Google Web Toolkit (GWT)

Mark Volkmann mark@ociweb.com

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

What Is GWT?
An open-source, Java-based framework for creating Ajax web applications Created and used by Google Makes writing web applications similar to Swing applications
dramatically reduces the need to understand HTML and JavaScript maintaining Java code is easier than maintaining a mixture of HTML, JavaScript and Java code

Client-side code
compiled to HTML and JavaScript uses CSS for formatting restricted to a subset of Java 1.4 for now

Server-side code can be implemented in any language

including Java 5 and 6 commonly Java-based GWT RPC servlets are used (more on this later)

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

Google Web Toolkit

Why Use GWT?

Creates browser-based GUIs using Swing-like components No need to write HTML which means no scriptlets Uses CSS for formatting and some layout No need to write JavaScript, but can if desired No messy navigation control with redirects and forwards Makes asynchronous server calls which results in a better user experience Ajax features can be implemented without thinking about DOM manipulation Direct DOM manipulation, if needed, is easy to do Can easily pass Java objects between client and server
no need to populate Java objects from HTTP data no need to populate HTML forms from Java objects

Can throw Java exceptions from the server back to the client Can use Java IDEs like Eclipse, IDEA and NetBeans Created, maintained, enhanced and used by Google
recognized for their software expertise one of the few serious Microsoft competitors

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

Google Web Toolkit

Tool Support
IDE plugins
Intellij IDEA
GWT Studio

Eclipse
Cypal Studio for GWT ( was Googlipse) Instantiations GWT Designer

NetBeans
GWT4NB

Other tools
Wirelexsoft VistaFei - a GWT IDE

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

Google Web Toolkit

Installing
Steps
verify that a Java SDK (1.4 or higher) is installed
run java -version from a shell/command prompt

browse http://code.google.com/webtoolkit/ click the "Download Google Web Toolkit (GWT)" link download a platform-specific archive/zip file for a selected version unpackage the archive/zip file to a selected directory set the environment variable GWT_HOME to the path to the unpackaged GWT directory

Can also build latest code from source

see http://code.google.com/webtoolkit/makinggwtbetter.html#compiling

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

Google Web Toolkit

Creating a New Project

Steps differ
depending on whether an IDE plugin is being used well assume no IDE

Non-IDE steps
create a directory for the application from a shell/command prompt, navigate to that directory use the applicationCreator script to create the project directory structure and populate it with initial project files
under Windows, run
%GWT_HOME%\applicationcreator {package}.client.{module}

under UNIX/Linux/Mac OS X, run

$GWT_HOME/applicationcreator {package}.client.{module}

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

Google Web Toolkit

Typical Project Directory Structure

Ant build.properties and build.xml build
classes - holds .class files generated by Java compiler www - holds HTML, CSS, images and JavaScript (including that generated by GWTCompiler)

lib - holds JARs used by this project {package}.{module}.cache.html src {hash-code}.nocache.html package directories {hash-code}.nocache.xml module.gwt.xml client module.java entry point class service.java for a GWT RPC service serviceAsync.java other .java files to be compiled to JavaScript public module.html module.css images server - not automatically created serviceImpl.java other server-side only .java files tomcat - used by hosted mode embedded server

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

Google Web Toolkit

Implementing a New Project

The initial files to be edited for a new project are
the main HTML file
src/{package-dirs}/public/{module}.html

the entry point Java source file

src/{package-dirs}/client/{module}.java

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

Google Web Toolkit

Minimal HTML
<html> <head> to find module XML <title>{title}</title> <meta name="gwt:module" content="{package}.{module}"> </head> bootstrap script loads <body> browser/local-specific JavaScript <script language="javascript" src="gwt.js"></script> <!-- OPTIONAL: include this if history support is desired --> <iframe id="__gwt_historyFrame" style="width:0;height:0;border:0"> </iframe> <!-- can add static HTML here --> </body> </html>

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

Google Web Toolkit

Minimal Entry Point Java Class

package com.ociweb.demo.client; import com.google.gwt.core.client.EntryPoint; import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.*; public class {module} implements EntryPoint { public void onModuleLoad() { final TextBox textBox = new TextBox(); Button button = new Button("Click me"); button.addClickListener(new ClickListener() { public void onClick(Widget sender) { textBox.setText("clicked"); } }); Panel panel = new FlowPanel(); panel.add(textBox); panel.add(button); RootPanel.get().add(panel); } }

