First Aid and Accident Prevention

For Pharmacy Students

By Awel, 2024,@MWU
 Course Objectives
General Objective
⁎ To apply first aid and accident prevention knowledge and skills
in any emergency situation.
 Course Objectives…
Specific Course Objectives
At the end of each topic, the student will be able to:
⁎ Define first aid and accident prevention.
⁎ Explain the principles of first aid.
⁎ Identify respiratory emergencies and perform artificial
respiration.
⁎ Discuss cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
⁎ Recognize wounds, identify types of bleeding,
⁎ and control bleeding.
 Course Objectives…
Specific Course Objectives …
⁎ Describe dressing and bandaging techniques.
⁎ Provide care for casualties experiencing shock or sudden illness.
⁎ Understand the importance of safe lifting and transportation of
casualties.
⁎ Apply first aid approaches for fractures, poisoning, and disaster
situations.
⁎ Distinguish between appropriate and inappropriate actions in
emergencies.
 CHAPTER I
Introduction To First Aid
How do you approach it?
 Objectives
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to :
⁎ Define first aid
⁎ Identify the Goal/aim of providing first aid
⁎ Explain Principles of First Aid
⁎ List value of first aid training
⁎ Know how to deal with emergency situations
⁎ Define infection prevention and patient safety
 What is first-aid??
⁎ First Aid : The immediate care given to a sick or injured person
until full medical treatment is available.
⁎ It consists of a serious of simple life saving techniques that an
individual can be trained to perform.
 Important points about First Aid
⁎ It can be performed by a bystander or by victim
⁎ First aid can bring a difference between life & death
⁎ First aiders don't diagnose or treat; they suspect and provide first
aid on-site.
⁎ Can be applied everywhere
⁎ Usually using locally available materials or materials at hand
Clara Barton
 Universal first aid symbol
⁎ It consists of a white cross on a green background.
⁎ Used to indicate the location of first aid facilities, equipment, or
services.
 Important

Henry Dunant founder of

Battle of Solferino 1859 ICRC 1863
Sardinia VS Austria
 Common Terms
⁎ First Aider:- Any person who has received a certificate from
an authorized training body indicating that he or she is qualified
to render first aid.
⁎ Emergency:- is unexpected situations that pose an immediate
risk to health, life, and property and that require immediate
action.
⁎ Casualty : A person killed or injured in a war or accident
⁎ Safety: Safety is the state of being free from harm, danger, or
injury.
Goals/Aim of first aid

