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Computer Memory
A memory is a hardware device used to store data,information and instructions.This device
is capable to store data/information/instructions Temporarily or Permanently.This is one of
the most important element in the computer system.
Need of Memory
● Without memory we can not access or use the software present in the memory.
● Memory is used to run any program.
● Memory is used to hold data/information/instructions permanently or temporarily.
There are two types of Memory
1)Primary Memory or Main Memory
2)Secondary Memory or Auxiliary
Memory

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Primary Memory​-​Primary Memory is a memory used to store data temporarily
and it provide fast retrieval of data.This is the memory that communicates with CPU

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directly.This memory is used to keep track of current things.
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This Memory is a Volatile Memory means when the power goes off,it lost all its content
forever and after losing we cannot get this data/information again.
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Note-To overcome from this problem of losing,we use UPS(Uninterrupted Power
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Supply)as it provide backup support in the mode of Electricity to computer system when
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power goes off.

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There are two types of Primary Memory

1)RAM
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2)ROM
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RAM​-RAM stands for Random Access Memory.

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Why we call it Random Access Memory as it provide Random access of data.we can access
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any byte of Memory without touching the its previous bytes.

It founds in computer system and any other devices such as printer.
There are two types of RAM
1)RAM​-​DRAM stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory​.​This memory is made
up of memory cells where each cell is composed of one capacitor and one transistor.it store
each bit in seperate capacitor.The capacitor has two states i.e Charged or Discharged which is
used to store two bits of data i.e 0 or 1.DRAM needs to be refereshed periodically
to store infomation.This referesh opertaion occours thousand of times per second.
● DRAM is Slower since it needs to be refreshed continuously.
● DRAM is less Expensive.
● DRAM occupies less amount of space on the motherboard.
● DRAM is a Volatile as it lost all data when power goes off.
● DRAM is basically used for Main Memory

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2)SRAM-​SRAM stands for Static Random Access Memory.

● It retains the data as power is provided to the memory chip.
● It does not need to be refreshed periodically.
● SRAM is faster than DRAM.
● SRAM is expensive than the DRAM.
● SRAM uses multiple transistors for each memory cell.It does not use
capacitor.
● SRAM is often used as cache memory due to its high speed.
● It is also a Volatile Memory.

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ROM-​ROM stands for Read Only Memory.

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● It is a Non-Volatile Memory means its data never get lost when power goes off.
● ROM provides the facility of Read only data.
● In ROM,we can write data or instruction only one time.
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● ROM chips are designed at the time of manufacturing the computer system.
● It cannot be reprogrammed or rewritten.
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There are three types of ROM.

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PROM-​Programmable ROM
It is a device that is programmed only time.
●
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Once programmed,its content can never be changed.

●
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It was invented by Wen Tsing Chow in 1956.

●
The basic difference between ROM and PROM is that ROM is programmed
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during the manufacturing whereas PROM is manufactured as a blank
memory.To write data in PROM we need a special device that is known as
PROM programmer or PROM burner.the process of programming PROM is
sometime known as burning PROM.
EPROM -​ Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.
● It was invented by “Dov Frohman” of Intel in 1971.
● It is Non Volatile Memory.
● It is the advance version of ROM in which programmer can rewritten data/
Instructions using special technique.
● Ultra violet light is used to erase the data from the EPROM.so it is also known
as UVEPROM.
● A special device is used to rewritten data.

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​EEPROM -​ ​Electronic Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.

● It’s data can be erased electrically, then rewritten

electrically.

​ econdary Memory-
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● Secondary memory is also known as Auxiliary or External Memory.
● It is used to store large amount of data.
● It is a permanent storage device.
● It is used as the backup for the data and information.
● CPU cannot process data/information stored in the secondary memory directly.data or information
must first be copied into the main memory or primary memory after that cpu can use or process it.
● It is non volatile memory.

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● It is slow as compared to primary memory.
● Data stored in secondary memory remains in the memory till they are deleted or overwritten by

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the user.

● Examples-HDD, CD, DVD, Floppy disk and Pen drive etc.

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HDD -
It can store large amount of data upto 1 TB.
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●
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● It is fast.
Floppy Disk-
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● It can store only small amount of data.

● It is slower to access than Hard Disk.
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● Floppy disk is available in three different

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sizes.
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1) 5.25 - can store up to 1.2 MB.

