Objectives

• I can explain that chemical reactions occur at

different rates.
• I can describe factors that influence the rate of
the reaction.
❑ Changing concentrations of reactants
❑ Changing surface area of solids
❑ Changing temperature of the reaction
❑ Using a catalyst
• I can provide examples, that illustrate different
reaction rates.
 What does rate of reaction mean?
The speed of different chemical reactions varies
hugely. Some reactions are very fast and others are
veryspeed
The slow. of a reaction is called the rate of the reaction.

What is the rate of these reactions?

slow fast very fast

 Rates of reaction
Why are some reactions faster than others?
 Rate of Reaction depends upon:
Effective Collision
Reactions take place when particles collide with a
certain amount of energy.
Hit with enough energy Hit with correct orientation

The minimum amount of https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/cheerpj/re

energy needed for the actions-and-rates/latest/reactions-and-rat
particles to react is called the es.html?simulation=reactions-and-rates
activation energy and is
different for each reaction. https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/beers
-law-lab/latest/beers-law-lab_en.html

If particles collide with less

energy than the activation https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/beers
energy, they will not react. -law-lab/latest/beers-law-lab_en.html

The particles will just bounce

off each other.
 Changing the rate of
reactions
Anything that increases the number of successful collisions
between reactant particles will speed up a reaction.

What factors affect the rate of reactions?

● temperature

● concentration of dissolved reactants

● surface area of solid reactants

● use of a catalyst.
 Slower and
slower!
Reactions do not proceed at a steady rate. They start off at
a certain speed, then get slower and slower until they stop.
As the reaction progresses, the concentration of reactants
decreases.
This reduces the frequency of collisions between particles
and so the reaction slows down.

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

reactants
percentage completion of reaction
product
Calculating rate of reaction from
graphs
How can the rate of reaction be calculated from a graph?
hydrogen produced (cm3)
70
60
50 x
40
rate of reaction =
30
y x
20 y
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
time (seconds)
The gradient of the graph is equal to the initial rate of
reaction at that time
rate of reaction = 45 cm3 rate of reaction = 2.25
cm3/s
 Temperature and
collisions
How does temperature affect the rate of particle collision?
 Effect of temperature on
rate the temperature, the faster the rate of a reaction.
The higher
In many reactions, a rise in temperature of 10 °C causes
the rate of reaction to approximately double.
Why does increased temperature
increase the rate of reaction?
At a higher temperature, particles
have more energy. This means
they move faster and are more
likely to collide with other particles.
When the particles collide, they
do so with more energy, and
so the number of successful
collisions increases.
 Temperature and
Why arebatteries
batteries more likely to rundown more quickly in
cold weather?

At low temperatures the

reaction that generates the
electric current proceeds
more slowly than at higher
temperatures.

This means batteries are

less likely to deliver enough
current to meet demand.
 How does temperature affect
rate?
The reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric
acid produces sulfur.

sodium sulfur
thiosulfate +
hydrochloric + dioxide sulfur
sodium acid +
water
+
chloride
Na2S2O3 2HCl 2NaCl SO2 S H2O
(aq) + (aq) (aq) + (g) + +
(s) (l)

Sulfur is solid and so it turns the solution cloudy.

How can this fact be used to measure the effect of

temperature on rate of reaction?
 Effect of concentration on rate of
The higher the concentration of a dissolved reactant, the faster the
rate ofreaction
a reaction.

∙A solution of low concentration has a small amount of solute

dissolved in it.
∙A solution of high concentration has a large amount of solute
dissolved in it.

Why does increased concentration increase the rate of

reaction?

At a higher concentration, there are more particles in the same

amount of space. This means that the particles are more likely to
collide and therefore more likely to react.

lower concentration higher concentration

 Setting up rate
experiments
What equipment is needed to investigate the rate of
hydrogen production?
glass tube rubber connecter gas syringe

conical rubber bung

flask

hydrochloric
acid

magnesium
 How does concentration affect rate of
reaction?

