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INTERNAL LAND FORMING PROCESSES.
CHAPTER ONE: FOLDING
1a) Name two types of earth movements that occur within the earth’s crust.
b) Differentiate between orogenic and epeirogenic forces.
c) List two effects of horizontal earth movements.
d) Give three causes of earth movements.
2a) Describe how isostatic adjustment causes earth movement.
b) What is plate tectonic theory?
c) Describe the theory of plate tectonics.
d) Name the tectonic plate8’s boundaries.
e) Name and describe three types of plate tectonic boundaries.
f) Give reasons why it is necessary to study plate tectonics theory.
g) Name three main boundaries which develop due to the movement of plate tectonics.
h) Use the world map below to answer the questions that follow.

i) Identify the major tectonic plates in the world.

ii) Name the ridges marked –
3a)What is Continental Drift?
b) Describe the origin of continents according to the Theory of Continental Drift.
c) Explain the evidence of Continental Drift.
4a) What is folding?
b) Name four types of fold.
c) Differentiate between folding and faulting.
d) State two causes of folding.
e) Give the factors that influence folding process of rocks.
f) The diagram below represents parts of a fold, use it to answer the question that follow.

Name the parts of a fold marked A, B, C, and D.

g)With the aid of a well labeled diagram explain how a recumbent fold is formed.
h) Apart from fold Mountains name three other features resulting from folding.

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4) The diagram below represents some types of fold. Use it to answer questions E and F below.

a) Name the two types of fold.

b) Describe how an over thrust fold is formed.
c) Differentiate between symmetrical and asymmetrical folds.
d) The diagram below shows some types of folds.Use it to answer the question below.

e) Name the types of folds marked.

f) With the aid of a labeled diagram, describe the formation of an overfold.

The crustal rocks are subjected to compressional forces.

5a) Distinguish between orogeny and orogenesis.
b) Name any two fold Mountains building periods.
c) Name the mountains formed during.
i) Charnian orogeny.
ii) Calendonian orogeny –
iii) Hercynian orogeny –
iv) Alpine orogeny –
d) Give two examples of Fold Mountains formed during the alpine orogeny.

6) Explain the three theories that explain the formation of Fold Mountains.
i) The Contraction Theory.
ii) The Convection Theory.
iii) Plate Tectonic Theory.

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7) Study the world map below and answer the questions that follow.

a) Name the Fold Mountains marked, A, B & C

b) Name two areas in Africa where folding has taken place.
c) Name one fold Mountain in,
Asia –
North America –
South America –
Africa-
Europe –
d) Name the countries in which the following fold mountains are found.
i) Atlas –
ii) Alps –
iii) Himalayas –
iv) Andes –

8a) Give three stages involved in the formation of fold Mountain.

b) With well labeled diagram, describe the formation of Fold Mountains.

9a) Explain ways in which Fold Mountains influence climate.

b) Explain four ways in which Fold Mountains influence human activities.
c) State the significance of folding to the physical and human environment.
d) Explain two negative effects of Fold Mountains on human activities.

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 CHAPTER TWO: FAULTING
1a) What is faulting?
b) Differentiate between faulting and folding.
c) State three forces involved in the process of faulting.

2) The diagram below represents parts of the earth’s crust which have been subjected to tensional
forces.

Name:-
a) The slope marked A –
b) The angle marked B –
c) Name three escarpments found in Kenya.
d) Apart from compressional forces, explain two other processes that may cause faulting.

3a) Name two types of faults

b) Name three features resulting from faulting.
c) With the aid of well labeled diagrams, explain how a fault is formed.

4a) Differentiate between normal fault and reverse fault. (Use a diagram)
b) Differentiate between a reverse fault and a shear fault.

5a) Apart from the Rift valley two features that were formed as a result of faulting.
b) State three characteristics of Gregory Rift valley.
c) Name four features associated with Gregory Rift valley.

6a) with the aid of well labeled diagrams, describe the formation of the Rift Valley through
ant clinical arching.
b) With the aid of well labeled diagrams, describe how a Rift Valley is formed by tensional
forces.