Preserve life

Prevent Further
harm

Promote recovery
B1. CHRISTIAN ERIKSEN collapse
Euro 2020
Prevent Further harm
Promote recovery /Strain Mgt
 Values/Needs Of First Aid
⁎ Emergencies happen unannounced, anywhere – at work, home,
school, or in public.
⁎ Natural and man-made disasters are on the rise
⁎ Population growth and reliance on technology increase the risks
associated with mechanical and electrical devices.
⁎ Self-help skills in first aid are vital for immediate
response and support.
 Principles of first aid
⁎ Removal of the casualty without aggravating existing health
situation.
⁎ Maintain ABC
⁎ Immediate arrest of hemorrhage
⁎ Prevention of impending shock
⁎ Immobilization of simple and compound fractures &
dislocations.
⁎ Cover any open wounds to prevent contamination.
⁎ Do not try to push/move any dislocated/broken bone.
 Principles…
⁎ Treat the victim on time unless dangerous to do so.
⁎ Aware that further injury may happen during caring for victim.
⁎ Relief pain and promote Recovery.
⁎ Keep the victim comfortable
⁎ Referring causality to hospital for further medical care.
 Qualities of first aider
⁎ Good observant ➢ Knowledgeable
⁎ Resourceful ➢ Able to understand his
⁎ Dexterous/skillful or her limitation
⁎ Discriminating/prioritize care
⁎ Persevering ➢ Sympathetic
 Emergency scene management (ESM)
⁎ ESM is the sequence of actions you should follow to ensure
safe and appropriate first aid is given.
⁎ ESM is a structured approach that guides first aiders in handling
emergency situations.
STEPS FOR EMERGENCY SCENE MANAGEMENT
1. Scene Survey: Take control of the scene, ensure safety, and find
out what happened.
2. Primary Survey: Assess for life-threatening injuries and provide
life-saving first aid.
3. Secondary Survey: Methodical check to assess a responsive
casualty for any other injuries or illnesses.
4. Ongoing Care: Continuously monitor the casualty's condition
until medical help arrives.
 1. Scene Survey
⁎ What to Consider Before Treating Someone?
⁎ What happened?
⁎ Further danger?
⁎ Can you cope?
⁎ Number of casualties?
⁎ Who needs help first?
B2.Safety First Drivers
Scene - Copy
 2. Primary survey
⁎ A rapid assessment process used in emergency medical
situations to identify and address life-threatening conditions.
⁎ The primary survey is a rapid assessment process designed to
assess and treat life-threatening injuries rapidly.
 Primary survey Algorism
⁎ Assess the victim for “DRA1P-A2BCH” (Primary survey algorithm)
–D – Danger D
–R – Responsiveness R
–A1 – Activate EMS C
–P – Position A
–A2 – Airway B
–B – Breathing For Cardiac
–C – Circulation Arrest car
AHA guidline
–H – Hemorrhage control
 Assessment….
⁎ D is for Danger
–Safety first
–Assess the situation for presence of any Danger
–Are there any risks to you or to the casualty?
–If the incident is too dangerous to approach, stay back and call
for emergency help.
 Assessment….
⁎ R is for Responsiveness
–Is the victim conscious?
–Touch their shoulder, ask if they are alright.
–Ask if they need help.
–If they say ‘No’ (I don’t need), then proceed no further
–If they say ‘Yes’ (I need help), or No response, then proceed to
A1
 Assessment….
A1 is for Activate EMS
⁎ Activate Emergency medical service or call for ambulance.
⁎ Shout for help
When you call for help include:
⁎ Your name
⁎ The emergency situation
⁎ The location of the emergency
⁎ Condition of the victim
⁎ Number of victims
⁎ If the area is remote/difficult to access, consider sending someone to
meet the EMS in known location.
 Assessment….
⁎ When should EMS be called?
–If the victim is unresponsive
–If the victim tell you that they need help
–If you suspect that the problem needs medical attention
 Assessment….
P is for Position
⁎ Reposition victim: Only if it doesn't increase danger or if no
suspected spinal injury.
⁎ Avoid movement: If Suspected spinal injury—except in life-
threatening situations.
 Assessment….
A2 is for Airway
⁎ Check airway patency
The airway may be blocked by :
⁎ The back of the patient’s tongue
⁎ Solid or semisolid material; food, vomit or blood
⁎ Swelling or injury of the airway
⁎ Position of the neck
 Assessment….
⁎ A2 is for Airway….
⁎ Open airway by performing the Head-Tilt-Chin-Lift technique.
CI- Suspected Cervical Trauma Patient
 Assessment….
B is for Breathing
⁎ Use the LLF technique
Look, listen & feel breathing
 Assessment….
➢ If Normal Breathing (Steady and regular breathing)
⁎ Place the person in the recovery position.
⁎ Monitor breathing continuously.
➢ Not Normal Breathing
• Signs: Breathing is absent or ineffective (e.g., gasping, irregular,
or agonal).
• Action:
•Move to the next step.
 Assessment….
C is for Circulation
⁎ Check pulse
⁎ The best place to check for a pulse is the carotid artery for adult
victims
⁎ If there is no pulse, consider CPR
 Assessment….
H is for Hemorrhaging
⁎ If the victim is bleeding, stop bleeding and provide the
necessary care accordingly.
 Assessment….
Level of consciousness:
⁎ Recognition of any change of level of consciousness is
important.
⁎ Degree of responsiveness to stimuli (internal and external).
⁎ It assessed in the following way
–AVPU - simple
 3. Secondary Survey
After performing a primary survey and address any life-
threatening conditions you can move on to the secondary survey.
Its purpose is to evaluate a responsive casualty for additional
injuries or illnesses. History (AMPLE )
–Allergy, Medication, Previous medical history, Last meal, event
history
Head-to-toe exam
–Give first aid for any injury or illness found
 4. Ongoing causality care
⁎ Stay with the casualty until medical help arrives and takes over
⁎ Rest and reassure the casualty
⁎ Keep the casualty warm
⁎ Continue to assess and monitor the ABC’s
⁎ If there are changes to the ABC’s treat to the best of your ability
⁎ When EMS arrives provide them with as much relevant
information
 When to stop giving care?
Once you begin providing care to an injured or ill person, you must
continue to give the appropriate care until:
⁎ The scene becomes unsafe
⁎ Another trained First Aider or EMS personnel takes over
⁎ You are too exhausted to continue
⁎ The Person Shows Signs of Recovery
 Essential Considerations Beyond First Aid
Besides giving first aid, it is important to:
⁎ Protect the casualty’s belongings
⁎ Keep unnecessary people away
⁎ Reassure family or friends of the casualty
 Importance of Infection Prevention in First Aid
• Protects first aiders from exposure to harmful pathogens.
• Protects patients from infection risks and harmful pathogens.
• Reduces patient complications by minimizing infection risks.
• Ensures the safety of everyone involved.
Key Risks:
•COVID-19.
•Diseases such as HIV, Hepatitis B & C transmitted through
blood and fluids.
•You are the most important person during first aid.
 Essential Infection Control Steps
Hand Hygiene:
–Wash hands with soap; cover cuts with waterproof dressings.
–Keep nails short to reduce bacterial transfer risk.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
–Disposable Gloves: Use items like plastic bags if unavailable.
Proper Disposal of Clinical Waste:
–Dispose of bloody dressings in separate bags; used sharps in
disposal containers.
 Infection Control During CPR
Breathing Barriers:
⁎ Use Pocket CPR Mask or Face Shield to
prevent droplet spread.
⁎ Use new or appropriately cleaned AED
Post-First Aid Hygiene:
⁎ Wash hands or use sanitizer immediately
after administering first aid.