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

Google Web Toolkit

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Widgets

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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Containers

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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Modules
GWT applications are referred to as modules A module has an XML descriptor, {module}.gwt.xml
can specify
inherited modules
to share custom widgets and other code

entry point Java class name source paths

for locating Java source files to be compiled to JavaScript

public paths
for locating CSS, JavaScript and image files

and more

stored in the source tree package directory just above entry point Java source file

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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Example Module XML

<module> <inherits name="com.google.gwt.user.User"/> <source path="client"/> <!-- the default --> <entry-point class="com.ociweb.gwt.client.Hello"/> <stylesheet src="Hello.css"/> module package module name

<servlet path="/com.ociweb.gwt.Hello/SomeService" class="com.ociweb.gwt.server.SomeServiceImpl"/> </module>

For details on the content of module XML files, see http://code.google.com/webtoolkit/documentation/ com.google.gwt.doc.DeveloperGuide.Fundamentals.Modules.ModuleXml.html

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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CSS
GWT encourages formatting with CSS All widgets support these methods
addStyleName - adds to existing list of styles for the widget setStyleName - replaces existing list of styles for the widget

To specify formatting for each style name

add a CSS class to a stylesheet file (.css) in the src/{package-dirs}/public directory add the following line to the module XML <stylesheet src="{name}.css"/>

Most widgets have a default CSS class name

for example, Button widgets use the gwt-Button CSS class

For more info, see

http://www.ociweb.com/mark/programming/GWT.html#Formatting

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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Event Handling
Most widgets support listening for user events
events generated by each widget differ

Listener interfaces
define methods that are invoked on objects that implement them (your code) when certain events occur for example, ClickListener often implemented by an anonymous inner class
like earlier example

Adapter classes
make it easier to implement listener interfaces by providing method implementations that do nothing, saving you the trouble of writing them only for interfaces with more than one method

For more info. see

http://www.ociweb.com/mark/programming/GWT.html#Widgets http://www.ociweb.com/mark/programming/GWT.html#ListenersAdapters

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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Event Handling (Contd)

Listener interfaces and adapter classes are summarized below
Name ChangeListener ClickListener FocusListener KeyboardListener Adapter none none FocusListenerAdapter Methods void onChange(Widget sender) void onClick(Widget sender) void onFocus(Widget sender) void onLostFocus(Widget sender) KeyboardListenerAdapter void onKeyDown(Widget sender, char keyCode, int modifiers) void onKeyPress(Widget sender, char keyCode, int modifiers) void onKeyUp(Widget sender, char keyCode, int modifiers) none MouseListenerAdapter void void void void void void void void void void void void void void void onError(Widget sender) onLoad(Widget sender) onMouseDown(Widget sender, int x, int y) onMouseEnter(Widget sender) onMouseLeave(Widget sender) onMouseMove(Widget sender, int x, int y) onMouseUp(Widget sender, int x, int y) onMouseWheel(Widget sender, int x, int y, MouseWheelVelocity velocity) onPopupClosed(PopupPanel sender, boolean autoClosed) onScroll(Widget sender, int scrollLeft, int scrollTop) onCellClicked(SourcedTableEvents sender, int row, int cell) onBeforeTabSelected(SourcesTabEvents sender, int tabIndex) onTabSelected(SourcesTabEvents sender, int tabIndex) onTreeItemStateChanged(TreeItem item) onTreeItemStateChanged(TreeItem item)

LoadListener MouseListener

MouseWheelListener PopupListener ScrollListener TableListener TabListener TreeListener

none none none none none none

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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Running in Hosted Mode

In hosted mode, a special browser is used to display and exercise the user interface
uses Java bytecode instead of generated JavaScript

Once the hosted mode browser is running

changes to client-side Java code (made in any editor) can be tested by simply clicking the refresh button in the browser no separate compiling or deploying is required! allows quick testing of CSS and client-side Java code changes can use an IDE debugger to step through code