2) inch
3.5 - can store up to 1.44MB
inch - can store up to 80 KB to 242
3) 8 inch KB.
CD-
● It stands for Compact disk.
● Least Expensive.
● There are three categories of CD.
1) CD-ROM - Compact Disk-Read Only
Memory
2) CD-R - Compact Disk Recordable
3) CD-RW - Compact Disk Rewritable

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DVD-
● DVD stands for Digital Video Disk.it is also known as Super Density Disk.
● It has more storage capacity than compact disk.
● It can store 4.7 GB - 17.08 GB data.
● There are three categories of DVD.
1) DVD-ROM
2) DVD-R
3) DVD-RW

To read data it uses longer-wavelength red laser

Blue-Ray Disk-
● Blue ray disk is an optical disk designed to recapture the data normally in DVD

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format.
● In blue-ray disk , blue lasers are used to read the disk

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● It contain 25 GB per layer space.It can store almost 5 times more data than a
single layer DVD.
● Categories of Blue Ray Disk-
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1. BD-ROM for pre-recorded content
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2. BD-R for PC data Storage

3. BD-RW for PC data Storage
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4. D-RE for HDTV recording

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Pen Drive-
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● It is very small in size.

● It is also known as flesh drive.
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● A flesh drive is a device that consists of flash memory(A memory which retains
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data in the absence of power supply)with a portable USB interface.

● Today, Flash drives comes in different capacities as 256MB, 512MB, 1GB,
4GB, 16GB upto 64GB.

Magnetic Tape-
● Magnetic tapes can be read,written,erased and rewritten.
● Magnetic tapes can be accessed sequentially only.
● It is usually 12.5mm to 25mm wide and 500m to 1200 m long.
● It stores data up to 1 TB.

Memory can also be categorized on the basis of their material:

● Semiconductor memory:-such as RAM, ROM, EPROM, and flash

memory.

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● Magnetic memory: -such as hard disk, floppy disk and magnetic tapes.
● Optical memory: -such as computer disk, DVD and blu-ray disk.
● A bus, is a set of physical connections (cables, printed circuits, etc.) which can
be shared by multiple hardware components in order to communicate with one

another.
● The address bus (sometimes called the memory bus) transports memory
addresses which the processor wants to access in order to read or write data. It
is a unidirectional bus.
● The data bus transfers instructions coming from or going to the processor. It is
a bidirectional bus.
● The control bus (or command bus) transports orders and synchronisation
signals coming from the control unit and travelling to all other hardware
components. It

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is a bidirectional bus, and also transmits response signals from the hardware.

Memory Hierarchy-

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● Computer Memory can be categorised on the basis of two key
factors-Capacity-Capacity
Access time
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Memory Units
Bit- The smallest unit to store data is bit. Bit can store only a single information
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●
i.e.True or False.Computer use 0 for False and 1 for True.
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● 1 Nibble =4 Bit
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● 1 Byte = 8 Bit
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● 1 KB =1024 Bytes
-​1,024 bytes
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● 1 MB =1024 KB(Kilobytes)
-​1,048,576 bytes
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1 GB = 1024 MB(Megabytes)
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●
-​1,073,741,824 bytes
● 1 TB = 1024 GB(Gigabytes)
●
-​1,099,511,627,776
1 PB(Petabytes) = 1024 TB(Terabytes) -1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes
bytes
● 1 EB(Exa byte) = 1024 PB
● 1 ZB(ZETTA BYTE)= 1024 EB
● 1 YB(YOTTA BYTE)= 1024 ZB
● 1 BRONTO BYTE = 1024 YB

● 1 GEOP BYTE= 1024 BB -

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​ omputer memory
C
1. Cache and main memory will lose their contents when the power is off. They are
_______.(a) dynamic (b) static (c) volatile (d) non-volatile (e) faulty
Answer (c)

2. _____ and _____ are the two types of computer memory.

(a) RAM and CPU (b) ROM and CPU (c) RAM and ROM (d) RAM and
BIOS (e) BIOS and ROM
Answer (c)

3. Which computer bus connects the main memory to the memory controller in
computer systems?
(a) Data Bus (b) Memory Bus (c) I/O Bus (d) Both ((b) and ((c) (e) None of
these Answer (b)

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4. Which of the following memory has stored data in large number?

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(a) RAM (b) ROM (c) Cache memory (d) Hard (e) None of these
Disk Answer (d)
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5. ___________is designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a
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computer. It can be used to create programs to control the behavior of a machine or to
express algorithms.(a) PROM (b) Programming language (c) Microcontrollers (d)
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EPROM (e) None of the above Answer (b)

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6. A high speed device used in CPU for temporary storage during processing is called
(a) Register (b) Bus (c) Compiler (d) (e) Bus
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Translator Answer (a)

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7. When a computer is turned on, where does it get the first instructions that it loads
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into RAM?(a) From RAM (b) From ROM (c) From the Hard Disk (d) From a CD
(e) None of these Answer (b)

8. ​Which one of the following is true for RAM?

a) It is volatile memory b) It is temporary memory c)It is primary memory d)All of the above Answer (d)

9. ​What is the difference between a memory and storage?

a)Memory is slow and storage is fast b).Memory is temporary and storage is permanent c) .Memory
is permanent and storage is temporary d) Memory is non-volatile and storage is volatile
Answer (b)

10. When the computer is turned off then the content of which one of the following is lost?a).Output
b).Storage c).Memory d).Register
Answer (c)

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