methodology

Based on the literature, the following implementation plan/methodology is

proposed for implementing blockchain technology in supply chain transparency
and sustainability:
Based on the literature, the following implementation plan/methodology is
proposed for implementing blockchain technology in supply chain transparency
and sustainability:

Identify Use Cases: Determine specific areas within the supply chain where
blockchain can bring transparency and traceability benefits, such as
tracking the provenance of goods, ensuring ethical sourcing, or verifying
sustainability claims.
Select a Suitable Blockchain Platform: Choose a blockchain platform that
aligns with the requirements of the supply chain, such as permissioned or
permissionless, public or private blockchain, based on the need for
transparency and data privacy.
Establish Trusted Participants: Form a consortium of trusted participants
including suppliers, manufacturers, logistics partners, and other
stakeholders to ensure the integrity of the data recorded on the blockchain .

Data Standardization and Integration: Standardize data formats and

integrate existing supply chain management systems with the blockchain
 to ensure seamless data flow and interoperability.

Implement Smart Contracts: Utilize smart contracts to automate and

enforce agreements between parties, such as payment terms, delivery
schedules, and quality standards, thereby enhancing transparency and
reducing disputes.
Ensure Data Security and Privacy: Implement robust security measures to
protect sensitive supply chain data while maintaining transparency for
relevant stakeholders.
Pilot and Scale: Begin with a pilot project to test the effectiveness of the
blockchain solution in improving transparency and sustainability. Upon
successful validation, scale the implementation across the entire supply
chain network.
Monitor and Evaluate: Continuously monitor and evaluate the blockchain
solution to ensure that it is meeting the desired objectives and delivering
the expected benefits.

RESULTS ANALYSIS AND VALIDATION

Blockchain technology has the potential to significantly improve supply chain

transparency and sustainability. It can enhance traceability, coordination among
partners, and access to financing, as well as reduce administrative costs and
improve overall supply chain management.

By providing transparency, effective traceability, and accountability, blockchain

can improve the economic, environmental, and social sustainability of the supply
chain.

Additionally, blockchain can help companies ensure compliance with sustainability

regulations and provide stakeholders with visibility into a product's global footprint
from source to shelf.

Despite its potential, experts agree that there are still challenges associated with the
use of blockchain in supply chain management.
Therefore, while blockchain technology holds great promise for improving supply
chain transparency and sustainability, it is important to address the challenges and
limitations associated with its implementation.

4.1. Implementation of solution

Analysis
Blockchain technology is considered a breakthrough in supply chain management
due to its transparent and tamper-proof nature, which can enhance traceability,
coordination among partners, and access to financing.

It offers potential benefits in terms of economic, environmental, and social

sustainability
However, the adoption of blockchain for sustainable supply chain management has
faced challenges and barriers.

Design Drawings/Schematics/Solid Models

The implementation of blockchain technology in supply chain management does
not typically involve traditional design drawings, schematics, or solid models.
Instead, it focuses on the digital infrastructure and protocols required for secure
and transparent data sharing among supply chain participants.

Report Preparation
The preparation of reports related to the implementation of blockchain technology
for supply chain transparency and sustainability involves documenting the impact
of blockchain on traceability, visibility, efficiency, and green practices within the
supply chain.

Project Management and Communication

Successful use of blockchain in supply chain management requires a trusted group
of permissioned participants, a new consensus protocol, and protections to prevent
the introduction of contaminated or counterfeit products
Effective project management and communication
essential for coordinating the adoption of blockchain technology across supply
chain partners.
Testing/Characterization/Interpretation/Data Validation
The role of blockchain technology in the sustainability of supply chain
management involves testing and validation of its decentralized, transparent,
immutable, and autonomous features

Additionally, blockchain's ability to provide traceability and visibility of supply

chain operations requires interpretation and validation of the data shared among
participants

In summary, the implementation of blockchain technology for supply chain

transparency and sustainability involves leveraging its transparent and tamper-
proof nature to enhance traceability, coordination, and sustainability. This requires
addressing challenges, establishing trusted protocols, and validating the data shared
among supply chain participants.
 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
Blockchain technology has the potential to significantly improve supply chain
transparency and sustainability. It can enhance traceability, reduce administrative
costs, and improve coordination among partners.
Additionally, blockchain can improve economic sustainability through effective
traceability, enhanced visibility, and accountability in the supply chain.
By providing transparency and traceability, blockchain can create supply chain
sustainability and improve overall supply chain management.
The technology's decentralized, transparent, and immutable nature makes it well-
suited for enhancing the sustainability of supply chain management
However, it's important to note that successful blockchain applications for supply
chains will require new permissioned blockchains, new standards for representing
transactions on a block, and new consensus protocols
Therefore, while blockchain holds great promise for supply chain transparency and
sustainability, there are still challenges that need to be addressed for its successful
implementation.
There are a group of companies that make supply chain systems, and it also
consists of various types of flow such as information, finance, and goods. It Is
important to collaborate with the various forms of the business and integrate the
flows to enhance the total performance and come up with a competitive
advantage for the various organizations. The literature review of the
blockchain explored the powerful features that can be used in various fields.
Moreover ,the paper has also highlighted blockchain technology and how it would
facilitate supply chain collaboration and integration. This paper converges the
main themes of compliance, immutability, disability as well as transparency. It
also agreed to the fact that the main themes are there in the blockchain and how it
can help in bringing advantages of the supply chain management. The reason
has also shown that the blockchain is one of the emerging technologies and the
pandit must be given the chance to prove that it can bring a change in the supply
chain.The people have also explored smart contracts and how in reality they can be
helpful by implementing them in today's traditional system. Analysis has also
been done on smart contracts about how one can input data into the blockchain.
On the other hand, a few of the researchers did not agree with the fact about
blockchain implementation is astand alone software that plays a pivotal role in
reducing the cost oftraditional software. But most of the researchers have agreed
to more than one point that blockchain implementation in IoT devices reduces cost.

A Future Work

Blockchainis an emerging technology and can help in the upliftment of the supply
chain business; it alone cannot make any disrupted changes in the business
ecosystem. But the research paper has highlighted that the technology would
provide direction and ideas for future research and a couple of directions have been
suggested. The primary objective is to monitor the business needs that are defined
atthe high level which consists of capability needs. The second factor is the
Technology exploration research that will develop innovative services by taking
into account new information and communication technologies.Lastly, the
authors suggested that it is very crucial to integrate blockchain with other
technologies like the IoT, smart contract 3D printing, etc, and welcome the end
user to give ideas on the various services. All the studies would help government
managers as well as researchers to understand blockchain technology and
implement it in business and supply chain management.B.Open Research
Questions Currently, the organizationshave no clue about blockchain-
enabled solutionsand a seeking networking with the corresponding groups on this
concept. The progress of blockchain technology in the supply chain field has
been slow inenterprises because of several reasons that are discussed below.
•The organizations are still arguing for finding a solution that can offer the
best integration, security, privacy, customer experience and scalability. •The
organizations are not sure of the regulatory as well as compliance application of
the deployment• The potential use cases have not been identified and how the use
cases can be comprehensive is also not judged• The organization fails to identify
when to initiate in making a consortium or to join with the existing one• Metal
hurdles because of the extensive complication interaction as well as change in
the management ahead• The rising tactical and technological issues that are
required to be addressed include performance and scalability, data governance,
enterprise architecture as well as business process design
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