7a) List at least three horst mountains found in East Africa.

b) With the aid of well labeled diagram, describe how a horst mountain is formed.
c) State ways in which faulting influences drainage systems.

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 d) With the aid of well labeled diagram, describe how the Rift Valley was formed due to
compressional forces.
e) The following diagram shows a shear fault.Name the parts marked X and R.

8a) Name four negative influences of faulting on the human environment.

b) Explain three economic benefits of faulting.
c) Explain four effects of faulting.
d) State the significance of faulting to human activities.
e) Explain four effects of faulting to physical environment.
f) Explain the significance of faulting to the physical and human environment.

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 CHAPTER THREE: VOLCANICITY
1a) Define the term volcanicity.
b) Define vulcanicity.
c) Define vulcanism.
d) Differentiate between vent eruption and fissure eruption.
e) Identify three types of lava associated with volcanic activities.

2) List two features resulting from extrusive volcanic activity.

3a) What is magma?
b) Differentiate between
i) Magma and lava
ii) Solfatara and mofette
4a) What is volcano?
b) Describe how a volcano is formed.
c) Name three volcanic features found in the Rift Valley of Kenya.
5). The diagram below represents a composite volcano.
a) Name the features marked P, Q and R

b) Describe the characteristics of a composite volcano.

6a) What is an extinct volcano?
b) State two examples of extinct volcanoes in Kenya
c) Name three active volcanoes in Africa.
7) The diagram below represents features of volcanicity. Use it to answer questions that follow.

a) Name the features labeled. L, K & M

b) Name two volcanic mountains found in East Africa.
c) Describe how the following features were formed.
i) Mount Kenya.
ii) Yatta plateau
d) Name two lava plateaus in Kenya.

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 e) Describe how lava plateau is formed.
8ai) Differentiate between a sill and a dyke.
ii) Explain how a sill is formed.
iii) Describe how a dyke is formed.
9) The diagrams below show the formation of a caldera through volcanic explosion. Study
it and answer the questions that follow.
a) Describe the processes shown by the diagrams below.

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10) The diagram below shows some intrusive features formed by volcanism.

a) Name the features marked X, Y and Z.

b) Name three intrusive volcanic features.
11) Explain two ways in which the geysters and hot springs at Olkaria are of significance to
the economy of Kenya.

12a) State four ways in which volcanicity has influenced human activities in Kenya
b) Explain the negative effects of volcanicity.
c) Explain ways in which volcanic mountain positively influence human activities.
d) Explain three economic significances of volcanic activities.
e) Explain four economic importance of volcanicity to human activities.

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 CHAPTER FOUR: EARTHQUAKES
EARTHQUAKES
1a) Define the term earthquake.
b) Differentiate between an earthquake and an earth tremor.

2a) Identify the two scales used to measure the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake.
b) Differentiate between magnitude and intensity.

3a) Define seismology.

b) What is a seismograph?
c) Distinguish between seismic focus and epicenter.

4a) Name three types of earthquakes waves.

b) Name two surface longitudinal seismic waves.
c) Give two characteristics of primary seismic waves.

5a) State three causes of earthquakes on the earth’s surface.

b) Give the effects of earthquakes in built up area.
c) Explain two natural causes of earthquakes.
d) Explain the effects of earthquakes in urban areas.
e) State five ways in which the earth’s crust is affected by earthquakes.
f) Explain two human causes of earthquakes.

6a) Name the two major earthquakes zones of the world.

b) Name the major regions where earthquakes occur.
c) What is tsunami and how does it occur?

7a) What is isostasy?

b) Describe how isostasy can cause an earthquake.

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 CHAPTER FIVE: VEGETATION
1a) What is vegetation?
b) What is natural vegetation?

2) State the topographical factors that influence vegetation distribution.

3a) Identify the three types/categories of vegetation.

b) Distinguish between secondary and planted vegetation.
c) Differentiate between natural vegetation and derived vegetation.

4)a) State the characteristics of the Mediterranean type of vegetation.

b) Describe the characteristics of deciduous forests.
c) Name two species of trees that are found in deciduous forests.