Server-side code changes still require recompile/redeploy Steps

from a shell/command prompt, navigate to application directory run {module}-shell script
this compiles client-side code, starts hosted mode browser, and runs application inside it -noserver option

can also launch from Ant or an IDE

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

allows use a server other than embedded Tomcat

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Running in Deployed Mode

To deploy a GWT application to an app. server so it can be run outside hosted mode
compile client-side Java code into HTML and JavaScript using the GWTCompiler
By default, JavaScript is generated in "obfuscate" mode which results in smaller files. Another supported mode is "pretty" which makes the files readable, but larger. The last mode is "detailed" which is like "pretty", but adds more verbose names to assist with tracing JavaScript functions back to methods in specific Java classes. To specify the mode that the GWT compiler should use, run the compile script with the -style=OBF|PRETTY|DETAILED option

compile server-side Java code using a standard Java compiler GWTCompiler generates a separate JavaScript file for each supported browser and locale combination
the correct JavaScript file is automatically downloaded to the changing in GWT 1.4 requesting browser by the gwt.js bootstrap script this reduces the amount of JavaScript code that must be downloaded since only code applicable to that browser/locale is downloaded
continued on next page

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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Running in Deployed Mode (Contd)

bundle the following in a WAR file
module XML and HTML generated HTML/JavaScript CSS files image files server-side .class files GWT-supplied gwt-servlet.jar other JARs required by server-side code

deploy the WAR file to a JEE server such as Tomcat or JBoss run the application from a web browser by visiting http://{server}:{port}/{package}/{module}.html

These steps are typically automated with Ant

see http://www.ociweb.com/mark/programming/GWT.html#Deploying for an example Ant build file
for debugging in deployed mode, Firefox using Firebug is recommended

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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Server Calls
Several forms are supported
HTML form submission XMLHttpRequest (classic Ajax) JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) GWT RPC

Perhaps the most common is GWT RPC

uses Java servlets that extend RemoteServiceServlet automatically serializes objects from classes that
implement IsSerializable (a marker interface) have a no-arg constructor

many GWT versions of standard Java classes do this

such as java.util.List and java.util.Map

see steps to use at

http://www.ociweb.com/mark/programming/GWT.html#ServerCalls

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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JavaScript Native Interface (JSNI)

Java methods can invoke JavaScript code through JSNI Uses special native methods that embed JavaScript code in Java source files Example
private native boolean matches( String regExp, String value) /*-{ var pattern = new RegExp(regExp); return value.search(pattern) != -1; }-*/;

JavaScript code

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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Other Supported Features

Custom widgets
implemented by Java classes that typically extend the GWT Composite class

Reusable modules
can be inherited by multiple GWT applications

Internationalization
using Java property files

JUnit testing Client-side XML processing

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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More Information
Web pages
project homepage - http://code.google.com/webtoolkit/ developer guide - http://code.google.com/webtoolkit/documentation/ class doc. - http://code.google.com/webtoolkit/documentation/gwt.html OCI notes - http://www.ociweb.com/mark/programming/GWT.html

Mailing list
Google Group - http://groups.google.com/group/Google-Web-Toolkit

Blogs
Google Developer Blog - http://googlewebtoolkit.blogspot.com/ Robert Hanson (author of GWT In Action) - http://roberthanson.blogspot.com/

Podcasts
Java Posse GWT Round Table on 10/15/06
http://javaposse.com/index.php?post_id=140955

Books
none yet, but many on the way; see next page and
http://www.ociweb.com/mark/programming/GWT.html#Resources
Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.
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Books On The Way

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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Running Calculator Example

Lets build a web app. for calculating running paces
users enter a distance and a time the application calculates the pace per mile

Heres the GUI we want

Details
part outlined in red is a custom widget called DistanceWidget
contains a TextBox for entering a distance contains a ListBox for selecting units of Miles or Kilometers
changing selection converts the distance

contains a ListBox for selecting common distances such as Marathon

selecting one sets the distance TextBox and the units ListBox

time TextBox accepts formats of hh:mm:ss, mm:ss or ss

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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Steps To Write Entry Point Class

Well assume some things are already in place
Calculator.java - does math to convert distances and calculate paces DistanceWidget.java - custom widget for entering a distance

RunningCalc.java - implements EntryPoint

create the following widgets
Label to display application title DistanceWidget TextBox to enter time (set visible length to 10) Label to display calculated pace FlexTable to layout labels and data entry/display widgets Calculate button

add widgets to the FlexTable create VerticalPanel and use it to layout application title, FlexTable and Calculate button add VerticalPanel to RootPanel Additional Tasks: - add validation to the distance and add a ClickListener to Calculate button time TextBoxes that calculates pace and sets pace Label - add CSS to make the GUI look nicer
double miles = distanceWidget.getMiles(); String time = timeTextBox.getText(); String pace = Calculator.getMilePaceTime(miles, time); paceLabel.setText(pace); Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