Code
word: HCl
How does concentration affect rate of
reaction?
How does concentration affect rate of
reaction?
How does concentration affect rate of
reaction?
How does concentration affect rate of
reaction?
How does concentration affect rate of
reaction?
How does concentration affect rate of
reaction?
Effect of surface area on rate of
reaction
Any reaction involving a solid can only take place at the
surface of the solid.
If the solid is split into several pieces, the surface area
increases. What effect will this have on rate of
reaction?

low surface area high surface area

This means that there is an increased area for the reactant
particles to collide with.
The smaller the pieces, the larger the surface area. This
means more collisions and a greater chance of reaction.
Reaction between a carbonate and
acid
Marble chips are made of calcium carbonate. They react
with hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide.

calcium
hydrochloric calcium carbon
carbonate + acid chloride + water + dioxide

CaCO3 2HCl CaCl2 H 2O CO2

(aq)
+ (aq) (aq)
+ (aq)
+ (g)

The effect of increasing surface area on the rate of reaction

can be measured by comparing how quickly the mass of the
reactants decreases using marble chips of different sizes.
How does surface area affect rate of
reaction?
How does surface area affect rate of
reaction?
How does surface area affect rate of
reaction?
How does surface area affect rate of
reaction?
How does surface area affect rate of
reaction?
 What are
Catalysts arecatalysts?
substances that change the rate of a reaction
without being used up in the reaction.
Catalysts never produce more product – they just
produce the same amount more quickly.

Ea without
Different catalysts work in
catalyst
different ways, but most
energy (kJ)

lower the reaction’s

activation energy (Ea).

Ea with
catalyst

reaction (time)
 Everyday
catalysts
Many catalysts are transition metals or their compounds.
For example:

● Nickel is a catalyst in the production of margarine

(hydrogenation of vegetable oils).

● Iron is a catalyst in the production of ammonia

from nitrogen and hydrogen (the Haber process).

● Platinum is a catalyst in the

catalytic converters of car
exhausts. It catalyzes the
conversion of carbon
monoxide and nitrogen
oxide into the less polluting
carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
 Catalysts in
industry
Why are catalysts so important for industry?

● Products can be made more

quickly, saving time and
money.

● Catalysts reduce the need for

high temperatures, saving fuel
and reducing pollution.

Catalysts are also essential for living cells. Biological

catalysts are special types of protein called enzymes.
 What can you tell about the rate of
the two reactions shown in the
A. graph?
They occurred at the same rate.
B. One reaction stated before the other.
C. They occurred at different rates.
D. One reaction prevented the other from taking
place.
 What is the expected outcome
of adding a catalyst to a
chemical reaction?
A. The reaction will speed up
B. Chemical equilibrium will not be reached
C. The reaction will slow down
D. No change will occur
 Which of these is not a factor
influencing the rate of a
chemical reaction?

A. The concentration of reactants

B. The surface area of reactants
C. The presence of a catalyst
D. The volume of the container in which the
reaction occurs
 Which statement describes
chemical reactions that take place
at different rates?
A. One reaction produces more products
than the other.
B. One reaction begins with more
reactants than the other.
C. One reaction takes place in less time than
the other.
D. One reaction involves a color change and
the other does not.
 What action will slow down the rate
of a reaction?
A. Raising the temperature of the reactants.
B. Decreasing surface area of a solid reactant.
C. Increasing the concentration of the
reactants.
D. Adding a catalyst to the reaction.
 Glossary
● activation energy – The amount of energy needed to
start a reaction.
● catalyst – A substance that increases the rate of
a chemical reaction without being used up.
● concentration – The number of molecules of
a substance in a given volume.
● enzyme – A biological catalyst.
● rate of reaction – The change in the concentration
over a certain period of time.
● equilibrium – The state of chemical system in which the rates
of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.
 Assignment

Check your Google

Classroom.
Complete the worksheet
given today.