5a) The diagram below represents zones of natural vegetation on a mountain in Kenya.
Name the zones marked- W & X

b) Explain the importance of vegetation in zone Y.

c) What is the government doing to safeguard /protect the forest in zone X?
6i) Describe the characteristics of tropical savannah vegetation.
ii) State three ways in which savannah vegetation is of significance to man.
iii) State the uses of savanna vegetation.

7) The diagram below represents zones of vegetation on a mountain.use it to answer

questions that follow.

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 a) Name the zones marked P and R.
b) State the reasons the top mountain is bare.
c) Describe the characteristics of the tropical rain forest.
d) Describe ways in which mountain vegetation is significant to human activities.
e) State the uses of mountain vegetation.

8a) Explain the factors that have led to a decline of the natural vegetation in Kenya.
b) Explain six ways in which vegetation is of significance in Kenya.

9) The map below shows some vegetation regions of the world. Use it to answer question
below.
i) Name the temperate grassland below. H- , J- K-
ii) Name the temperate grassland found in the following countries.
North America-
Russia-
Australia and Canada-
Argentina –
South Africa –
iii) Describe the characteristics of equitorial forests.
iv) Explain how the desert vegetation adopts to the environmental conditions of the region.
10) Explain how the following factors affect the distribution of vegetation in Kenya.
i) Variation in rainfall
ii) Aspect
11) Below is the map of Africa showing vegetation zones.Use it to answer the question below

i) Name the vegetation zones marked. P, Q & R

ii) Differentiate between tropical and temperate grasslands.
b) Explain how the following fators influence the distribution of vegetation
i) Altitude iv) Winds
ii) Human beings v) Soils
iii) Drainage
c) Explain three ways in which climate influences the vegetation.

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 i) Rainfall:
ii) Temperature:
iii) Wind:
di) Your class carried out a field study on vegetation in the area around your school.Give
reasons why you may have to sample the area of study.
ii) Give three ways in which you may sample the area of study
iii) Give three ways in which you are likely torecord the data during the study
12) State the factors that have lead to scanty vegetation in tundra region.
13i) State the major vegetation region in Kenya.
ii) Explain ways in which vegetation in the Nyika region of Kenya has adapted to the
climatic conditions experienced in the area.
iii) Explain three uses of mangrove forest.

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 CHAPTER SIX: FORESTRY

1ai) What is forestry?

ii) Define the term forest.
iii) Differentiate the difference between a forest and forestry.
b) Explain four major factors that influence the distribution and type of forests.
c) Describe how the following factors influence the distribution of natural forests.

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 i) Soils
ii) Human activities
iii) Altitude
2ai) Define reforestation.
ii). Differentiate between a forestation and reforestation.
3i) Define the term agro- forestry.
ii) Differentiate between agro-forestry and a forestation.
iii) Differentiate between forestry and agro-forestry.
iv) State three characteristics of trees suitable to be grown under agro–forestry.
vi) List three reasons why agro-forestry is important in Kenya.
vii) State four reasons as to why a forestation should be encouraged in Kenya.

4) What is a plant community?

5ai) Name two main exotic softwood trees found in Kenya.
ii) Differentiate between indigenous and exotic forests.
bi) Differentiate between management of forest and conservation of forests.
ii) Explain three problems that hinder the Kenya government’s effort to manage and
conserve her forests.
6ai) Name two types of indigenous hard wood trees found in Mount Kenya.
ii) The map below shows Kenya’s forest zones. Study and use it to answer the questions that follow.

a) Identify the forests marked M and R.

b) State three factors that have led to depletion of forests in Kenya.
c) State four factors that favour forestry in Kenya.
di) Name the forests reserves marked H,J,K,L .

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 ii) Name two forest reserves in the coastal region.
iii) State three factors that favour the growth of forests on Mount Kenya.
7ai) State five factors that have led to the reduction of the area under forests on the slopes of Mount
Kenya.
ii) Explain ways in which Kenya is attempting to save its forests.
iii) Explain four measures being taken by the government to control human
encroachment of forested areas.
iv) Explain four problems that affect forests in Kenya.
v) Explain four ways in which forestry in Kenya influence man in a negative manner.
vi) Give four reasons why softwood trees are preferred in planted forests in Kenya.
vii) State three measures that the Kenyan government should undertake to encourage a forestation.
viii) Give the measures taken to conserve and manage forests in Kenya.