- add a KeyboardListener to the time TextBox so pressing Enter there is the same as pressing the Calculate button
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Google Web Toolkit

The Finished Code

All of the code in the finished application follows

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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Calculator.java
package com.ociweb.running.client; public class Calculator { private static final double KILOMETERS_PER_MILE = 1.609344; private static final double MILES_PER_KILOMETER = 1 / KILOMETERS_PER_MILE; public static double convertKilometersToMiles(double kilometers) { return kilometers * MILES_PER_KILOMETER; } public static double convertMilesToKilometers(double miles) { return miles * KILOMETERS_PER_MILE; }

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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Calculator.java (Contd)
/** * Converts a time string to the equivalent number of seconds. * Times must be in the format hh:mm:ss, mm:ss or ss. */ public static int convertTimeToSeconds(String time) { // Validate the time. String regex = "/(\\d{1,2})(:(\\d{1,2}))?(:(\\d{1,2}))?/"; if (matches(regex, time)) { throw new RuntimeException("Invalid time: " + time); } String[] pieces = time.split(":"); int count = pieces.length; int p0 = Integer.parseInt(pieces[0]); int p1 = count > 1 ? Integer.parseInt(pieces[1]) : 0; int p2 = count > 2 ? Integer.parseInt(pieces[2]) : 0; int hours = count == 3 ? p0 : 0; int minutes = count == 3 ? p1 : count == 2 ? p0 : 0; int seconds = count == 3 ? p2 : count == 2 ? p1 : p0; return (hours * 60 + minutes) * 60 + seconds; }

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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Calculator.java (Contd)
/** * Gets the minutes per mile pace time string * for a given distance (in miles) and total time. * Times must be in the format hh:mm:ss, mm:ss or ss. */ public static String getMilePaceTime(double miles, String time) { int seconds = convertTimeToSeconds(time); long secondsPerMile = Math.round(seconds / miles); double minutesPerMile = secondsPerMile / 60.0; int wholeMinutesPerMile = (int) Math.floor(minutesPerMile); long wholeSecondsPerMile = Math.round((minutesPerMile - wholeMinutesPerMile) * 60.0); String pace = wholeMinutesPerMile + ":"; if (wholeSecondsPerMile < 10) pace = '0' + pace; pace += wholeSecondsPerMile + " per mile"; return pace; }

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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Calculator.java (Contd)
/** * Gets the minutes per kilometer pace time string * for a given distance (in kilometers) * and total time. * Times must be in the format hh:mm:ss, mm:ss or ss. */ public static String getKilometerPaceTime( double kilometers, String time) { return getMilePaceTime(kilometers, time); } /** * Regular expression matching using JavaScript (JSNI). * @param regExp the regular expression * @param value the value to be compared * @return true if the value matches; false otherwise */ public native static boolean matches(String regExp, String value) /*-{ var pattern = new RegExp(regExp); return value.search(pattern) != -1; }-*/; }

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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DistanceWidget.java
package com.ociweb.running.client; import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.*; import java.util.Map; import java.util.HashMap; public class DistanceWidget extends Composite { private static Map distanceMap = new HashMap(); private private private private ListBox distanceListBox = new ListBox(); ListBox unitListBox = new ListBox(); TextBox distanceTextBox = new TextBox(); int otherIndex;

public DistanceWidget() { setupDistanceTextBox(); setupUnitListBox(); setupDistanceListBox(); Panel panel = new HorizontalPanel(); panel.add(distanceTextBox); panel.add(unitListBox); panel.add(distanceListBox); initWidget(panel); }
Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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DistanceWidget.java (Contd)
private void addDistance(String name, double distance) { distanceMap.put(name, new Double(distance)); if ("Other".equals(name)) otherIndex = distanceListBox.getItemCount(); distanceListBox.addItem(name); } private double getDistance(String name) { Double distance = (Double) distanceMap.get(name); return distance.doubleValue(); } public double getMiles() { double distance = Double.parseDouble(distanceTextBox.getText()); boolean isKilometers = unitListBox.getSelectedIndex() == 1; if (isKilometers) { distance = Calculator.convertKilometersToMiles(distance); } return distance; }

