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Viviani Curve

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32 views6 pages

Viviani Curve

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Pi 13
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VIVIANI CURVE

Curve studied by Roberval and Viviani in 1692.


Vincenzo Viviani (1622-1703): Italian mathematician.
Initial name given by Roberval: cyclo-cylindrical curve.
See also the mathourist's page.

System of Cartesian equations: .

System of spherical equations: (longitude = latitude).

Cartesian equation: (where ) or: (with

), form used in what follows.


Rational biquadratic (quartic of the first kind).
Curvilinear abscissa: .

System of cylindrical equations in the frame (A, ) where A(a, 0, 0): .

The total length is equal to the length of an ellipse with semi axes and R,
written thanks to an elliptic integral, .
Surface area delimited by the curve on the sphere (called "Viviani window"):
; as opposed to that of the circle, the squaring of the complement of this
window on the sphere is possible (area = 8 R²).
Volume of the solid shared by the ball and the inside of the cylinder (called "Viviani
temple"): ; if we remove two symmetrical Viviani temples from the sphere,

the cubing of the remaining solid (volume ) is possible.


The Viviani curve is the intersection between a sphere with radius R (here,
) and a cylinder of revolution with diameter R a generatrix of which
passes by the center of the sphere (here, ); it is therefore a special case of
hippopede, a curve that is at the same time spherical and cylindrical, as well as a
special case of conical rose.
Therefore, we get a Viviani curve by sticking the tip of a compass inside a cylinder of
revolution and tracing on this cylinder a "circle" with radius equal to the diameter of
the cylinder.
The Viviani curve is also included in a cone of revolution the axis of which is a
generatrix of the above cylinder (here, ), as well as in a parabolic
cylinder (here, ), which gives a total of 6 definitions of the Viviani curve as
the intersection of 2 quadrics, and 3 definitions by the motion of a compass on a
cylinder of revolution, a cone of revolution or a parabolic cylinder.

By the way, the linear combinations of two


of these quadrics gives a infinite family of
quadrics that contain the Viviani curve, all
of revolution except the parabolic cylinder.
The Viviani curve is also a portion of the section of the
Möbius surface by a sphere (section that also includes a
great circle of the sphere).

The system of spherical equations shows that the Viviani curve is a


special case of clelia.
Therefore, it is also the locus of a point M on a meridian of a sphere
turning at constant speed around the polar axis, while the point M
moves at the same speed along this meridian.

The system of cylindrical equations shows that the


Viviani curve is also a special case of cylindrical sine
wave.
Therefore, if we develop the cylinder on which the
Viviani curve is traced, we get a period of a sinusoid:
, with . We thus easily obtain a
Viviani curve by cutting on a sheet of paper the figure
formed by two arches of sinusoids and glueing the
tips.
Opposite, an animation of a sheet delimited by an
arch of sinusoid, that yields a Viviani curve.

Parametrization: , with t between

and , u between 0 and 1, and, in the animation,


ranging from 0,001 to .
Note that, halfway through ( ), the curve is a
half-ellipse.
If one end of a bar of length L
is fixed on a vertical cylinder
with diameter L, then the free
end, when slipping along the
cylinder because of the
gravity, will describe the
intersection between the
cylinder and a sphere with
radius L centered on it, in
other words, a Viviani curve.
A series of bars identical to the
latter generates an elegant
animation of hyperboloids of
revolution (idea of Andre
Hubert).

A lot of planar rational quartics are projections of the Viviani curve.


We get:
a circle on the plane an arc of parabola on the a lemniscate of Gerono on the
xOy planes xOy xOz plane yOz

And more generally:

besaces on the planes fish curves on the planes generalized bifoliums on


passing by Oz passing by Oy the planes passing by Ox
The stereographic projection from the North (or South)
pole is the right strophoid with equation: .

The stereographic projection from the point diametrically opposite the


double point is the lemniscate of Bernoulli.

The gnomonic projection (with center O) is a kappa curve.

As we've seen above, the ratio of the area of the


portion of half sphere located outside the two
symmetrical Viviani windows over R² is rational, as
opposed to the area of the half-sphere; Viviani had
called it: vela quadrabile fiorentina (Florentine veil
that can be squared).
Note: I do not know of an example of vela quadrabile fiorentina in architecture.
It had been written that a church in Milan had one, but that was a mistake.
See this page by Alain Juhel.

See also at surface of equal slope, the cone with center O that lies on the Viviani
curve, that could be called "Viviani cone", the surface obtained by folding a
cylindrical sheet of paper along the Viviani curve.

Sphere covered by a lattice of Viviani curves


(coordinate lines of the parametrization ).

See also the cone parametrized by Viviani curves.


Who will notice the Viviani at the back of this
rusted tank?

Sculptures by Marta Pan in Dallas

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© Robert FERRÉOL 2018

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