8ai) Outline the main characteristics of temperate hardwood forests.

ii) Describe the characteristics of tropical hard wood forests.
iii) Name two conditions that favour the growth of hardwood forests.
iv) State four factors that make it difficult to exploit tropical hardwood forest.
b) Students from St Lawrence School carried a field study on forests in Kenya around their
school. List four causes of fire that destroy the forests the students would have noted.
i) Name one main pest that attacks trees in Kenya the students would have noted.
ii) State three characteristics of equatorial rain forests found in Kenya.
iii) Identify two coniferous trees found in Kenya.
v) Describe the characteristics of coniferous forests.
vi) Name two tree species of high commercial value in a coniferous forest.
vii) Apart from coniferous forests name two other types of natural forests.
viii) State three characteristics of coniferous forests which favour their exploitation.

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09ai) Outline three characteristics of soft wood forests in Kenya.
ii) Apart from tropical hard wood forests, name two other types of natural forests.
iii) State three characteristics of natural forests.
iv) Explain three positive significances of forest and forest products in Kenya.
v) Name two indigenous softwood tree species In Kenya.
vi) Name two exotic types of trees planted in Kenya.
vii) Name three non-wood products from natural forests in Kenya.

10ai) Name two provinces in Canada where forestry is practiced.

ii) Explain three factors that favour the development of softwood forests in Canada.
iii) State five characteristics of softwood forest trees found in Canada.
iv) Identify two climatic conditions that discourage softwood exploitation in Canada.
v) Explain why forests are more widespread in Canada than in Kenya.
vi) State five problems facing forestry in Canada.
b) Compare forestry in Kenya and Canada under the following headings.
i) Transportation of logs v) Altitude
ii) Harvesting vi) Trees species
iii) Distribution vii) Marketing
iv) Climate
c) Explain how forestry in Kenya and Canada differ in the following.
i) Settlement of forest workers
ii) Transportation
iii)Tree harvesting
iv) Logging season
v) Marketing of forest products
11ai) Identify three training and research institutions that have been established by the
Kenya government to deal with forestry.
ii) State four environmental and ecological benefits of forests.
b) The map below shows world distribution of forests. Use it to answer questions below.

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 ii) Name the forest vegetation marked;
iii) Explain four ways in which the forest vegetation marked Z is adapted to the climatic
conditions in the area.
iv) State four environmental and ecological benefits of forests.
v) State four ways applied to conserve forests in Kenya.
vi) Explain three human problems facing forests in Kenya.
vii) Explain four measures taken by the government of Kenya to control human
encroachment on forested areas.
vii) State four reasons why a forestation should be encouraged in Kenya.
viii) State four ways in which the clearing of forests has affected the natural environment.

12ai) Explain the problems experienced in commercial exploitation of equatorial forests in Africa.
ii) State why a country should conserve her forests.
iii) Explain three causes of a decline of natural grasslands in Kenya.
13) Use the map of Kenya provided to answer questions that follow. Name the type of
vegetation types marked A, B and C.

ai) State six characteristics of the vegetation type labeled B.

ii) The map below shows some vegetation regions of the world. Use it to answer the questions that
follow –

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bi) Name the vegetation types marked F and G.
ii) The type of grassland marked H.
iii) Describe the characteristics of the natural vegetation marked F.
ci) The table below shows forest plantation by area in hectares in three countries in Kenya between
2001 and 2014. Use it to answer the questions that follow.

COUNTY/YEAR 2001 2002 2003 2004

NAKURU 150 140 120 100
KERICHO 140 135 130 110
NANDI 120 110 105 90

cii) Using a scale of 1cm represents 10 hectares draw a comparative line graph to represent the
above data.

iii) List the other methods that can be used to represent the above data.
iv) Give the advantages of using comparative line graph as a method of data presentation.
v) What was the percentage decline in the area under forest in Nakuru between the years 2001 and
2004?
vi) What was the total decline of the area under forest cover in Kericho between 2002 and 2004?
vii) Comment on the trend of the graph.

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