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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DistanceWidget.java (Contd)
private void setupDistanceListBox() { addDistance("Marathon", 26.2); addDistance("1/2 Marathon", 13.1); addDistance("10K", 10); addDistance("5K", 5); addDistance("Mile", 1); addDistance("Other", 0); distanceListBox.setSelectedIndex(0); distanceTextBox.setText(String.valueOf(getDistance("Marathon"))); distanceListBox.addChangeListener(new ChangeListener() { public void onChange(Widget sender) { int index = distanceListBox.getSelectedIndex(); String name = distanceListBox.getItemText(index); double distance = getDistance(name); String distanceText = distance == 0 ? "" : String.valueOf(distance); distanceTextBox.setText(distanceText); unitListBox.setSelectedIndex(name.endsWith("K") ? 1 : 0); } }); }

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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DistanceWidget.java (Contd)
private void setupDistanceTextBox() { distanceTextBox.setVisibleLength(5); distanceTextBox.addFocusListener(new ChangeListener () { public void onChange(Widget sender) { distanceListBox.setSelectedIndex(otherIndex); } }); }

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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DistanceWidget.java (Contd)
private void setupUnitListBox() { unitListBox.addItem("Miles"); unitListBox.addItem("Kilometers"); unitListBox.setSelectedIndex(0); unitListBox.addChangeListener(new ChangeListener() { public void onChange(Widget sender) { // Convert value in distanceTextBox to new unit. int index = unitListBox.getSelectedIndex(); String distanceText = distanceTextBox.getText(); double distance = Double.parseDouble(distanceText); distance = index == 0 ? Calculator.convertKilometersToMiles(distance) : Calculator.convertMilesToKilometers(distance); distanceTextBox.setText(String.valueOf(distance)); } }); } }

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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RunningCalc.java
package com.ociweb.running.client; import com.google.gwt.core.client.EntryPoint; import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.*; public class RunningCalc implements EntryPoint { private private private private private private Button calculateButton = new Button("Calculate"); DistanceWidget distanceWidget = new DistanceWidget(); Label paceLabel = new Label(); FlexTable table = new FlexTable(); TextBox timeTextBox = new TextBox(); int row = 0;

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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RunningCalc.java (Contd)
public void onModuleLoad() { timeTextBox.setText("2:57:11"); timeTextBox.setVisibleLength(10); timeTextBox.addKeyboardListener(new KeyboardListenerAdapter() { public void onKeyUp(Widget sender, char keyCode, int modifiers) { if (keyCode == KEY_ENTER) calculatePace(); } }); paceLabel.addStyleName("paceLabel"); calculateButton.addClickListener(new ClickListener() { public void onClick(Widget sender) { calculatePace(); } }); addRow("Distance:", distanceWidget); addRow("Time:", timeTextBox); addRow("Pace:", paceLabel);

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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RunningCalc.java (Contd)
VerticalPanel panel = new VerticalPanel(); Label titleLabel = new Label("Running Calculator"); titleLabel.addStyleName("title"); panel.add(titleLabel); panel.add(table); panel.add(calculateButton); RootPanel.get().add(panel); } private void addRow(String labelText, Widget widget) { Label label = new Label(labelText); label.addStyleName("tableLabel"); table.setWidget(row, 0, label); table.setWidget(row, 1, widget); row++; } private void calculatePace() { double miles = distanceWidget.getMiles(); String time = timeTextBox.getText(); String pace = Calculator.getMilePaceTime(miles, time); paceLabel.setText(pace); } }
Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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RunningCalc.gwt.xml
<module> <inherits name='com.google.gwt.user.User'/> <entry-point class='com.ociweb.running.client.RunningCalc'/> </module>

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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RunningCalc.html
<html> <head> <title>RunningCalc Application</title> <meta name='gwt:module' content='com.ociweb.running.RunningCalc'> <link rel=stylesheet href="RunningCalc.css"> </head> <body> <script language="javascript" src="gwt.js"></script> <iframe id="__gwt_historyFrame style="width:0;height:0;border:0"></iframe> </body> </html>

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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RunningCalc.css
body { font-family: Comic Sans MS, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 8px; } .paceLabel { color: green; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; } .tableLabel { color: purple; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; } .title { color: blue; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: bold; }

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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Wrap-Up
GWT provides a way to leverage Java expertise and tools to build dynamic web applications without requiring knowledge of HTML, JavaScript and DOM manipulation CAIT may have a course on GWT soon Feel free to email questions about GWT to me at mark@ociweb.com Thanks for attending!

Copyright 2007 by Object Computing, Inc. (OCI). All rights reserved.

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